{"id":1329,"date":"2012-11-29T21:35:40","date_gmt":"2012-11-29T14:35:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=1329"},"modified":"2013-01-09T21:46:48","modified_gmt":"2013-01-09T14:46:48","slug":"tom-luoc-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi-cua-giao-hoi-cong-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/tom-luoc-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi-cua-giao-hoi-cong-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00d3M L\u01af\u1ee2C H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O"},"content":{"rendered":"

* Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c:
\nCompendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church
\nCopyright 2004
\nLibereria Editrice Vaticana
\n* \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1edcI GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U<\/p>\n

C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Angelo Sodano,
\nQu\u1ed1c V\u1ee5 Khanh
\nB\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Vatican
\nPh\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c V\u1ee5 Khanh Vatican, ng\u00e0y 29-06-2004
\n<\/em>N. 559.332
\nK\u00ednh g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Renato Raffaele Martino,
\nCh\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y k\u00ednh m\u1ebfn,<\/p>\n

Su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u2013 theo l\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng n\u00f3i l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt di s\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ba th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng \u2013 Laborem Exercens, Sollicitudo Rei Socialis v\u00e0 Centesimus Annus<\/em> \u2013 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba c\u0169ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c thu th\u1eadp t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ebd gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ca ng\u1ee3i khi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i r\u1ea5t vui m\u1eebng khi th\u1ea5y cu\u1ed1n \u201cT\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y ni\u1ec1m vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao g\u1eedi t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, cho m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

2. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng (x. Centesimus Annus, 54<\/em>), b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Tin M\u1eebng. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 trong ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1edd Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, trong m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi n\u1ed9i dung x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ni\u1ec1m tin mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00ednh ni\u1ec1m tin to\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng tr\u00ean vinh quang c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 sung m\u00e3n cho ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y v\u1eeba chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u01b0u ti\u00ean so v\u1edbi v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecf ra v\u00e0 v\u1eeba x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u do lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ra.<\/p>\n

3. Qua b\u1ea3n T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1; nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c chung; nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111ang gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1ea1 l\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfc thay c\u0169ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 b\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 sung t\u00fac. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y, m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng sung t\u00fac ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i con s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, v\u00e0 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u \u0111ang c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u th\u00eam. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do tuy l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau d\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn r\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh vang d\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u2018nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb\u2019 (res novae)<\/em> ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

4. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 anh ch\u1ecb em gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. Lumen Gentium, 31)<\/em>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng mang t\u00ednh c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh qua nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00fap h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t vui khi th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn. B\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n ngo\u00e0i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb ph\u00e9p Thanh T\u1ea9y v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y, qua b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c chung \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

5. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, trong khi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea7u xin Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00fac l\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00fac t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00f4i d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u1edbn lao n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i xin ch\u00fac m\u1eebng \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y trong H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y. Xin \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y nh\u1eadn n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4,
\nH\u1ed3ng y Angelo Sodano,
\nB\u1ed9 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng Ngo\u1ea1i giao To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh<\/p>\n

L\u1edcI GI\u1edaI THI\u1ec6U<\/p>\n

C\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Renato Raffaele Martino<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i vui m\u1eebng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u1ea3n T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, m\u00e0 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed5i thay so v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em t\u00edn h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n cho \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba n\u00e0y, th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cTin M\u1eebng\u201d \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh, ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn Tin M\u1eebng h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft: Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t, c\u1ee7a hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3u r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 khi c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201ctr\u1eddi m\u1edbi\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi\u201d (2 Pr 3,13) m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 cho t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh. \u201cGloria Dei vivens homo<\/em>\u201d: m\u1ed9t khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n theo ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vinh danh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 trao ban ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc sau \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean h\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y: To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c. M\u1ecdi t\u00edn h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i h\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m: \u201cTh\u01b0a Th\u1ea7y, ch\u00fang con \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 su\u1ed1t \u0111\u00eam m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y, con s\u1ebd th\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1edbi\u201d (Lc 5,5). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 \u201cthi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed\u201d s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mau m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0a ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u00e0 m\u1edbi tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n

V\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ed1 H\u1ed3ng y Phanxic\u00f4 Xavier Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Thu\u1eadn (1928-2002), v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan, s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y; Ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh hi\u1ec3m ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cho ng\u00e0i c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho t\u00f4i v\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u1ecdc quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp Gi\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m gian kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. V\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y s\u1ebd th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00fd b\u00e1u, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn tu\u1ef5 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd ch\u00fac l\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 suy t\u01b0 khi \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng trang s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i c\u1ea7u xin l\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Giuse, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Trinh N\u1eef Maria Di\u1ec5m Ph\u00fac, l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh B\u1ed5n M\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n v\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Vatican, ng\u00e0y 2-4-2004, <\/em><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 nh\u1edb Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Paola<\/p>\n

GM.Giampaolo Crepaldi HY.Renato Raffaele Martino<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1n T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a U\u1ef7 ban B\u00e1c \u00e1i X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Vi\u1ec7t Nam nh\u1eb1m gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i in n\u1ed9i dung cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh hai \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n \u201cPh\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng\u201d d\u00e0nh cho qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n t\u1ea1m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u201d, c\u00f3 th\u00eam ph\u1ea7n tra c\u1ee9u, d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n tham kh\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. N\u1ed9i dung \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh v\u0103n g\u1ed3m Nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 12 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch, k\u00e8m th\u00eam 1232 s\u1ed1 ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c Anh ng\u1eef. \u1ea4n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n Ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n: M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c Tham kh\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, c\u00e1c Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n, S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c B\u1ed9, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c; M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 M\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng xin l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 400 trang nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9 ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft. Hy v\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 b\u1ed9 s\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch cho qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 Vi\u1ec7t Nam trong v\u00e0 ngo\u00e0i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4 khan v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n nay \u2013 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh minh ho\u1ea1, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vui m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 suy ngh\u0129 th\u00eam theo t\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u ghi xu\u1ea5t x\u1ee9. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin c\u00e1m \u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1ea3nh \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y Tr\u1ea7n B\u00e1 Nguy\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 b\u00e8 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ph\u1ea7n d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt s\u01a1 kh\u1edfi nh\u01b0: Qu\u00fd Th\u1ea7y L\u00ea M\u1ea1nh H\u00e0, Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n Khi, Phan N\u0103ng Hu\u00e2n, H\u00e0 Kim Ph\u01b0\u1edbc, Nguy\u1ec5n Ho\u00e0ng Quy, thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc N\u00f4ng L\u00e2m, TP. HCM, Th\u1ea7y Ph\u1ea1m H\u1eefu Gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Nh\u00e2n V\u0103n, TP. HCM, Th\u1ea7y T\u1eeb Vi\u1ec7t H\u00f9ng thu\u1ed9c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc B\u00e1ch Khoa, TP. HCM, B\u00e1c s\u0129 \u0110\u1ed7 Th\u00f4ng, Lm. Tr\u1ea7n \u0110\u00ecnh Long, thu\u1ed9c d\u00f2ng Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3, \u00d4ng Nguy\u1ec5n Ch\u00ednh K\u1ebft, \u00d4ng L\u00ea H\u00f9ng S\u01a1n v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u anh ch\u1ecb em t\u00edn h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p qu\u00fd b\u00e1u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 anh ch\u1ecb em cho t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng h\u1ebft l\u00f2ng c\u00e1m \u01a1n Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ban ng\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn t\u00ecnh gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh n\u00e0y n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t ngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i r\u1ea5t mong qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c g\u00f3p \u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh h\u01a1n trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ea7n t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, xin qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang t\u00f4i d\u00e2ng l\u1eddi t\u1ea1 \u01a1n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 Ng\u00e0i qua cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. K\u00ednh ch\u00fac qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 an m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u01a1n Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Thay m\u1eb7t Ban D\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n
\nLm. Ant\u00f4n Nguy\u1ec5n Ng\u1ecdc S\u01a1n<\/p>\n

\n
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B\u1ea2NG CH\u1eee VI\u1ebeT T\u1eaeT<\/p>\n

a in articulo
\n<\/em>AAS Acta Apostolicae Sedis (V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n T\u00f4ng To\u00e0) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1909 tr\u1edf \u0111i.
\n<\/em>ASS Acta<\/em> Sanctae Sedis (V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh) t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1865- 1908
\n<\/em>C Corpore articuli
\n<\/em>C\u0110 C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng
\n<\/em>Ch Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng
\n<\/em>DS H. Denzinger-A.Schonmetzer. Enchiridion Symbolorum definitionum et declarationum de rebus fidei et morum \u2013 S\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 nam c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u, tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.
\n<\/em>Ed Edita
\n<\/em>Ibid. Ibidem (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean)
\n<\/em>I Prima Pars Summae Theologiae B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, quy\u1ec3n I
\n<\/em>I-II Prima Secundae Partis Summae Theologiae B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, Ph\u1ea7n I c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n II
\n<\/em>II-II Secunda Secundae Partis Summae Theologiae B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, Ph\u1ea7n II c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec3n II
\n<\/em>III Tertia Pars Summae Theologiae B\u1ed9 T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, quy\u1ec3n III
\n<\/em>PG Patrologia Graeca (Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 Hy L\u1ea1p) (J.P. Migne)
\n<\/em>PL Patrologia Latina (Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 Latinh) (J.P. Migne)
\n<\/em>q quaestio
\n<\/em>r trang
\n<\/em>tt ti\u1ebfp theo
\n<\/em>x. xem <\/em><\/p>\n

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K\u00dd HI\u1ec6U C\u00c1C S\u00c1CH TH\u00c1NH KINH<\/p>\n

THEO TH\u1ee8 T\u1ef0 CH\u1eee C\u00c1I<\/p>\n

NH\u1eacP \u0110\u1ec0<\/p>\n

M\u1ed8T N\u1ec0N NH\u00c2N B\u1ea2N <\/strong><\/p>\n

TO\u00c0N DI\u1ec6N V\u00c0 LI\u00caN \u0110\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. V\u00e0o l\u00fac khai nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean Ni\u00ean K\u1ef7 Th\u1ee9 Ba<\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ni\u00ean K\u1ef7 Th\u1ee9 Ba c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n d\u00e2n l\u1eef h\u00e0nh, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u1ecb \u201cM\u1ee5c T\u1eed cao c\u1ea3\u201d <\/em>(Dt 13,20). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cC\u1eeda Th\u00e1nh\u201d (x. Ga 10,9) m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc qua trong N\u0103m To\u00e0n X\u00e1 20001<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (x. Ga 14,6): khi nh\u00ecn ng\u1eafm dung nhan Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng th\u00eam tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng n\u01a1i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, V\u1ecb C\u1ee9u Tinh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00ec \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n danh \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4<\/em>. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 \u201cb\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft\u201d (1 Cr 6,20; x. 1 Pr 1,18-19), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111ang ch\u1edd trao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh sau khi h\u1ecd ch\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng \u0111ang th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y qua c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 mang \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng r\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u, l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d2<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

2<\/strong>. V\u00e0o l\u00fac khai nguy\u00ean Thi\u00ean Ni\u00ean K\u1ef7 Th\u1ee9 Ba, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tin M\u1eebng mang \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1edb l\u1eddi th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Tim\u00f4th\u00ea c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cH\u00e3y rao gi\u1ea3ng L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa, h\u00e3y l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng, l\u00fac thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n; h\u00e3y bi\u1ec7n b\u00e1c, ng\u0103m \u0111e, khuy\u00ean nh\u1ee7 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u00e2m d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu nghe gi\u00e1o l\u00fd l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm h\u1ebft th\u1ea7y n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea7y n\u1ecd, b\u1edfi ng\u1ee9a tai mu\u1ed1n nghe. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd ngo\u1ea3nh tai \u0111i kh\u00f4ng nghe ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Ph\u1ea7n anh, h\u00e3y th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, h\u00e3y ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5, l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 chu to\u00e0n ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a anh\u201d (2 Tm 4,2-5).<\/p>\n

3<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201cchu to\u00e0n s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tin M\u1eebng l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n danh \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4: l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho \u01a1n g\u1ecdi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d3<\/sup>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Ni\u1ec1m Tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m Hy V\u1ecdng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 sung m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb T\u00ecnh Y\u00eau s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh anh ch\u1ecb em v\u1edbi nhau trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4<\/em>: \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00e0nh cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u201cban t\u1eb7ng c\u1ea3 Con M\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d (Ga 3,16). Lu\u1eadt y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, v\u00ec \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 do \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u201ct\u1edbi t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d (Cv 1,8).<\/p>\n

4<\/strong>. Khi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111em ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i xung \u0111\u1ed9t, g\u1ea7y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan huynh \u0111\u1ec7 \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f3 h\u1eadn th\u00f9, \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ea3nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111ang c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

5<\/strong>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u0103ng h\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea5y qua h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Bi\u1ebft bao anh ch\u1ecb em ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i \u0111ang c\u1ea7n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, bi\u1ebft bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u0111ang ch\u1edd c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, bi\u1ebft bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, bi\u1ebft bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. \u201cL\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i, ph\u1ea3i m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 che n\u1eafng che m\u01b0a? Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd li\u1ec7t k\u00ea h\u1ebft danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang, v\u00ec ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang quen thu\u1ed9c tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang m\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang m\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, v\u00ec nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp ma tu\u00fd, v\u00ec lo s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i khi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0 hay khi \u0111au \u1ed1m, v\u00ec b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay b\u1ecb k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2026 V\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1edd h\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i b\u1ecb kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf hay tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Ho\u1eb7c h\u1edd h\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u00e0n kh\u1ed1c \u0111e do\u1ea1? Ho\u1eb7c h\u1edd h\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 coi th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em?\u201d4<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

6<\/strong>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt coi tr\u1ecdng \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean ph\u1ea3i c\u00f9ng nhau g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i th\u00fac b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n th\u00ec m\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t minh thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ao \u01b0\u1edbc cho m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, h\u00f4m nay l\u1eabn ng\u00e0y mai.<\/p>\n

b. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y <\/strong><\/p>\n

7<\/strong>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 suy t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u01b0u ti\u00ean<\/em>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y soi s\u00e1ng, h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p: \u201cGi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d5<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00e2n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e16<\/sup> qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ed5 \u00edch<\/em>. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, khi \u0111\u1ee9ng ra so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tham kh\u1ea3o r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o tri\u1ec1u Roma, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

8<\/strong>. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c qua, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 suy t\u01b0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 do \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 mang l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n quan t\u00e2m lo l\u1eafng cho v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/em> Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, khi ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta minh ch\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn Tin M\u1eebng. Khi h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u to\u00e1t y\u1ebfu n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f2n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u do c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o. V\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 n\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ed7i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tu\u1ef3 theo t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p7<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

9<\/strong>. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 b\u1ed1 c\u1ee5c c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, h\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p hi\u1ec7n nay. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y soi s\u00e1ng cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kia, bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc8<\/sup>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u00f4i qua v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed5i thay bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>.<\/p>\n

10<\/strong>. T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p \u0111ang ghi d\u1ea5u tr\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kim ch\u1ec9 nam gi\u00fap c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n; <\/em>c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i s\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1eaft k\u1ecbp c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ea1i \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec \u201cm\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n <\/em>trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y\u201d9<\/sup>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

11.<\/strong> T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y (munus docendi<\/em>), c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Nhi\u1ec7m Th\u1ec3 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4\u201d10<\/sup>. C\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c nam n\u1eef tu s\u0129, <\/em>v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o <\/em>\u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kim ch\u1ec9 nam cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n <\/em>\u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm N\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1eddi \u201cb\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d11<\/sup> \u2013 s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra trong t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu <\/em>c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u1ea5t di b\u1ea5t d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, hay r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng12<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

12.<\/strong> T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, g\u1eedi t\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111ang d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch<\/em>: \u01b0\u1edbc chi h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u0169 l\u1eabn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi (x. Mt 13,52) m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n san s\u1ebb trong t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh t\u1ea1 \u01a1n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec t\u1eeb n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd tu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed5 \u201cm\u1ecdi \u01a1n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ph\u00fac l\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o\u201d (Gc 1,17). Qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e1ng hy v\u1ecdng khi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a t\u1eeb kho t\u00e0ng chung l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa l\u01b0u gi\u1eef, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh13<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong><\/p>\n

13.<\/strong> T\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay<\/em>; Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho h\u1ecd di s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m khi \u201cng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu m\u00ecnh (x. Xh 33,11; Ga 15,14-15) v\u00e0 \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (x. Br 3,38), qua Con M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d14<\/sup>. C\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u1ea5y \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n, v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed\u201d15<\/sup> l\u00e0m then ch\u1ed1t cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201ckh\u00f4ng v\u00ec m\u1ed9t tham v\u1ecdng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u1ec9 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. V\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u00e1n, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5\u201d16<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

14.<\/strong> Th\u00f4ng qua t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t khi ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. B\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi ca, theo t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1eebng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ai? T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, s\u1ef1 d\u1eef, ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c? Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i? C\u00f2n g\u00ec n\u1eefa sau cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n lu\u00f4n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi17<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 \u201cH\u00e3y t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh<\/em>\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc tr\u00ean c\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ec1n \u1edf Delphi, l\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>do t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh<\/em>.<\/p>\n

15.<\/strong> \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed s\u1ebd \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u1ea5y<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed9 ra khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 sung m\u00e3n cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng thu h\u00fat l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u1ea5y. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f2i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 s\u00e2u xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c b\u1eaft m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o: \u201cKhi tra c\u1ee9u \u2018nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt\u2019, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t, l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u2026 T\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n thanh cao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed. T\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u2013 nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0\u201d18<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

16.<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111i theo con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ebfn nay c\u00f2n mang nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta ng\u00e0y nay ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 l\u1edbn lao, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi. <\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 l\u1edbn lao \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Ranh gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? Th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd s\u1ef1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9<\/em>: \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129, trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1, trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1<\/em>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean m\u1edbi v\u1eeba khai m\u1ea1c, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

17.<\/strong> C\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u1ea5y; h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u01b0u mang nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u1ea5y trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i L\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed; b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7. Trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

d. Trong d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

18.<\/strong> Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u1eef h\u00e0nh qua c\u00e1c n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (x. Ga 17,14-16), Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo \u01a1n g\u1ecdi s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng: vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t men trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i19<\/sup>. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u01b0u \u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tham gia \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u201c\u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eafp l\u00ean t\u1eeb Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 trao ph\u00f3 cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb tay \u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng L\u1eadp, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. Ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d20<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

19.<\/strong> L\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0 con c\u00e1i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t Cha21<\/sup>, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mong mu\u1ed1n qua t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh trong ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi. N\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bi\u1ebft vun tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u201cNh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh, l\u00e0m khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi\u201d22<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N M\u1ed8T<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cC\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n nay trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d.<\/p>\n

(Centesimus Annus, 55)<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u1ed8T<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u1ebe HO\u1ea0CH Y\u00caU TH\u01af\u01a0NG <\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ee6A THI\u00caN CH\u00daA \u0110\u1ed0I V\u1edaI NH\u00c2N LO\u1ea0I<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG GI\u1ea2I PH\u00d3NG C\u1ee6A THI\u00caN CH\u00daA TRONG L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec D\u00c2N ISRAEL<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/strong><\/p>\n

20<\/strong>. Trong m\u1ecdi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 linh c\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u00e9t trong dung m\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu<\/em>, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trao v\u00e0o tay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/em>, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n lu\u00f4n th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ban t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 cho kh\u00f4ng<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1eb1m b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi kinh nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y tr\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>. B\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ai ai c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0ng<\/em>, cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ea5ng Huy\u1ec1n Nhi\u1ec7m mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau: \u201cB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec anh em mu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh th\u00ec ch\u00ednh anh em h\u00e3y l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd\u201d (Mt 7,12)23<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

21<\/strong>. Tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y n\u1ed5i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh cho d\u00e2n Israel. M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng n\u1ed7i khao kh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd theo cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1eeba g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp s\u00e2u xa \u2013 qua \u0111\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/em> Theo s\u00e1ch Xu\u1ea5t H\u00e0nh, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u00f3i v\u1edbi M\u00f4s\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Ta b\u00ean Ai C\u1eadp, Ta \u0111\u00e3 nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau la c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00ec c\u00e1c tay \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng; Ta bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 Ta s\u1ebd xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ai C\u1eadp, \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1edbi mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ea3y s\u1eefa v\u00e0 m\u1eadt ong\u201d (Xh 3,7-8). S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 qua c\u00e1i t\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho M\u00f4s\u00ea, \u201cTa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Hi\u1ec7n H\u1eefu<\/em>\u201d (Xh 3,14) \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi \u00e1ch n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i h\u1ee9a. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh, khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t <\/em>Ch\u00faa ban t\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

22<\/strong>. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 k\u00e8m theo vi\u1ec7c cam k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c thi giao \u01b0\u1edbc, do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n Israel ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/em>. Tr\u00ean n\u00fai Sinai, s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 qua giao \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n do Ch\u00faa m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i <\/em>(x. Xh 19-24). \u201cM\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n\u201d \u1ea5y (Xh 34,28; x. \u0110nl 4,13; 10,4) \u201cdi\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u1ed9i dung bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa khi k\u00fd k\u1ebft giao \u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tri \u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00f4n k\u00ednh d\u00e0nh cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft \u01a1n. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i trong d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d24<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 an to\u00e0n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u2013 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>. M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n \u201cd\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp, ch\u00fang cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d25<\/sup>. Ch\u00fang m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec. Trong Tin M\u1eebng, ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 r\u1eb1ng M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n (x. Mt 19,18) \u201cch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d26<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

23<\/strong>. T\u1eeb M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i cam k\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt duy nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o<\/em>: \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i ngh\u00e8o, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong anh ch\u1ecb em c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u2026, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng hay kho\u00e1 tay l\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng tay v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y vay \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n\u201d (\u0110nl 15,7-8). Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c: \u201cKhi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3n x\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; v\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t Ai C\u1eadp. Ta l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d (Lv 19,33-34). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ban t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5t H\u1ee9a, ban Giao \u01af\u1edbc tr\u00ean n\u00fai Sinai v\u00e0 M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn s\u1ebd chi ph\u1ed1i qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Israel, trong c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

24<\/strong>. Trong s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 cho kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4i th\u00fac, lu\u1eadt N\u0103m Sabat <\/em>(c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n) v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt N\u0103m To\u00e0n X\u00e1 <\/em>(c\u1ee9 n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n)27<\/sup> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Israel \u2013 d\u00f9 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, lu\u1eadt c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f2i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel xo\u00e1 h\u1ebft n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tha b\u1ed5ng cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i: ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho th\u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 Xu\u1ea5t H\u00e0nh kh\u1ecfi Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Giao \u01af\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Giao \u01af\u1edbc, t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, h\u1ea7u l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u00e2y ra, c\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y n\u0103m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 Xu\u1ea5t H\u00e0nh v\u00e0 Giao \u01af\u1edbc b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n, vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

25<\/strong>. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u1eed h\u00e0nh N\u0103m Sabat v\u00e0 N\u0103m To\u00e0n X\u00e1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d thu nh\u1ecf<\/em>28<\/sup>. Ch\u00fang cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u00edch k\u1ef7, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tham kh\u1ea3o mang t\u00ednh quy ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Israel ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi khi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/em>. Theo l\u1eddi d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9, Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea5y, t\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Gr 31,33 v\u00e0 Ez 36,26-27). L\u00fac \u1ea5y, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n <\/em>m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban cho h\u1ecd tr\u00ean n\u00fai Sinai \u2013 s\u1ebd b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 trong n\u01a1i s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1edd ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m ho\u00e1 <\/em>n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>, m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Giao \u01af\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

b. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/strong><\/p>\n

26<\/strong>. Suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ti\u00ean Tri v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 trong V\u0103n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00f4n ngoan, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean vi\u1ec7c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u00e0y t\u1ecf k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Trong c\u00e1ch tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel, x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do khi trao ban s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111ang c\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. St 1,26-27), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa khi \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd v\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng coi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

27<\/strong>. Ch\u1ec9 trong h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, tr\u00ecnh thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (x. St 3,1-24) cho th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n sau khi t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean m\u00ecnh sa ng\u00e3. B\u1ea5t t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. C\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed5 v\u1ee1 trong ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c29<\/sup>. Mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ec7 \u0111oan \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111ang t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111ang h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm trong l\u1ea7n xa c\u00e1ch chia l\u00eca \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

II. \u0110\u1ee8C GI\u00caSU KIT\u00d4, S\u1ef0 HO\u00c0N TH\u00c0NH K\u1ebe HO\u1ea0CH Y\u00caU TH\u01af\u01a0NG C\u1ee6A CH\u00daA CHA<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. N\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

28<\/strong>. L\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y Ng\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cho ch\u00fang ta ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y, nay tr\u1edf n\u00ean g\u1ea7n g\u0169i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang mang d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00ean l\u00e0 Gi\u00easu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e0nh th\u1ecbt<\/em>. Trong Tin M\u1eebng th\u00e1nh Luca, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Isaia, cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a n\u0103m to\u00e0n x\u00e1: \u201cTh\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n Ch\u00faa ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean t\u00f4i, v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u t\u1ea5n phong t\u00f4i, sai t\u00f4i \u0111i loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u01a1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho k\u1ebb b\u1ecb giam c\u1ea7m, cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9 s\u00e1ng m\u1eaft, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng ai b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 n\u0103m h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d (Lc 4,18-19; x. Is 61,1-2). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 x\u1ebfp m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec d\u00e2n Isarel ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, m\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n c\u00f2n v\u00ec, bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu<\/em>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi d\u00e1m tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cAi th\u1ea5y Ta l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Cha\u201d (Ga 14,9). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y t\u1eadn m\u1eaft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

29<\/strong>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u00f4i th\u00fac \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu thi h\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5y khi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Cha.<\/em> T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0111i s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t cho ch\u00fang ta, kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha, m\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cAbba, Cha \u01a1i!\u201d, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0111i v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu loan b\u00e1o t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho nh\u1eefng ai Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i theo Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa sai \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gian.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 Con<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cha ban cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do: \u201cM\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Cha \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y\u201d (Ga 16,15). \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n \u1ea5y v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb quan h\u1ec7 con c\u00e1i \u1ea5y: \u201cTh\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi anh em l\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1edb n\u1eefa v\u00ec t\u00f4i t\u1edb kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0m; nh\u01b0ng Th\u1ea7y g\u1ecdi anh em l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n h\u1eefu v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Th\u1ea7y nghe th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i Cha Th\u1ea7y, Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 cho anh em bi\u1ebft\u201d (Ga 15,15).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, nh\u1eadn ra t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u00e0 v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh. Hay c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/em>Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111i theo \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, <\/em>v\u00e0 sau khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1edd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c phong ph\u00fa l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng An \u1ee6i, Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

b. M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i <\/strong><\/p>\n

30<\/strong>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. Rm 8,26), T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf trong cu\u1ed9c V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ch\u00faa Con Nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa mu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 vi\u1ebft: \u201cN\u1ebfu Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ch\u00fang ta, ai d\u00e1m ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta? Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tha ch\u00ednh Con m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 trao n\u1ed9p Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1eb3ng l\u1ebd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng trao cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Con \u1ea5y?\u201d (Rm 8,31-32). Th\u00e1nh Gioan c\u0169ng n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: \u201cT\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ed1t \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi Con m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i thay cho ch\u00fang ta\u201d (1 Ga 4,10).<\/p>\n

31<\/strong>. Dung m\u1ea1o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u01a1i dung m\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u1ea5y l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i: Cha, Con v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n; th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, v\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Cha \u2013 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n; r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 do cho Con, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, Con c\u0169ng hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n cho Cha v\u00e0 cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 lu\u00f4n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Rm 5,5).<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh30<\/sup>, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Cha v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi tr\u1edf n\u00ean con c\u00e1i Ng\u00e0i trong Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n (x<\/em>. Rm 8,15; Gl 4,6), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean anh ch\u1ecb em v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u00ed quy\u1ebft, trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d31<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

32<\/strong>. Khi suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng kh\u00f4ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Con m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Cha \u0111\u00e3 ban, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta, t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Gioan \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u1ea5y<\/em>. \u201cH\u1ee1i c\u00e1c con y\u00eau d\u1ea5u, n\u1ebfu Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa y\u00eau ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau. Kh\u00f4ng ai th\u1ea5y Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa bao gi\u1edd; n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd \u1edf trong ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta\u201d (1 Ga 4,11-12). S\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u trong l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n m\u1edbi\u201d v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d: \u201c\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 anh em h\u00e3y y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau; nh\u01b0 Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng anh em, anh em c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau\u201d (Ga 13,34). Y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, Nhi\u1ec7m Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho t\u1edbi khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n trong Gi\u00earusalem thi\u00ean qu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

33<\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u0103n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa32<\/sup>, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng, ngu\u1ed3n thanh l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>. \u201cL\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d33<\/sup>, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d<\/em>, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi cao \u0111i\u1ec3m trong \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d34<\/sup>. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh <\/em>m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t <\/em>nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00fang ta li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t <\/em>\u1ea5y, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00e2n m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa duy nh\u1ea5t trong Ba Ng\u00f4i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u201chi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng<\/em>\u201d35<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

III. CON NG\u01af\u1edcI TRONG K\u1ebe HO\u1ea0CH Y\u00caU TH\u01af\u01a0NG C\u1ee6A THI\u00caN CH\u00daA<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong><\/p>\n

34<\/strong>. Khi m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i. M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i n\u00e0y soi s\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa<\/em>. \u201cL\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2026 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u2018c\u00e1i t\u00f4i\u2019 kh\u00e1c36<\/sup>, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ba \u2013 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa Cha, Con v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n\u201d.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 Ba Ng\u00f4i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa duy nh\u1ea5t<\/em>. Trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes (Vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy v\u1ecdng)<\/em>, c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u201ckhi c\u1ea7u xin Cha \u2018cho ch\u00fang n\u00ean m\u1ed9t\u2026 nh\u01b0 Ch\u00fang Ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u2019 (Ga 17,21-22), Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi m\u00e0 l\u00e2u nay tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ba Ng\u00f4i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00ec ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh trao ban ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (x. Lc 17,33)\u201d37<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

35<\/strong>. M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc, \u01a1n g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c nhau trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t huy ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng cho c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m lo l\u1eafng cho con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

36<\/strong>. C\u00e1c trang \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh, khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/em>(x. St 1,26-27), \u0111\u00e3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Ch\u00fang cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201ctha nh\u00e2n\u201d do Ch\u00faa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 khi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra, m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00fang c\u00f2n cho ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ba Ng\u00f4i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng trao cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y theo \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (x. St 1,28).<\/p>\n

37<\/strong>. S\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean khoa nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o <\/em>nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u1ea5y n\u1eb1m trong \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 m\u1eabu g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u201cch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d38<\/sup>. \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u1eafc ghi trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1ea5y theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u trong Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa khi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

b. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o: d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n <\/strong><\/p>\n

38<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 do s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sung m\u00e3n trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng: chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ec3 l\u00fd l\u1eabn t\u00e2m linh, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u1eabn si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t<\/em>. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u do Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ec Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta39<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o (x. Rm 8), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng <\/strong>v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha trong ni\u1ec1m vui c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. Quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

39<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa g\u1eedi t\u1eb7ng con c\u00e1i Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn<\/em>. \u0110\u1ee9c tin c\u1ed1t \u1edf t\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh cho Ch\u00faa\u201d40<\/sup>, \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111i b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. 1 Ga 4,10) b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng anh ch\u1ecb em m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng trong hy v\u1ecdng, v\u00ec \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng lu\u00f4n trung th\u00e0nh\u201d (Dt 10,23). Th\u1eadt ra, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u1edf th\u1ebf th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng hay l\u00e9p v\u1ebf khi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, v\u00ec m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eeba t\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cha m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Cha (x. Ga 15-17; Gl 4,6-7).<\/p>\n

40<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 do \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 mang l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u1eeba to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi anh em m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn qua s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ed3 hay ng\u1ed9 nh\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u1ea5y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa k\u00fd k\u1ebft giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Israel, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m bia ghi M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t qua b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi hy sinh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh v\u00ec v\u00e2ng theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha v\u00e0 v\u00ec y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng anh ch\u1ecb em m\u00ecnh<\/em>. Khi nghe m\u1ed9t kinh s\u01b0 h\u1ecfi \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u r\u0103n n\u00e0o l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t?\u201d <\/em>(Mc 12,28), \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u r\u0103n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0: \u2018H\u1ee1i Israel, h\u00e3y l\u1eafng nghe: \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng duy nh\u1ea5t; ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau m\u1ebfn Ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, linh h\u1ed3n, tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n, v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u2019. C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0: \u2018Ng\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n n\u00e0o l\u1edbn h\u01a1n hai \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n \u1ea5y<\/em>\u201d (Mc 12,29-31).<\/p>\n

Trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hai \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa \u2013 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cha c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u2013 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 <\/em>(x. Mt 5,43-44). Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c cam k\u1ebft th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo \u0111\u00fang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

c. M\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi <\/strong><\/p>\n

41<\/strong>. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111e do\u1ea1<\/em>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u201cb\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ecbu kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta\u2026, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n m\u1edf ra cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. N\u1ebfu \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a m\u1edbi\u201d41<\/sup>. Trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169 <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u, ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4. R\u1ed3i khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201cb\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi\u201d (Rm 6,4). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u201ckh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, v\u00ec \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng v\u1eabn \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. V\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u00ec ai ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edfng chung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh duy nh\u1ea5t \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh \u2013 n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tin r\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n s\u1ebd ban cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa bi\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d42<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

42<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1<\/em>. \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00ean, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u00edch cho h\u1ecd. Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ebf \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t\u201d43<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

43<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec gi\u1eef v\u1eefng c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1t, v\u00ec ai trong ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>44<\/sup>. Theo gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u201cm\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e0ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u xa l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd qua l\u00f2ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n\u201d45<\/sup>. Mu\u1ed1n theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u01a1n Ch\u00faa: Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01a1n \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eafng c\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00e9o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi v\u00f2ng lu\u1ea9n qu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng, c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan <\/strong>h\u1ec7 trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh46<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

44<\/strong>. Ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1ea5y c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 v\u00f4 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh luy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4<\/em>. \u201c\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eafm nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ra t\u1eeb b\u00e0n tay Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1m \u01a1n v\u1ecb \u00e2n nh\u00e2n th\u1ea7n linh \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00fang trong tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec h\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3: \u201cM\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a anh em; nh\u01b0ng anh em thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d (1 Cr 3,22-23)47<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

d. \u01a0n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/strong><\/p>\n

45<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1edd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. M\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua cu\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft \u2013 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng cho h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/em>. Chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m con c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, nh\u1edd cu\u1ed9c Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1edd qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u00e9t l\u00e0m n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II l\u01b0u \u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd: \u201cN\u1ebfu n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0, th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd khi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u1ea5y cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y\u2026 c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ri\u00eang. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc hay ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt\u201d48<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

46<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, theo \u0111\u00f3, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 trao t\u1eb7ng cho nhau gi\u1eefa Cha v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, hay gi\u1eefa con c\u00e1i v\u1edbi nhau, trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 Gi\u00easu; trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1edd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai<\/em>. Nh\u00ecn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh cho ch\u00fang ta n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cha v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban t\u1eb7ng cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng; c\u00f2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 t\u1eeb n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cN\u1ebfu ki\u1ec3u n\u00f3i \u2018s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf\u2019 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang, th\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u n\u00f3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c sai l\u1ea7m. V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t\u201d49<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

47<\/strong>. T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 trong \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa50<\/sup>, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i m\u00ecnh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh<\/em>51<\/sup>. \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 trao m\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay cho m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng sai l\u1ea7m. Trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao m\u00ecnh cho m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c hay cho c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng, cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 trao th\u00e2n g\u1eedi ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d52<\/sup>. V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, \u201cm\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tha ho\u00e1 khi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1i kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn, kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb tha ho\u00e1 khi do h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f3 t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d53<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

48<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o, qua \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3<\/em>, v\u00ec \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y \u0111ang qua \u0111i\u201d (1 Cr 7,31). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u201ct\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i theo c\u00e1nh chung h\u1ecdc\u201d, theo ngh\u0129a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i theo th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc\u201d, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1eb7ng ban ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u2013 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u2013 lu\u00f4n l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng. N\u1ebfu v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y th\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

IV. K\u1ebe HO\u1ea0CH C\u1ee6A THI\u00caN CH\u00daA V\u00c0 S\u1ee8 M\u1ea0NG C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong><\/p>\n

49<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cd\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d54<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u00ed t\u00edch trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau\u201d55<\/sup>. S\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, m\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa\u201d (Mc 1,15), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 hay N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa bao tr\u00f9m h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u1edf b\u00ean kia l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u201cs\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa; Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng hay l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian\u201d56<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

50<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa tr\u00ean h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch loan b\u00e1o v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu m\u1edbi<\/em>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u201cGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u2018gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng\u2019, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f2n ph\u00f4i thai c\u1ee7a N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, tu\u1ef3 theo h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c \u2018gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng\u2019 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 theo h\u1ecd m\u1edf l\u00f2ng cho Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 Ng\u00e0i th\u1ed5i khi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u tu\u1ef3 \u00fd (x. Ga 3,8). Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i th\u00eam ngay r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa v\u1eabn c\u00f2n dang d\u1edf bao l\u00e2u n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111ang v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n trong ng\u00e0y c\u00e1nh chung\u201d57<\/sup>. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ra r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o<\/em>58<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau <\/em>trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; c\u1ea3 hai, d\u00f9 mang danh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111ang \u201cx\u1ea3 th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d59<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t do Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o mang l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

51<\/strong>. Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh chung, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sau n\u00e0y\u201d, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>60<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo sao cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 toan t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i n\u00e0o khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ecf cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u01a1n g\u1ecdi to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd61<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng, b\u1eb1ng \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng huynh \u0111\u1ec7, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u201cch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n\u201d62<\/sup>. Do \u0111\u00f3, khi nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111ang \u0111\u1ebfn qua m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng qua \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t men l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi khi c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea5ng Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

b. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/strong><\/p>\n

52<\/strong>. Trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y, s\u1ed1ng trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb: \u201cV\u00ec trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 anh em \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 con c\u00e1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 anh em \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Do Th\u00e1i hay Hy L\u1ea1p, n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay t\u1ef1 do, nam hay n\u1eef, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 anh em \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4\u201d (Gl 3,26-28). Nh\u00ecn trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1edd th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i trong Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n chung quanh Ch\u00faa Ph\u1ee5c Sinh (x. Mt 18,20; 28,19-20; Lc 24,46-49), \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

53<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 xong. M\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y khai tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh do Tin M\u1eebng soi s\u00e1ng<\/em>. C\u0169ng m\u1ed9t Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, v\u1eeba d\u1eabn d\u1eaft d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa v\u1eeba th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp kh\u1eafp v\u0169 tr\u1ee563<\/sup>, th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng soi s\u00e1ng cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1eeba th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o64<\/sup>. Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed ban cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u01a1n soi s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y: h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00ean lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gieo v\u00e3i trong c\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bao la65<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t di d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc ghi trong m\u1ed7i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (x. Rm 2,14-15) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfu \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u00e1nh chung v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4.<\/p>\n

54<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d (1 Ga 4,8) v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng \u201clu\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai tin v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa r\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf ra cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u00edch\u201d66<\/sup>. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o sau c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh quy lu\u1eadt cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 T\u00ecnh y\u00eau Ba Ng\u00f4i, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, bao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i \u1ea5y th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 trong Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

55<\/strong>. C\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00e1p l\u1ea1i nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1eefa lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00ed c\u1ee5 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1ea5t gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau, chia s\u1ebb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, \u201cph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7n gian v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, bao l\u00e2u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 tr\u1ea7n gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, th\u00ec ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u1ea5y v\u1eabn c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft <\/strong>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa\u201d67<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi <\/strong><\/p>\n

56<\/strong>. L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u1edf m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb <\/em>(x. 2 Cr 5,1-2; 2 Pr 3,13). \u201cSau khi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c, con c\u00e1i Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 gieo trong y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i s\u1ebd m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ho\u1ea1i: \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ki\u1ebfp ph\u00f9 v\u00e2n\u201d68<\/sup>. Ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

57<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u2013 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hoa tr\u00e1i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ea9y kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi v\u1ebft nh\u01a1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 tr\u00ecnh l\u00ean cho Ch\u00faa Cha, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd s\u1ebd l\u1ea1i vang l\u00ean v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u201c\u00d4i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cha Ta ch\u00fac ph\u00fac, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ecdn s\u1eb5n cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i t\u1eeb khi t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t; v\u00ec x\u01b0a Ta \u0111\u00f3i, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 cho \u0103n; Ta kh\u00e1t, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 cho u\u1ed1ng; Ta l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch l\u1ea1, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n; Ta tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 cho m\u1eb7c; Ta \u0111au \u1ed1m, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m; Ta b\u1ecb t\u00f9, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m\u2026 v\u00ec khi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y cho m\u1ed9t anh em b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Ta \u0111\u00e2y, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00ednh Ta\u201d (Mt 25,34-36.40).<\/p>\n

58<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, th\u00f4ng qua \u00e2n ban c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, di\u1ec5n ra trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdn h\u1ea3o nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n do Ch\u00faa t\u1eb7ng ban, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t. N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n ngay t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd.<\/p>\n

Khi l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi t\u1edbi h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 vinh quang trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m sung m\u00e3n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb nh\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4<\/em>69<\/sup>. Tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u00eam ng\u1eafm th\u00e1nh nhan Ng\u01b0\u1eddi70<\/sup> s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y khao kh\u00e1t c\u00e1ch m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfm tr\u01b0\u1edbc ngay trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, ngay trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n, th\u1ee9c u\u1ed1ng, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, n\u01a1i \u1edf, s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu cho Ch\u00faa khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00f5 c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh (x. Mt 25,35-37).<\/p>\n

d. \u0110\u1ee9c Maria v\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u201cxin v\u00e2ng\u201d trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/strong><\/p>\n

59<\/strong>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n trong d\u00e2n Israel v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Maria, M\u1eb9 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4.<\/em> Qua l\u1eddi \u201cXin v\u00e2ng<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. Lc 1,38), nh\u00e2n danh to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea5ng do Ch\u00faa Cha g\u1eedi t\u1edbi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong kinh \u201cMagnificat<\/em>\u201d, ng\u00e0i ca t\u1ee5ng m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m C\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n, s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o\u201d (x. Is 11,4; 61,1). Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Giao \u01af\u1edbc, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Trinh N\u1eef ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nazareth ca t\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n h\u00e2n hoan, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf kh\u1ecfi ngai v\u00e0ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao k\u1ebb h\u00e8n m\u1ecdn, cho k\u1ebb ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c no \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111u\u1ed5i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00e1c k\u1ebb ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o v\u00e0 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 Ng\u00e0i (x. Lc 1,50-53).<\/p>\n

Khi ng\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0110\u1ee9c Maria, ng\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ee9c tin s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua kinh \u201cMagnificat<\/em>\u201d, c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi \u01a1n hu\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa lu\u00f4n t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng \u01b0u \u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n <\/em>\u2013 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ca t\u1ee5ng trong kinh Magnificat<\/em> v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf trong l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu\u201d71<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9c Maria ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t\u201d72<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG HAI<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1ee8 M\u1ea0NG C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I <\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00c0 H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. C\u00d4NG CU\u1ed8C PH\u00daC \u00c2M HO\u00c1 V\u00c0 H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u1edf v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong><\/p>\n

60<\/strong>. Khi chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng, \u01b0u s\u1ea7u v\u00e0 lo l\u1eafng, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>\u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, mang tin vui N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd, N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i73<\/sup>. Gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng huy ho\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t, kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 t\u00fap l\u1ec1u h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 \u201cn\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u1edf v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (x. Kh 21,3), \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, l\u1ea1c l\u00f5ng hay khi\u1ebfp s\u1ee3 trong l\u00fac thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n; nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4. L\u00e0 th\u1eeba t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd thi\u00eang li\u00eang, m\u00e0 \u1edf trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng74<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

61<\/strong>. D\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p trong n\u00e9t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. S\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trung gian l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n. C\u00f4ng \u00edch m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i75<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sinh ra v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i g\u1eedi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201c\u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 quan h\u1ec7 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay\u201d76<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc77<\/sup>, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1eeba s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec3u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng, trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng th\u1eeba s\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c vang v\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

b. L\u1ea5y Tin M\u1eebng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/strong><\/p>\n

62<\/strong>. V\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho Tin M\u1eebng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111em Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ph\u00fa l\u00ean nh\u1edd Tin M\u1eebng<\/em>78<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, ch\u0103m lo cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c \u1edf th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf xa l\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d79<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

63<\/strong>. Nh\u1edd h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c loan b\u00e1o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ch\u00faa trao ph\u00f3 cho m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c do \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111em l\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng v\u1ec1 N\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>. Khi loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201cl\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n danh \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d80<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0<\/em> nh\u1edd Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng vang l\u00ean trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4m nay c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi81<\/sup>, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u0111em l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Tin M\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4: c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

64<\/strong>. V\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111i l\u1ea1c kh\u1ecfi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trung th\u00e0nh s\u00edt sao v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y<\/em>. \u01a0n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c do \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 mang l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/em>82<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u si\u00eau nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 hay m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u si\u00eau nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u00e2ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n cao h\u01a1n. N\u1ebfu th\u1ebf th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh hay nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1 hay b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean hay tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao. \u201cTrong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh do Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. St 1,26-30) \u2013 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2018\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm\u2019 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o (Rm 8,20; x. Rm 8,19-22) \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch Kh\u00f4n Ngoan v\u00e0 Y\u00eau Th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u2018Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa y\u00eau th\u1ebf gian \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i t\u1eb7ng ban Con M\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u2019 (Ga 3,16). M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi A\u0111am, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0n g\u1eafn l\u1ea1i trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 (x. Rm 5,12-21)\u201d83<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

65<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3, qua \u0111\u00f3 Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, th\u1ec3 theo tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1eb7t ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi trong tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 x\u00e1c l\u1eabn h\u1ed3n, m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang linh h\u1ed3n hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn trong c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u01b0u mang th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n: c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng che gi\u1ea5u dung m\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ecf cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00ed t\u00edch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9\u201d84<\/sup>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00fang trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 h\u00f4m nay, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

c. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong><\/p>\n

66<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u00ean tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u2013 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u1ef1 do, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u2013 m\u00e0 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1; vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi85<\/sup>. Gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u00e2u xa: \u201cTrong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c. B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c. Trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi Tin M\u1eebng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m vi \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i: l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n m\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh?\u201d86<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

67<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201ct\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1\u201d87<\/sup>, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 lu\u00f4n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. N\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i thi h\u00e0nh t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 rao gi\u1ea3ng L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u00f4n s\u1ee988<\/sup>. \u201cTh\u1eadt v\u1eady, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf\u201d89<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadn t\u00e2m hay m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean l\u1ec1, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eadn t\u00e2m hay m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1eafn th\u00eam v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i: v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ai\u201d90<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

68<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e3nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng trong ph\u1ea1m vi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c<\/em>91<\/sup>: \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trao cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt Ch\u00faa\u201d92<\/sup>. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qua h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t hay thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i93<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 mu\u1ed1n trao cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. S\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Tin M\u1eebng<\/em>: t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

d. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i <\/strong><\/p>\n

69<\/strong>. V\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m \u201cgi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9\u201d<\/em>94<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t hay gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecf b\u00ea ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng mu\u1ed1n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. S\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh <\/em>khi tri\u1ec3n khai h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n

70<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y d\u1ea1y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ee9c tin: s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 qua c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 qua c\u1ea3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng<\/em>95<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, l\u1eddi Tin M\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 nghe m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh (x. Mt 7,24; Lc 6,46-47; Ga 14,21.23-24; Gc 1,22). C\u01b0 x\u1eed ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00ecnh tin v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i hay thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd thi\u00eang li\u00eang, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa k\u00eau g\u1ecdi tham gia v\u00e0o \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, th\u00f4ng qua Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u1eeda v\u1eddi, tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i su\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf b\u00ea \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o n\u1eb1m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c <\/strong>m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan hay xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ecbp n\u00f3i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u00f3i tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, <\/em>quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m cho L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng \u1ea5y vang l\u00ean trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kinh doanh, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

71<\/strong>. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf b\u00ea tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t trung v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4<\/em>: \u201cKh\u1ed1n cho t\u00f4i n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng!\u201d (1 Cr 9,16). L\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o m\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0a ra cho m\u00ecnh \u0111ang vang l\u00ean trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng: v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u201ctrong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd ri\u00eang t\u01b0\u201d96<\/sup>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c chi\u1ebfu gi\u00e3i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00ean cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u00e0y97<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng hay c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t tai h\u1ea1i, n\u00ean Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>:98<\/sup> \u201cGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n rao gi\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi\u201d99<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

II. B\u1ea2N CH\u1ea4T C\u1ee6A H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin <\/strong><\/p>\n

72<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft<\/em> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy c\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh theo d\u00f2ng th\u1eddi gian, qua nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u1ea3y ra li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft. V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>100<\/sup>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 minh \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>: h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201ckh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7<\/em>, m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, <\/em>hay n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d101<\/sup>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y theo nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 hay m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 khai sinh ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ri\u00eang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/em> nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 suy t\u01b0 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i <\/em>c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh xem ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u1eeba tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u1eeba si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t; m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn <\/em>ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed cho \u0111\u00fang\u201d102<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

73<\/strong>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>, \u201cv\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1ch c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d103<\/sup>. \u201cPh\u1ea3i t\u00ecm gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u1ed7 giao ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d104<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng <\/em>l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1; c\u1ea5p h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn <\/em>l\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; c\u1ea5p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Ba c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ng\u1ea7m v\u1ea1ch ra ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

74<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>. T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea5y, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i r\u00fat ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Ba Ng\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c tin ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111em ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/em> m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u<\/em>. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c tin d\u1eabn t\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u00ed cung c\u1ea5p. Bao l\u00e2u c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/em>\u201d105<\/sup> x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan phong ph\u00fa gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

75<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 hai con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. S\u1ef1 \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, theo m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 theo vi\u1ec7c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh cho ch\u00fang ta trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4. Trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u xa c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh n\u01a1i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o106<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n <\/em>v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u1eeba x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c107<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu hay lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t \u0111i l\u00fd t\u00ednh hay m\u1ea5t \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>. V\u00ec m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 soi s\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 c\u0169ng mang l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u1ea5y. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/em>, cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi; h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

b. Trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/p>\n

76<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u00fang xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y mang chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng<\/em>. \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp thu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p\u201d108<\/sup>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p mang t\u00ednh m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

77<\/strong>. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng hay l\u1ea5y b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00e0m con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/em>. Nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc theo logic ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf hay \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p vai tr\u00f2 hay s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ef1 do, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, c\u00f4ng \u00edch, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u0169ng nh\u1edd tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Tin M\u1eebng soi s\u00e1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; c\u0169ng nh\u1edd tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

78<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u0103n109<\/sup>. V\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e2u xa kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i tham kh\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 m\u00e0 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o m\u1edbi c\u00e0ng th\u00eam \u0111\u00e1ng tin, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/em>. Nh\u1edd c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta110<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt c\u0169ng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm v\u1eefng c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n theo nh\u01b0 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u00e0y t\u1ecf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u201cm\u1edf ra cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ri\u00eang t\u01b0, l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn trong thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y\u201d111<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i <\/strong><\/p>\n

79<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u00e0o trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cho bi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u2013 t\u1eeb linh m\u1ee5c, tu s\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u1ea5y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ef3 theo nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u1eeba nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eeba \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u2013 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00e1ch si\u00eau nhi\u00ean \u2018c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9c tin\u2019 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n\u201d112<\/sup> \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp thu, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn \u201cnhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y\u201d <\/em>(munus docendi) hay th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 hay c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i bao l\u00e2u c\u00f2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n do \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 trao cho c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i113<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

80<\/strong>. Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean l\u00e0m n\u00ean Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau<\/em>. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng: \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0o trong Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, th\u00f4ng d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau114<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Roma. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xoay v\u00f2ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ch\u0103n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. C\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ebd bao g\u1ed3m v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Bao l\u00e2u c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/em>, bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i g\u1eafn b\u00f3115<\/sup>. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn ra sao l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u2013 v\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o116<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

d. D\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/strong><\/p>\n

81<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u00fd do hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edfng \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 trao cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/em>117<\/sup>. Th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ecf r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, d\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ra \u0111\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1ee3c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi nhau c\u0169ng \u0111ang l\u00e2m v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m. Nh\u00ecn trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh<\/em>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u201d118<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta \u00fd ngh\u0129a, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3119<\/sup>. V\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ho\u00e1 hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o<\/em> m\u1ed7i khi t\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t: t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, \u0111ang lan tr\u00e0n qua x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i120<\/sup>. Nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 hay b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m121<\/sup>. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 hay b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, th\u00ec t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111ia l\u00fd r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, khi\u1ebfn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n. M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

82<\/strong>. \u00dd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>122<\/sup>. Thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em> v\u00ec s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ctrong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d123<\/sup>. Thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em> v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eafm x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n\u201d124<\/sup>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u201cgi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u00e1p b\u1ee9c\u201d125<\/sup> v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d126<\/sup>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u0111i theo v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u00ean b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t \u201ctr\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi, n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb\u201d (2 Pr 3,13).<\/p>\n

e. M\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi cho con c\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 g\u1eedi cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

83<\/strong>. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, v\u00ec ai ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chu to\u00e0n<\/em>. Th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c soi s\u00e1ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p tu\u1ef3 theo thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu. Trong khi thi h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, hu\u1ea5n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd, m\u1ed7i Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tu\u1ef3 theo th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee7ng, ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh127<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng h\u00e0m ch\u1ee9a nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u2013 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf \u2013 <\/em>v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c hay tu s\u0129128<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00ec th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf <\/em>c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf <\/em>c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i129<\/sup>. Khi thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, gi\u00fap ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i130<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

84<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u01b0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi con c\u00e1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>. \u00c1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i soi chi\u1ebfu tr\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd soi s\u00e1ng cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; m\u1ed7i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u00ed \u00f3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf trong t\u01b0 th\u1ebf thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u2013 nh\u00e2n danh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1eeba duy nh\u1ea5t v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, nh\u00e2n danh s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi cho t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n danh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa duy nh\u1ea5t, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi131<\/sup>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng khai g\u1eedi cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed<\/em>132<\/sup>, v\u00e0 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

f. V\u1eeba li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi <\/strong><\/p>\n

85<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 v\u1eeba li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi<\/em>133<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c <\/em>khi n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n tham kh\u1ea3o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 hay c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng <\/em>\u201ctr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e9t theo c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, x\u00e9t theo \u2018c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy t\u01b0\u2019, \u2018c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n\u2019, \u2018c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u2019, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, x\u00e9t theo m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d134<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1ecbch s\u1eed chi ph\u1ed1i hay c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 phai nh\u1ea1t d\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, khi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/em>. V\u1eefng v\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t135<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch nghi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean chu\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n di\u1ec5n ra kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng, l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh khung c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d136<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

86<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c\u201d, t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1eabn \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi v\u1eabn \u0111ang th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 lan to\u1ea3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>. \u0110\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh giam h\u00e3m <\/strong>c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn137<\/sup>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t men t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, r\u1ed3i \u201ctri\u1ec3n khai th\u00eam th\u00f4ng qua suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi\u201d138<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0 M\u1eb9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1edfi m\u1edf, v\u01b0\u01a1n ra ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u1edf gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ee5c T\u1eed T\u1ed1t L\u00e0nh, \u0111ang t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n sinh v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tin M\u1eebng, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

III. H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I TRONG TH\u1edcI \u0110\u1ea0I CH\u00daNG TA: C\u00c1C GHI CH\u00da L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

87<\/strong>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI139<\/sup> v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u201ct\u1eadp h\u1ee3p\u201d gi\u00e1o l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum <\/em>(C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi)140<\/sup> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i141<\/sup>. Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi. D\u00f9 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u1ea5y v\u1eabn b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i142<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kho t\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd phong ph\u00fa<\/em>. Kho t\u00e0ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00fat t\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, r\u1ed3i l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft, m\u00e0 d\u00f9 trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

88<\/strong>. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng bi \u0111\u00e1t tr\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/em>. C\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c n\u00eau l\u00ean do cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa phe t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi: nh\u1eefng \u201cs\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d (res novae) do c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u1ea5y mang \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 cho gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, b\u1eaft Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1 l\u1eabm, ch\u01b0a m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1.<\/p>\n

b. T\u1eeb Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay<\/strong><\/p>\n

89<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u201cRerum Novarum<\/em>\u201d143<\/sup>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y xem x\u00e9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 trong c\u1ea3nh c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1n phi nh\u00e2n. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em> <\/strong>li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh bi\u1ebft bao t\u1ec7 n\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n, ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb, r\u1ed3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 theo ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c thay v\u00ec l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1\u201d144<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>145<\/sup>. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ra c\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ea7u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

90<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/em>b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n<\/em>\u201d146<\/sup> \u0111\u1ec3 sau n\u00e0y tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e0nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc do \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp theo sau n\u00e0y. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ho\u00e1, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u00f4t s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Rerum Novarum<\/em>. Nh\u1edd b\u1ea3n v\u0103n d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn xa tr\u00f4ng r\u1ed9ng, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u201c\u0111\u00e3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u2018\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u2019 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, gi\u1eefa mu\u00f4n v\u00e0n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung\u201d147<\/sup>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201c\u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o\u201d148<\/sup> m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d149<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f2n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c\u201d150<\/sup>; ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng \u201cv\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thi\u1ebfu\u201d151<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

91<\/strong>. V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930, ti\u1ebfp theo sau cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1929, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI ban h\u00e0nh Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno <\/em>(N\u0103m th\u1ee9 40)152<\/sup>, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m n\u0103m th\u1ee9 40 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, trong \u0111\u00f3, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111ang m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111ang ra s\u1ee9c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u00f9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c153<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em> t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00f4 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u201d c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n\u2026 nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i\u201d154<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

92<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i<\/em>. Ngay t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 29-6-1931, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ph\u00e1tx\u00edt \u1edf Italia qua Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Non Abbiamo Bisogno<\/em>155<\/sup>. Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n ban h\u00e0nh Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mit Brennender Sorge<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3<\/em>, ng\u00e0y 14-3-1937156<\/sup>. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e0i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0110\u1ee9c, sau m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ra \u0111\u1eddi sau nh\u1eefng n\u0103m ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI ban h\u00e0nh, sau khi \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c X\u00e3 <\/em>thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thanh ni\u00ean, b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd tham gia l\u00e0m h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean Phong tr\u00e0o Thanh ni\u00ean Hitler. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng cho t\u1edbi khi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e3n h\u1ed3i. N\u0103m 1938, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 lan tr\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i Do Th\u00e1i (anti-Semitism), \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cV\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00eam\u00edt\u201d157<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Divini Redemptoris <\/em>(\u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c Th\u1ea7n linh)158<\/sup>, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh r\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y \u201ct\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan\u201d159<\/sup>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda sai c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u00e1c \u00e1i theo Tin M\u1eebng, chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng \u00edch, v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

93<\/strong>. Trong c\u00e1c Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XII160<\/sup>, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII tr\u00f9ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u00e0i lu\u00f4n t\u1ecf ra quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb lung lay t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c. \u201cTrong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 coi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u2026 V\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u00e3 mang \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ebfn cho bi\u1ebft bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi h\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d161<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0i g\u00e1n cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/em>. Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1eabn qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII l\u00e0 ng\u00e0i ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 kinh doanh, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd h\u00e3y c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u00edch chung. \u201cNh\u1edd s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u2018d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u2019, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a ra\u201d162<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

94<\/strong>. Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960 mang l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n: s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c sau cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, tuy c\u00f2n d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1edbt l\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea1t trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai kh\u1ed1i Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 Ch\u00e2n ph\u00fac Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cc\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc163<\/sup>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>: c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, nay l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, nay \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba th\u00eam r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra (M\u1eb9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y)<\/em>164<\/sup>, Ch\u00e2n ph\u00fac Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII \u201cnh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn xa th\u00eam m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d165<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kho\u00e1 trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1<\/em>\u201d166<\/sup>: Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng <\/em>\u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

95<\/strong>. V\u1edbi Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris <\/em>(Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi)167<\/sup>, Ch\u00e2n ph\u00fac Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII n\u00eau l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i; \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi cho \u201cm\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed\u201d168<\/sup>, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do\u201d169<\/sup>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd h\u00e3y \u201cti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay v\u0103n ho\u00e1 do \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ra\u201d170<\/sup>. Nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m m\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>, \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Maurice Roy, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eedi cho \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI m\u1ed9t l\u00e1 th\u01b0 k\u00e8m theo m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh171<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

96<\/strong>. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes <\/em>(Vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy v\u1ecdng)172<\/sup> c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd mong c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi. Trong hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u1ea5y, \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa. N\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan t\u00e2m l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y\u201d173<\/sup>. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201cth\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi s\u00e2u xa v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d174<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng \u0111i chung m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn tr\u1ea7n gian v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u201cl\u00e0m ch\u00fat men v\u00e0 l\u00e0m linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 canh t\u00e2n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh gia \u0111\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d175<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Gaudium et Spes<\/em> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201cth\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3\u201d176<\/sup>. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 gi\u00fap \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u201d177<\/sup>. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u1edf c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t, n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf tr\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu: \u201cPh\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y\u2026 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d178<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

97<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II trong t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae <\/em>(Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi)179<\/sup>, trong \u0111\u00f3 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t minh b\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y trong hai ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u0169ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y nh\u01b0ng d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

98<\/strong>. \u201cPh\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d180<\/sup>, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 long tr\u1ecdng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio <\/em>(Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c)181<\/sup>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, d\u00f9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u1edbi r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: \u201cC\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i coi hai ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ee5c m\u00e0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u xoay quanh \u0111\u00f3. Trong \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p trong tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u2018s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n k\u00e9m nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n sang nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n\u2019, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1ea5y\u201d182<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp <\/em>n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp thu n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n cao \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u01a1n \u00edch \u1ea5y\u201d183<\/sup>. Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u201cn\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n\u201d184<\/sup> d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tinh th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

99<\/strong>. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, n\u0103m 1967, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh (Justitia et Pax<\/em>), v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i coi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i thu\u1eadn ti\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan \u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d185<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ea7u n\u0103m 1968, theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1eed h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong n\u0103m l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p h\u1eb1ng n\u0103m b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn cho Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh <\/em>\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam cho t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

100<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1970, trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed s\u00f4i s\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII v\u00e0 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u1ea5y, nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 80 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>, qua T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em> (Ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn 80 n\u0103m) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh186<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eddi h\u1eadu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 sau \u0111\u00e2y: hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, n\u1ea1n k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng di d\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

101<\/strong>. Ch\u00edn m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em> (Ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng)187<\/sup> cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em> v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 suy t\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u s\u1eafc. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 theo ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 bi\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 khung c\u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

102<\/strong>. V\u1edbi Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em> (Quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i)188<\/sup>, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 20 <\/strong>n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em> v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa b\u00e0n t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d189<\/sup>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u2013 gia t\u0103ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 c\u00e1ch sung m\u00e3n. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng\u201d190<\/sup>. Khi li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XII l\u00e0 opus justitiae pax<\/em> (ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd), \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn: \u201cNg\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Th\u00e1nh Kinh (x. Is 32,7; Gc 3,8): opus solidaritatis pax <\/em>(ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi)\u201d191<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

103<\/strong>. Nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 100 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 ban h\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, mang t\u00ean Centesimus Annus <\/em>(B\u00e1ch Chu Ni\u00ean)192<\/sup>, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o su\u1ed1t 100 n\u0103m. L\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng vi\u1ebft: \u201cC\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i khi d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u2018h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb\u2019\u2026 \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI c\u0169ng li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y khi d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018b\u00e1c \u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2019. C\u00f2n \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f3m g\u1ecdn nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u2018v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d193<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo tr\u1ee5c qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: nh\u1eadn ra Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Ch\u00faa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u201cnh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edbi\u201d, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 n\u0103m 1989 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

c. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng <\/strong><\/p>\n

104<\/strong>. C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00eau tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay<\/em>. B\u1ea3n \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 theo m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ec \u201cm\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed7i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\u201d194<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Khi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o m\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u00e2y ra tr\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00ean qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0 \u201clo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 <\/em>t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d195<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201c\u2018t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p\u2019 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt\u2026, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 Gi\u00easu m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 (x. Ga 14,16.26; 16,13-15), \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d196<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG BA<\/strong><\/p>\n

CON NG\u01af\u1edcI V\u00c0 NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC NH\u00c2N V\u1eca<\/strong><\/p>\n

105<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai th\u00eam m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n n\u01a1i m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/em> Nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4n s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi, mu\u1ed1n \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean tr\u00ec nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi cao qu\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng cho x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u201cqua s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d197<\/sup>; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u00f4ng coi sao cho m\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n. Trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi198<\/sup>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 d\u00f9 g\u1ea7n hay xa, quen hay l\u1ea1, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 \u2013 l\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb em c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cm\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebft cho h\u1ecd\u201d (1 Cr 8,11; Rm 14,15)199<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

106<\/strong>. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m tr\u1ea1ng s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u201cB\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d200<\/sup>. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u201cThay v\u00ec l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cn\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d201<\/sup>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

107<\/strong>. Trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o202<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n khai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/em>203<\/sup>. Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a c\u1eed \u0111a d\u1ea1ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 toan t\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i hay b\u00f3p m\u00e9o h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u1ea5y; Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u0103ng hoa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

II. CON NG\u01af\u1edcI NH\u01af \u201cH\u00ccNH \u1ea2NH THI\u00caN CH\u00daA\u201d (IMAGO DEI)<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/strong><\/p>\n

108<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh cho bi\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. Tv 139,14-18), v\u00e0 theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u1ea5y, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/em> \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u00ecnh, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; Ng\u00e0i s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nam c\u00f3 n\u1eef\u201d (St 1,27). Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (theo ti\u1ebfng Hipri l\u00e0 \u201cadam\u201d<\/em>) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t (adamah<\/em>) v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1ed5i h\u01a1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o m\u0169i A\u0111am (x. St 2,7). B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01a1n Ch\u00faa m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi k\u00fd k\u1ebft giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 Ng\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d204<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

109<\/strong>. Gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u00e2u xa<\/em>205<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn sau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qu\u00ean hay t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u201cc\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm Ch\u00faa\u201d (homo est Dei capax<\/em>)206<\/sup>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb do Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i; ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed1i li\u1ec7n h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, m\u1edbi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean207<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

110<\/strong>. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o s\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh bao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d208<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nam c\u00f3 n\u1eef<\/em> (x. St 1,27) th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a209<\/sup>: \u201c\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn \u0110\u1ecba \u0110\u00e0ng, v\u1eabn s\u1ebd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i bao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m tham kh\u1ea3o duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (x. St 2,20). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1ecbt l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a A\u0111am v\u00e0 l\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (x. St 2,23), c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean v\u1ecb r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nam hay n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d210<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

111<\/strong>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 nhau v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb211<\/sup>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u1ea3 hai tuy c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n c\u00f2n v\u00ec t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng cho ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, \u201cch\u00fang ta\u201d gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.212<\/sup><\/em> Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef l\u00e0m cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung m\u00e3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c s\u00e2u xa, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u1ea5y213<\/sup>. Giao \u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Kinh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Giao \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Os 1\u20133; Is 54; Ep 5,21-33), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng214<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00fac l\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd: \u201cH\u00e3y sinh s\u00f4i v\u00e0 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf cho \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u00e3y th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d (St 1,28).<\/p>\n

112<\/strong>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>215<\/sup>. \u201cTa s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n n\u1ee3 m\u00e1u\u2026 Ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f2i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em m\u00ecnh\u201d (St 9,5). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Ch\u00faa ph\u00e1n v\u1edbi No\u00ea sau tr\u1eadn l\u1ee5t. Nh\u00ecn trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00f2i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i coi m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 linh thi\u00eang v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m.216<\/sup> S\u1edf d\u0129 gi\u1edbi r\u0103n th\u1ee9 n\u0103m c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (\u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d: Xh 20,13; \u0110nl 5,17) l\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft217<\/sup>. L\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n l\u00ean t\u1edbi cao \u0111i\u1ec3m trong gi\u1edbi r\u0103n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y: \u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d (Lv 19,18), qua \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c th\u00eam b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ch\u0103m lo cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (x. Mt 22,37-40; Mc 12,29-31; Lc 10,27-28).<\/p>\n

113<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi \u01a1n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9ng ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u201ct\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u201d (x. St 1,4.10.12.18.21.25) tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n \u1ea5y s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 bay l\u00ean218<\/sup> t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 chi\u00eam ng\u1eafm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chi\u00eam ng\u1eafm c\u00e1i m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh<\/em>\u201d n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u1ea5y. S\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u201c\u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho ch\u00fang<\/em>\u201d (x. St 2,19-20). Khi cho ch\u00fang nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i t\u00ean, h\u1eb3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn ra ch\u00fang \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang219<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

114<\/strong>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/em> V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Th\u00e1nh Kinh hay nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi \u201ct\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d. T\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang b\u00ean trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u201cl\u00e0m ra h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi thu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng t\u1eadn\u201d (Gv 3,11). Sau c\u00f9ng, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 do220<\/sup>. Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4: \u201cCh\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang con cho Ch\u00faa, l\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa, n\u00ean t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang con m\u00e3i kh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i cho t\u1edbi khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i trong Ch\u00faa\u201d221<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i <\/strong><\/p>\n

115<\/strong>. C\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5.<\/em> Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng khi t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 sa ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng trang \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch Th\u00e1nh: \u201cT\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gian qua m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft\u201d (Rm 5,12). Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb con r\u1eafn quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u01a1 tay h\u00e1i tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean c\u00e2y s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. Qua c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u00ednh t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c \u1ea5y (x. Rm 5,19) \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi Ch\u00faa222<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng t\u1eeb m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng A\u0111am \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi:<\/em> \u201cKhi chi\u1ec1u theo t\u00ean c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, A\u0111am v\u00e0 Eva \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh m\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5 \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng sa ng\u00e3<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m lan ra t\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7\u201d223<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

116<\/strong>. Khi l\u1ea7n t\u1edbi t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c c\u00e1c chia r\u1ebd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111ang x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m trong n\u01a1i s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. \u201cTrong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i: t\u1eeb t\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5, m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i mang t\u1eeb khi sinh ra nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba k\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta, cho t\u1edbi t\u00f4i m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea1m khi l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d224<\/sup>. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i, bao l\u00e2u n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi xa r\u1eddi Ch\u00faa, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tha ho\u00e1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xa r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi chung quanh. \u201cS\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa tr\u1edb tr\u00eau thay \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 chia r\u1ebd v\u1edbi nhau. Trong b\u00e0i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u201ct\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7\u201d, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y khi \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Giav\u00ea th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t m\u1ed1i th\u00e2n h\u1eefu t\u1eebng n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, c\u00e1c trang ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 gi\u01a1 tay t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nhau (x. St 3,12). V\u1ec1 sau, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y anh em gh\u00e9t nhau v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng l\u1ea5y m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhau (x. St 4,2-16). D\u1ef1a theo c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n th\u00e1p Babel, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tan n\u00e1t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nay l\u00ean t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d225<\/sup>. Suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 bi \u0111\u00e1t gi\u1eefa nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

117<\/strong>. M\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng hai m\u1eb7t, m\u00e0 t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i t\u1ed9i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. T\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n <\/em>x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu x\u00e9t cho \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a th\u00ec t\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 hay m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u00e0nh r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu x\u00e9t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201cdo s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1eeba m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u1eeba r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d226<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo c\u00e1ch: n\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 hay xo\u00e1 h\u1ebft tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00fd hay v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh, do ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 sai tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u1ea7n t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

118<\/strong>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed9i do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. T\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi nhau, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9, cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tin v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u00e0i; v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00edch chung v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Sau c\u00f9ng, t\u1ed9i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u201cli\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d227<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

119<\/strong>. C\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m cho c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u1ea9n s\u00e2u trong t\u1ed9i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u1ea5y th\u00eam v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 t\u1ea9y tr\u1eeb<\/em>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, d\u1ec5 lan truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh ra c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi228<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian s\u1ed1ng v\u1eafn v\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y229<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o hai lo\u1ea1i: \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n cho vi\u1ec7c thu l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 kh\u00e1t khao quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u2018b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o\u2019\u201d230<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. T\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 <\/strong><\/p>\n

120<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5, cho bi\u1ebft t\u1ed9i mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng<\/em>: \u201cN\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta n\u00f3i m\u00ecnh v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta\u201d (1 Ga 1,8). Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eebng \u1edf l\u1ea1i trong t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eebng coi nh\u1eb9 t\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eebng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5 l\u1ed7i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7n minh do ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, do di truy\u1ec1n, do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, do c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 do c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00e0y v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4<\/em>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ta lo ng\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn bi quan v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta khinh ch\u00ea c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

121<\/strong>. V\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y v\u1ef1c s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n nh\u00ecn n\u00f3 trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hy v\u1ecdng \u2013 c\u00f2n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa n\u00e0o \u2013 do c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 mang l\u1ea1i, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t <\/em>(x. Rm 5,18-21; 1 Cr 15,56-57): \u201cTrong Ng\u00e0i, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh\u201d.231<\/sup> Ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u2013 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. 2 Cr 4,4; Cl 1,15) \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 n\u00e9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng soi chi\u1ebfu t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t (x. Ga 1,4.9). Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 trong m\u1ed9t \u0110\u1ea5ng trung gian duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, Con c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (x. 1 Tm 2,4-5). \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu v\u1eeba l\u00e0 Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1eeba l\u00e0 A\u0111am m\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi (x. 1 Cr 15,47-49; Rm 5,14). \u201cCh\u00ednh trong khi m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ch\u00faa Cha v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 A\u0111am m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u01a1n g\u1ecdi cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d232<\/sup>. Trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1edd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u00fang ta \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u Ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0n em \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fac\u201d (Rm 8,29).<\/p>\n

122<\/strong>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00eam v\u00e0o t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u1ef1 trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, do m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u2013 n\u01a1i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con c\u00e1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. Rm 8,14-17; Gl 4,4-7). Nh\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng ban ph\u00e1t cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7u xin hay ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi\u201d (Ep 3,20). \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u hay m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng\u201d (2 Cr 1,22; Ep 1,14) cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n khi ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa, \u201cdi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n\u201d (1 Cr 13,12), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi: \u201cV\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft Cha l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Cha \u0111\u00e3 sai \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d (Ga 17,3).<\/p>\n

123<\/strong>. Trong ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u1ea5y, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t<\/em>: \u201cTr\u1eddi cao h\u1ee1i, h\u00e3y gieo s\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng, m\u00e2y h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5 m\u01b0a, m\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ea5t m\u1edf ra \u0111i, n\u1ea9y m\u1ea7m \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean. Ta l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y\u201d (Is 45,8). Theo T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c: b\u1ecb l\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u1ea3nh h\u01b0 \u1ea3o nh\u01b0ng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7y hy v\u1ecdng, d\u00f9 mi\u1ec7ng r\u00ean xi\u1ebft than th\u1edf, tr\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ti\u00eau vong (x. Rm 8,18-22).<\/p>\n

III. NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00cdA C\u1ea0NH \u0110A D\u1ea0NG C\u1ee6A CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

124<\/strong>. V\u00ec \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh, H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u00eam ng\u1eafm tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/em>Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u quan ni\u1ec7m trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed h\u00f4m nay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen ho\u1eb7c suy ngh\u0129 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1eabu s\u1ed1 chung c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 do ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 b\u1ecf \u0111i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i233<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

125<\/strong>. Con<\/em> ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p suy ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ai kh\u00e1c. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng mang t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c tai h\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1t c\u00e1t, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nhau b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0\u201d234<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n t\u1eed trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d235<\/sup>. \u0110i\u1ec1u Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 cao nh\u00e3n quan c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u1eb7c \u00f4 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

126<\/strong>. Khi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm <\/em>(x. 1 Ts 5,21), \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u201c\u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean tr\u00ean hay \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9c tin n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa b\u1ea9m tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do\u201d236<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u201ctrong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d237<\/sup>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t sao cho gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

A. T\u00cdNH TH\u1ed0NG NH\u1ea4T C\u1ee6A CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

127<\/strong>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed3n<\/em>238<\/sup>. \u201cH\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m x\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u1ed3n \u2013 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh quang; ch\u00fang c\u00f2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 do lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1c quan. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t x\u00e1c h\u1ed3n \u1ea5y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>\u201d239<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

128<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng qua th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t<\/em>; nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u1ea5y \u201c\u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea5t l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1\u201d240<\/sup>. Nh\u1edd chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 nh\u1ed1t m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 hay b\u1eaft m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o khi ch\u00fang ta khinh r\u1ebb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c; m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ra \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd, v\u00ec th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u1ea5y do ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i cho s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i trong ng\u00e0y sau h\u1ebft\u201d241<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u1ea5y b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch, m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i lo\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn theo d\u00f5i ch\u00fang, k\u1ebbo m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 ch\u00fang v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n sinh quan ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 linh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o n\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/em>. Khi b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u00ecnh tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00ec m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00f2 chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi con m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed9t linh h\u1ed3n b\u1ea5t t\u1eed v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh v\u1ee5n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hay m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00f4 danh trong \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d242<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

129<\/strong>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau: l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y qua th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u201cnh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f2n s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n\u201d nh\u1edd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d243<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cH\u1ed3n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3i coi h\u1ed3n l\u00e0 \u2018m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c\u2019 c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec h\u1ed3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang m\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng; tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t\u201d244<\/sup>. C\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy t\u00e2m coi th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, l\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt coi tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

B. CON NG\u01af\u1edcI M\u1ede RA V\u1edaI SI\u00caU VI\u1ec6T V\u00c0 \u0110\u1ed8C NH\u1ea4T V\u00d4 NH\u1eca<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. M\u1edf ra v\u1edbi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t <\/strong><\/p>\n

130<\/strong>. M\u1edf ra v\u1edbi si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o<\/em>. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng v\u00f4 bi\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec nh\u1edd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng m\u00ecnh l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, t\u1ef1 do trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n, v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u1eef trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 khi hi\u1ec3u m\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u201cng\u00f4i th\u1ee9 hai\u201d, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 lo b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu sung m\u00e3n, v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi v\u00f4 bi\u00ean c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. N\u01a1i m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t. Theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, linh h\u1ed3n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 nh\u1edd chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: \u201cm\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u mang t\u00ednh v\u00f4 bi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang bao tr\u00f9m l\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i thi\u00eang li\u00eang, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec linh h\u1ed3n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u2018hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3\u2019 (in actu) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, hay \u2018ti\u1ec1m th\u1ec3\u2019 (in protentia) nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n\u201d245<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. \u0110\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p <\/strong><\/p>\n

131<\/strong>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh<\/em>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu hay ngay c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec3u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3<\/em>, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0<\/em> nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 toan t\u00ednh n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1edbc hay v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 hay kh\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng,<\/em> nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u1ea5y, m\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

c. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m <\/strong><\/p>\n

132<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>: \u201cTh\u1ebf n\u00ean, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i\u201d246<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00ean. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u201ccoi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng tr\u1eeb ai nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i t\u00f4i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1\u201d247<\/sup>. M\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng t\u1eeb \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i248<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

133<\/strong>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e8o l\u00e1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n trong Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i: th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3249<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ti\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>, nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n do m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi nh\u00e2n danh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00f3i chung hay c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do hay m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m coi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/em> v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

134<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u bao l\u00e2u ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft trong c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m tham kh\u1ea3o: th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u201cs\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d250<\/sup>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n (c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, li\u00eam khi\u1ebft, trung th\u1ef1c\u2026), \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay c\u1ee9 u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p hay chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean minh ch\u1ee9ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 th\u00ec x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

C. S\u1ef0 T\u1ef0 DO C\u1ee6A CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do <\/strong><\/p>\n

135<\/strong>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t trong t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u01a1n m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t cho bi\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>251<\/sup>. \u201cV\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9 s\u1ed1ng \u2018d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t theo nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 (Hc 15,14) \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi nh\u1edd trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t ri\u00eang t\u01b0 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng do s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng hay b\u1edfi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i\u201d252<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 say m\u00ea theo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u00f3: c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi ao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 khi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u00e1m ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3253<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho \u0111\u00fang, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1254<\/sup>. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi sinh ra m\u00ecnh, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 cha <\/em>c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh255<\/sup>, m\u1edbi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c256<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

136<\/strong>. T\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o<\/em>257<\/sup>. M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em> (x. St 2,16-17). \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do bao l\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0103n \u2018b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e2y n\u00e0o trong v\u01b0\u1eddn\u2019. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n: n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2018c\u00e2y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft d\u1eef\u2019, v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban ra. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3\u201d258<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

137<\/strong>. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/em>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t \u201chay b\u1ecb coi th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c vi ph\u1ea1m. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh l\u1eabn k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o v\u00f2ng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c b\u00e1c \u00e1i. Khi \u0111i tr\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d259<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>: Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m l\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf nhu c\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d260<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. T\u1ef1 do li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

138<\/strong>. Khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft tu\u00e2n theo s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>261<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng \u201cl\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\u2026, nh\u01b0ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1eeba l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho t\u1ef1 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i gieo tr\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\u201d262<\/sup>. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00ec t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd ch\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i263<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

139<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m<\/em>. \u201cB\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, khi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n<\/em>, bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u201cph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n\u201d, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u hay l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d v\u00f5 \u0111o\u00e1n. S\u1ef1 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u1ea5y \u2013 do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i ra hay \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u2013 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m <\/strong>c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan hay kh\u00f4ng, d\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u00ecnh khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng\u201d264<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

140<\/strong>. Khi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>265<\/sup>. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u201ckh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ph\u00fa b\u1ea9m trong ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh g\u00ec. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng hay lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y <\/strong>cho th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o\u201d266<\/sup>. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa267<\/sup>. Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u201ct\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u00ed ban b\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao l\u00e2u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi l\u00fd tr\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n, cho bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd268<\/sup>. Ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng ph\u00e2n x\u1eed t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi269<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

141<\/strong>. Trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung<\/em>. D\u00f9 khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c nhau theo n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh270<\/sup>, nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn <\/em>\u201cd\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n \u1ea5y\u2026 Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t hay b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d271<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u201cb\u1edfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ed9n l\u1eabn v\u1edbi sai l\u1ea7m\u201d272<\/sup> l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a \u01a1n Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa d\u1ecdn s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n273<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

142<\/strong>. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf b\u1edfi t\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>274<\/sup>. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u00e2n lu\u1eadt, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean275<\/sup>. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00f9 m\u1edd th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, \u201cd\u00f9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i hay kh\u00f4ng, h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d276<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u0103n r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh chung, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u1edbi l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 m\u1edbi gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng khai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ai t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng b\u00ecnh an trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi h\u1ecd277<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

143<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ec1u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ed \u1ea9n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1edfi m\u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng chu\u1ed9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n, th\u00edch kh\u00e9p k\u00edn c\u00e1ch \u00edch k\u1ef7, mu\u1ed1n n\u00e2ng m\u00ecnh cao ngang t\u1ea7m th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u<\/em>: \u201cD\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean b\u1edfi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khi\u00eau kh\u00edch th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n d\u1eef. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2026 Th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o\u201d278<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Nh\u1edd m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua, \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 \u00e1i l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c279<\/sup>, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khinh b\u1ec9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n khi bi\u1ebft hi\u1ebfn d\u00e2ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh280<\/sup>. Nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft hy sinh tr\u00ean th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng l\u1ea1i <\/strong>v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

D. PH\u1ea8M GI\u00c1 B\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb2NG C\u1ee6A M\u1eccI NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

144<\/strong>. \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb ai\u201d (Cv 10,34; x. Rm 2,11; Gl 2,6; Ep 6,9), v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>281<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c Nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Do Th\u00e1i hay Hy L\u1ea1p, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 hay t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nam hay n\u1eef, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 anh em \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 Gi\u00easu\u201d (Gl 3,28; x. Rm 10,12; 1 Cr 12,13; Cl 3,11).<\/p>\n

V\u00ec vinh quang c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng l\u00ean ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>282<\/sup>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c gia, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hay giai c\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n

145<\/strong>. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chung v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c <\/em>(x. Gc 2,1-9). \u0110\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1ch quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p283<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nhau th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/em>284<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau285<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1edfi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>. Ch\u1ec9 khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c286<\/sup>; b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n h\u01a1n do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n

146<\/strong>. D\u00f9 ph\u00e1i \u201cnam\u201d v\u00e0 ph\u00e1i \u201cn\u1eef\u201d l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u0129nh, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a nam gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i ho\u00e0<\/em>: \u201cT\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m n\u00ean nam t\u00ednh v\u00e0 n\u1eef t\u00ednh trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea7u minh \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nam gi\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng trong c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 ph\u1ea3i n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n, c\u1ea3 trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb\u201d287<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

147<\/strong>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef: ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t \u201cnam\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cn\u1eef\u201d m\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m hai m\u1eb7t\u201d288<\/sup>, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u201chai trong m\u1ed9t\u201d, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eeba nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u1eeba nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng: \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 giao cho \u2018th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m hai m\u1eb7t\u2019 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u201d289<\/sup>. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1\u2019 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u1ee3 t\u00e1\u2019 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef!\u201d290<\/sup>: khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef g\u1eb7p nhau, th\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean logic t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean logic y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

148<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5<\/em>: \u201cD\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd v\u1eabn cho th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d291<\/sup>. V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/em>: \u201cTh\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1nh kho\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au y\u1ebfu\u201d292<\/sup>. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt: \u201cH\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n y\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau, c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u00e0 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt\u201d293<\/sup>, tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 chung cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0nh l\u1eb7n l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

E. B\u1ea2N T\u00cdNH X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u1ee6A CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

149<\/strong>. T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i294<\/sup> v\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 \u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf<\/em>295<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ra nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan<\/em>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u1eeba nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i tham gia c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng <\/em>v\u1edbi h\u1ecd c\u1ea3 trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u201cM\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng do c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p v\u1eeba h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba thi\u00eang li\u00eang, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i qua th\u1eddi gian: v\u1eeba thu th\u1eadp qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u1eeba chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d296<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang trong m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi297<\/sup>. Nh\u00ecn trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. St 1,26), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (x. St 2,20.23), \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t (x. St 1,26.28-30), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u2018h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c\u2019, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u2018h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2019. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d298<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

150<\/strong>. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nhau, d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n cho nhau<\/em>. V\u00ec t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng th\u00edch c\u01b0 x\u1eed phi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c h\u1ecd t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 giam m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1 t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c299<\/sup>. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tin ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec y\u00eau qu\u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00edch cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quy t\u1ee5 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch300<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

151<\/strong>. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 s\u1ef1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>c\u00f3 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u2013 nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u2013 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u2018tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, th\u1ec3 thao, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c\u2019. Vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1 <\/em>n\u00e0y c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d301<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

IV. NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

152<\/strong>. Phong tr\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>302<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i coi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay \u0111em l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 kh\u1eafc ghi n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o303<\/sup>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ng\u00e0y 10-12-1948, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II coi nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d304<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

153<\/strong>. Th\u1eadt ra, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m ngay trong ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>305<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng nhau trong m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n khi, nh\u1edd \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa trao ban v\u00e0 b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n s\u00e2u xa b\u1edfi t\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c qua s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3, qua c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi306<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf trong \u00fd mu\u1ed1n thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi307<\/sup>, trong th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia hay ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u1edf trong ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u201cph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d308<\/sup>. Ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>, v\u00ec ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m hay ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, <\/em>bao l\u00e2u \u201cch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d309<\/sup> v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u201cth\u1eadt v\u00f4 \u00edch khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i v\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d310<\/sup>. B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, <\/em>bao l\u00e2u \u201ckh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ai, v\u00ec l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd\u201d311<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

154<\/strong>. Ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang l\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u00f4i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang<\/em>. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n. \u201cNh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 cho m\u1ed7i t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. G\u1ed9p chung l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t huy \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t\u2026 Ph\u00e1t huy \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ed7i lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n\u201d312<\/sup>. Ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201chai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ebf ch\u00fang m\u1edbi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n\u201d313<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang r\u1ebd<\/strong><\/p>\n

155<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00e2n ph\u00fac Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII314<\/sup>, c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II315<\/sup>, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI<\/em>316<\/sup> \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II c\u00f2n l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>: \u201cquy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong b\u1ee5ng m\u1eb9 ngay t\u1eeb khi th\u1ee5 thai; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trong <\/em>m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do <\/em>t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/em>; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do l\u1eadp <\/em>gia \u0111\u00ecnh, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 con v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 con qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do <\/em>t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng theo s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d317<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra trong danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb khi th\u1ee5 thai cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>318<\/sup>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp coi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 thai v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u00eam \u00e1i l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p319<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>: \u201cm\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p n\u00e0o t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u01b0 hay c\u00f4ng khai, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh hay c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d320<\/sup>. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 cho bi\u1ebft \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o\u201d321<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 <\/strong><\/p>\n

156<\/strong>. Li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau gi\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u2013 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u1ea5y322<\/sup>. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u201cTrong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 cho h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y\u201d323<\/sup>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i khi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/em>. \u201cB\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 qu\u00ean hay b\u1ecf qua kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tay n\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i tay kia ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i\u201d324<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

d. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia <\/strong><\/p>\n

157<\/strong>. Ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra \u0111\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>325<\/sup>: th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d326<\/sup>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u201cd\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u00edch cao h\u01a1n cho c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d327<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp328<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vun \u0111\u1eafp \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d329<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 \u201cquy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i\u201d, quy\u1ec1n \u201cc\u00f3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1ec3 qua \u0111\u00f3 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy\u2026 \u2018ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n\u2019 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d, quy\u1ec1n \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean khai tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1\u201d, quy\u1ec1n \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb\u201d330<\/sup>. Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t,<\/em> m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra, v\u00ec ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

e. L\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

158<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 long tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/em>, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 bu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eaft tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0m l\u00ednh, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma tu\u00fd tr\u00e1i ph\u00e9p, m\u00e3i d\u00e2m. \u201cNgay t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 theo th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng\u201d331<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfc thay, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa \u201cch\u1eef vi\u1ebft\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em>332<\/sup>, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n ra nguy\u00ean do l\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c. Khi l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n m\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafc \u0111i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eefng ai may m\u1eafn h\u01a1n n\u00ean kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb <\/em>m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i\u201d; v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1eaft gao qu\u00e1 \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, trong \u0111\u00f3 ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00e8m ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d333<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

159<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i,<\/em> \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tuy ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>334<\/sup>, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201c\u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao phong tr\u00e0o r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d335<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd336<\/sup> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi337<\/sup> ngay trong h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y theo hai h\u01b0\u1edbng: b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y<\/em>338<\/sup>. D\u00f9 sao, \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 <\/em>bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o<\/em>, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o m\u00e0 qu\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o m\u1edbi ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 cao c\u1ea3\u201d339<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cao h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n n\u00e0y n\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 hay phi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia hay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1eady d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n Ng\u00e0i, v\u00ec khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 v\u00e0o t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111em l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. \u201c\u0110\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 men Tin M\u1eebng th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ra s\u1ee9c nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi khi thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d340<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG B\u1ed0N<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00c1C NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC <\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ee6A H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. \u00dd NGH\u0128A V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 TH\u1ed0NG NH\u1ea4T<\/strong><\/p>\n

160<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o341<\/sup> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc: ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o342<\/sup>; c\u00f4ng \u00edch<\/em>; b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>; v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh t\u1eeb \u201ccu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong gi\u1edbi r\u0103n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 y\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d343<\/sup>. Tr\u1ea3i qua d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4n ngoan suy t\u01b0 ngay t\u1eeb trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u00f9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y, l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

161<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00ec ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/em>: li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hay nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi gian <\/em>v\u00e0 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>, n\u00ean ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tham kh\u1ea3o h\u1ea7u gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

162<\/strong>. C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, trong t\u00ednh quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/em> S\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 coi n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p gi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng344<\/sup>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 x\u00e9t ri\u00eang r\u1ebd t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c <\/strong>d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t hay d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai l\u1ea1c; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p khi ch\u00fang ta d\u1eabn ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c. Khi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, r\u1ed3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u00ean th\u00f4i, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di s\u1ea3n suy t\u01b0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb345<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

163<\/strong>. Nh\u00ecn trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c trong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, trong s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i hay xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa v\u00ec ch\u00fang li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, mang t\u00ednh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y, \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t s\u1eafc \u1ea5y l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c li\u00ean k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o \u0111i.<\/p>\n

II. NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC C\u00d4NG \u00cdCH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean <\/strong><\/p>\n

164<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f4ng \u00edch: m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch, n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng \u00edch xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/em>Hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a ban \u0111\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, c\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u00e0 \u201cto\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 hay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n\u201d346<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng \u00edch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. D\u00f9 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u1eabn l\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i \u201cchung\u201d, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 v\u00ec khi c\u00f9ng chung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3, m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/em>. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng khi ch\u00fang \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

165<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n347<\/sup> \u2013 l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu b\u1ecf qua s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u201cv\u1edbi\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u201cv\u00ec\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm trong \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111ang c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trung gian, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb, c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng \u00edch, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y348<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch <\/strong><\/p>\n

166<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>349<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u00e1, di chuy\u1ec3n, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ef1 do truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quan \u0111i\u1ec3m, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o350<\/sup>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai351<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

167<\/strong>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00f4ng \u00edch, tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>352<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng theo nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eb1m l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t logic s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi353<\/sup>, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111em l\u1ea1i<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI v\u1eabn c\u00f2n x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng: \u201cNh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00f3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 \u0111oan n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7nh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n; c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u1ea5y c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u00edch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d354<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. C\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

168<\/strong>. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edch l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/em>355<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n356<\/sup>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh hay c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trung gian kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed357<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

169<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng \u00edch, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u1ed7i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd<\/em>358<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra do \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n ch\u00fang b\u1ea7u l\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n theo \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

170<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n: n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb khi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o<\/em>. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o do Ng\u00e0i d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd do g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch m\u1ea5t \u0111i chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eeba v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eeba ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed359<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1edd tin v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu: nh\u1edd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi S\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n T\u1ed1i Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 an vui \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu s\u00e2u xa n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n

III. M\u1ee4C TI\u00caU PH\u1ed4 QU\u00c1T C\u1ee6A C\u1ee6A C\u1ea2I<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a <\/strong><\/p>\n

171<\/strong>. Trong s\u1ed1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng \u00edch, quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>: \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft b\u1edfi b\u00e1c \u00e1i\u201d360<\/sup>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u201cngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i sau h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u1ea3 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 trao tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u00f3 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9ng hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (St 1,28-29). Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o m\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/em>. V\u00ec mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u hoa tr\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban cho \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d361<\/sup>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0y tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nu\u00f4i th\u00e2n, l\u1edbn l\u00ean, li\u00ean l\u1ea1c, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi thi h\u00e0nh362<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

172<\/strong>. Quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/em>. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c an sinh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d363<\/sup> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o\u201d364<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u201cn\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\u201d365<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea9m sinh n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc <\/em>b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u201cM\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u00e0y (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i); ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf n\u1eefa. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i coi vi\u1ec7c quy chi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\u201d366<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

173<\/strong>. \u0110\u01b0a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, tu\u1ef3 theo nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eadt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>. Ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00edch hay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0, theo sau nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

174<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u1eabn phi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, bi\u1ebft l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 an sinh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 khai tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

175<\/strong>. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t cho c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chung h\u1ea7u t\u1ea1o cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, h\u1ea7u ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n<\/em>. \u201cTrong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 chi\u00eau b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d367<\/sup>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi m\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng loan b\u00e1o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, d\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 b\u1edfi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu, nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m (x. Mc 1,12-13; Mt 4,1-11; Lc 4,1-13) h\u1ea7u d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 \u1ea5y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u01a1n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban.<\/p>\n

b. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu <\/strong><\/p>\n

176<\/strong>. Nh\u1edd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1edd t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1edf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/em>: \u201cB\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 h\u1eefu<\/em>\u201d368<\/sup>. Nh\u1edd t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u201cb\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026 th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d369<\/sup>. T\u01b0 h\u1eefu ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m n\u00ean ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7; \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f2i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>370<\/sup>, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, \u00edt l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u201cl\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung ch\u1ea1 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n\u201d371<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

177. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/em>: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung, l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf sau \u0111\u00e2y: c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d372<\/sup>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i373<\/sup>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu374<\/sup> nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, b\u1ea5t lu\u1eadn thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0 h\u1eefu d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o, th\u00ec t\u01b0 h\u1eefu t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i; b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng, t\u01b0 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n375<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n

178<\/strong>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o<\/em>376<\/sup>, v\u00e0 quy chi\u1ebfu r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch377<\/sup>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean \u201cnh\u00ecn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a chung, theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d378<\/sup>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u1ea5y th\u1ebf n\u00e0o<\/em>. C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i; t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n giao c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1ea5y cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o mong \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

179<\/strong>. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y sao cho n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t do c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 mang l\u1ea1i<\/em>. Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u2013 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u2013 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00ec \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\u201d379<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n gia t\u0103ng di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. <\/em>B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, mu\u1ed1n cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u201cC\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1 b\u1ecf c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9ng b\u00ean l\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, gi\u00fap h\u1ecd tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d380<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

180<\/strong>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, th\u00ec nay ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tuy v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 h\u1eefu truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/em>; d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh trong c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u xa tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u00fap h\u1ecd t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung m\u00e0 qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ki\u1ec3u s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00e0y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ki\u1ec3u s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u00f3i bu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3u s\u1edf h\u1eefu chung n\u00e0y v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i381<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 hay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n<\/em>382<\/sup>. T\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh qu\u00e1 y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

181<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1ch quan <\/em>nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n h\u00e3o huy\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111i xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng s\u1edbm th\u00ec mu\u1ed9n s\u1ebd kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1ecb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cay \u0111\u1eafng nh\u1ea5t. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf. Ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i th\u00e0nh ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng (x. Mt 6,24; 19,21-26; Lc 16,13) s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7383<\/sup>. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch gi\u00fap c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

c. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o <\/strong><\/p>\n

182<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c do c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/em>. Mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o<\/em>384<\/sup>. \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong khi thi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c b\u00e1c \u00e1i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng. S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu khi h\u1ecd t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u01b0u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n\u201d385<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

183<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/em>386<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m, khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cnh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t\u201d trong lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Mt 25,40.45). \u201cCh\u00ednh qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra h\u1ecd l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. Khi \u2018ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghe nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u2019 (Mt 11,5), \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u cho th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n\u201d387<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cAnh em s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh, nh\u01b0ng anh em s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e2u\u201d (Mt 26,11; x. Mc 14,7; Ga 12,8). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ra \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1eeba tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e1ng khen trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, v\u1eeba d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf lu\u00f4n nu\u00f4i \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y ra khi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u1edf v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. C\u00f2n trong l\u00fac n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd th\u00e1c cho ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb x\u00e9t x\u1eed trong ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y <\/em>(x. Mt 25,31-46): \u201cCh\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb chia c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 anh em c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d388<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

184<\/strong>. L\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Tin M\u1eebng T\u00e1m M\u1ed1i Ph\u00fac, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. L\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>389<\/sup>. \u201cT\u1eeb l\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 xoa d\u1ecbu, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng kh\u1ed5 qua bi\u1ebft bao vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u00e1c \u00e1i, m\u00e0 th\u1eddi n\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u201d390<\/sup>. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng th\u00f4i th\u00fac \u2013 \u201cC\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i cho kh\u00f4ng\u201d (Mt 10,8) \u2013 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng linh h\u1ed3n<\/em>. \u201cTrong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho t\u00ecnh b\u00e1c \u00e1i huynh \u0111\u1ec7: \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa r\u1ea5t h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng\u201d391<\/sup>, d\u00f9 thi h\u00e0nh b\u00e1c \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1eafc t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng: \u201cKhi ch\u00fang ta ch\u0103m lo c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 cho h\u1ecd c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\u201d392<\/sup>. C\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd nh\u1eafn nh\u1ee7 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i chu to\u00e0n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m theo s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 qu\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i\u201d393<\/sup>. L\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00edch k\u1ef7\u201d394<\/sup> (x. Gc 5,1-6).<\/p>\n

IV. NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC B\u1ed4 TR\u1ee2<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a <\/strong><\/p>\n

185<\/strong>. B\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y ngay t\u1eeb v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean395<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c \u0111i, kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, th\u1ec3 thao, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra v\u00ec ch\u00fang gi\u00fap h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3396<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/em>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m trung gian, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, n\u1ea3y sinh do \u201ct\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u201d397<\/sup>. Nh\u1edd m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi v\u1eefng m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb m\u1edbi c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i398<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

186<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1eebng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p <\/em>Quadragesimo Anno, theo \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d.<\/em> \u201cTh\u1eadt l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng khi r\u00fat kh\u1ecfi tay c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 trao cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 tai h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e0m tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, khi giao cho m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ec ch\u01b0ng, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ecd\u201d399<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cao h\u01a1n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 (subsidium) \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2013 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. <\/em>C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trung gian m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i giao ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng b\u1ecb ti\u00eau t\u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a t\u00edch c\u1ef1c <\/em>l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf hay ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c <\/em>nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5m Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 \u0111\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ebf b\u1ecf s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

b. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 <\/strong><\/p>\n

187<\/strong>. Nh\u1edd nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian chu to\u00e0n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. <\/em>Kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 hay h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n danh vi\u1ec7c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ho\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n danh s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 lu\u00f4n tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n, quan li\u00eau gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 an sinh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00f4 l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. \u201cKhi can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y \u0111i kh\u1ecfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh, c\u01a1 quan c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hay suy ngh\u0129 theo th\u00f3i quan li\u00eau gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 k\u00e9o theo vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng chi ti\u00eau th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3\u201d400<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn hay nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2013 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng <\/em>c\u1ea7n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh; tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trung gian trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n sao cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch, m\u1ed7i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; sao cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n; b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1; d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 b\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y; t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa khu v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n; d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u201ctham gia\u201d v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

188<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc tham gia tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng401<\/sup>.<\/em> Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng ra kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00ec t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, s\u1ef1 thay th\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1eefa, v\u00ec l\u00fd do bi\u1ec7n minh cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 do t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em>. D\u00f9 sao, n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u2013 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 th\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

V. S\u1ef0 THAM GIA<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

189<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia402<\/sup>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u2013 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u2013 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean403<\/sup>. Tham gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i chu to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u00fd th\u1ee9c, v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch404<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn tham gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n hay b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p trong m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ea5y quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u2013 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u2013 nh\u01b0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang trong c\u00e1c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y405<\/sup>; trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1; hay xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p cao nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb406<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 tham gia \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n k\u00e9m may m\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean theo t\u1eebng l\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n ng\u1ea7m. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f9ng nhau chia s\u1ebb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n

b. Tham gia v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/strong><\/p>\n

190<\/strong>. Tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi thi h\u00e0nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m407<\/sup>, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quan tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 do nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y nh\u00e2n danh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 thay m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia408<\/sup>. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

191<\/strong>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c tham gia n\u00e0y qua m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan: mu\u1ed1n v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c tham gia \u1ea5y<\/em>. Mu\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u1edbi nhau <\/em>v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2013 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c409<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng \u00e1c c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 suy x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u201cm\u1eb7c c\u1ea3\u201d v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u khi c\u00f2n b\u1ecf lu\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu410<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tham gia \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i<\/em>: t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y, quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c v\u00ec b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 cho ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia411<\/sup>. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cho c\u00f3, c\u00f2n trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. C\u00f2n \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng quan li\u00eau b\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (de facto) m\u00e0 n\u00f3i<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u1eefa412<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

VI. NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC LI\u00caN \u0110\u1edaI<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

192<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chung cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao h\u01a1n<\/em>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u01b0a h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/em>, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf m\u1ecdi c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9413<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u201ctrong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay\u201d, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n do c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng tin, do c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n to\u00e1n, do s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u2013 \u00edt l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u2013 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf c\u00e1ch nhau r\u1ea5t xa v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng quen bi\u1ebft nhau.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau v\u00e0 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng do c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra, t\u1eebng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nguy h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y nh\u1eefng \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf h\u01a1n414<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

193<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi <\/em>trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ed1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau: li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>415<\/sup> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>416<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi trong gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf<\/em>. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, \u201cc\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/em>\u201d417<\/sup> t\u1eebng chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u1ea5y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ea9y v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh \u201cc\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hay \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c th\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 hay \u0111au bu\u1ed3n h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ea7n g\u0169i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xa l\u1ea1. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u1eeba ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1eeba ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/em>mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n lo cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch<\/em>. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0 lo cho \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 <\/em>ch\u00fang ta th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 <\/em>m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d418<\/sup>. Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u1eb1m trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u01b0u ti\u00ean <\/em>nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch <\/em>v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cd\u1ea5n th\u00e2n lo cho \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c, theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u201cli\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh\u201d v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c thay v\u00ec khai th\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u201cph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d thay v\u00ec \u00e1p b\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang (x. Mt 10,40-42; 20,25; Mc 10,42-45; Lc 22,25-27)\u201d419<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i <\/strong><\/p>\n

194<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch, gi\u1eefa li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, gi\u1eefa li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, gi\u1eefa li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>420<\/sup>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cli\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi\u201d, m\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n d\u00f9ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u421<\/sup>, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch t\u00f3m t\u1eaft nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng tham gia. S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0m sao cho trong s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p chung kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau thay v\u00ec chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 tan r\u00e3. S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng th\u00ed m\u1ea1ng v\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t422<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

195<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 h\u01a1n r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean<\/em>. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft do v\u0103n ho\u00e1, do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, do c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 do t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang l\u1ea1i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn ra m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n m\u1edf ra cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi chia s\u1ebb m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u1ea5y trong tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

d. Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p <\/strong><\/p>\n

c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 <\/strong><\/p>\n

196<\/strong>. T\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Nazareth, Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1edbi, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u00e2u xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u201cch\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1eadp gi\u00e1\u201d <\/em>(Pl 2,8). N\u01a1i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u1eadn ra d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u201cThi\u00ean-Ch\u00faa-v\u1edbi-ch\u00fang-ta<\/em>\u201d, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u1eadt b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t h\u1ecd v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t423<\/sup>. Trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1edd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3, c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i chan ch\u1ee9a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban t\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Nazareth \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y<\/em>424<\/sup>: \u201cTrong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, mang l\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o <\/em>l\u00e0 trao ban ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, tha th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i. L\u00fac \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/em>c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Cha, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e1u \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng tha nh\u00e2n, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9, b\u1eb1ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd; v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 hy sinh t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00ec anh em (x. 1 Ga 3,16)\u201d425<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

VII. C\u00c1C GI\u00c1 TR\u1eca C\u0102N B\u1ea2N C\u1ee6A \u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

197<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n n\u00eau ra c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/em>. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111ang c\u1ed5 v\u0169, d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u1ea5y nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu khi mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y426<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n trong ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1ea5y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>427<\/sup>. \u0110em c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u201cc\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf\u201d428<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i cho m\u00ecnh th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf429<\/sup>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn hay ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi430<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt <\/strong><\/p>\n

198<\/strong>. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/em>431<\/sup>. S\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, khi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi432<\/sup>. C\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9433<\/sup> v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt <\/em>m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb quy th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau ho\u1eb7c xoay quanh m\u1ed9t hai \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 trong m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi toan t\u00ednh mu\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt hay ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt434<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean can \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat \u00e1y n\u00e1y t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 li\u00eam khi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

c. T\u1ef1 do <\/strong><\/p>\n

199<\/strong>. T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 cao \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 cho bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>435<\/sup>. \u201cT\u1ef1 do di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. Quy\u1ec1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do<\/em>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d436<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do theo vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, r\u00fat g\u1ecdn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf<\/em>: \u201cThay v\u00ec d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0 d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7, t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i n\u00e0o m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d437<\/sup>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do trong m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

200<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do \u2013 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cho t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng khi n\u00e0o m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u01a1n g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>; t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn b\u1eadc s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u01b0\u1edbng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p cho m\u00ecnh; theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong \u201cm\u1ed9t khung ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc\u201d438<\/sup>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n do \u00edch chung v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t ra, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 cao tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, d\u00f9 ngu\u1ef5 trang d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i n\u00e0o<\/em>439<\/sup>, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00e1nh xa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1ef1 do sung m\u00e3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t440<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

d. C\u00f4ng l\u00fd <\/strong><\/p>\n

201<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng<\/em>441<\/sup>. Theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n\u201d442<\/sup>. N\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb<\/em>; c\u00f2n n\u1ebfu nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb phia kh\u00e1ch th\u1ec3, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho bi\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi trong quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d443<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd: c\u00f4ng l\u00fd giao ho\u00e1n, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ph\u00e1p l\u00fd<\/em>444<\/sup>. C\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng coi tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>445<\/sup>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd n\u00f3i chung<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/em>. C\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>\u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng \u2013 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho t\u1eebng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n446<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

202<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng l\u00fd tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay, khi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec1u \u2013 v\u1eabn \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 hay kh\u00f4ng<\/em>. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng xem x\u00e9t c\u00f4ng l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110ang khi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn su\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xem \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng447<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

203<\/strong>. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u00e3n quan xem c\u00f4ng l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m \u2013 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng m\u1edf ra cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>. \u201cT\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd th\u00f4i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh tr\u1eeb khi n\u00f3 bi\u1ebft m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i\u201d448<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd song song v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd th\u00ec \u201cng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m v\u1edbi c\u00f9ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh g\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh (x. Is 32,17; Gc 3,18) r\u1eb1ng \u2018Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi\u2019 <\/em>(Opus solidaritatis pax)<\/em>\u201d449<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u201cs\u1ebd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n qua c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nh\u1eb1m c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba trao ban v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn\u201d450<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

VIII. CON \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU <\/strong><\/p>\n

204<\/strong>. Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n<\/em>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c hay b\u1ecb thu h\u1eb9p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ee7 quan trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; nay ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Trong m\u1ecdi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u201ctr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n\u201d (x. 1 Cr 12,31), \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng mang \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

205<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e2u xa \u1ea5y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, sinh nhi\u1ec1u k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt; khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ed1ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng; khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta coi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; khi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e1m nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh451<\/sup>. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c b\u1ec1n cho to\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a c\u1eed ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng: ch\u00fang ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

206<\/strong>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1eeba gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u1eeba v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, <\/em>c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u201cph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong b\u00e1c \u00e1i\u201d452<\/sup>. N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u201ct\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho ch\u00fang ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00e0 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n \u00edch kh\u00e1ch quan sao cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t\u201d) m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d453<\/sup>. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd<\/em>: \u201cKinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u1ee9ng minh cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf v\u00e0 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd n\u1eefa\u2026 C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n sau: \u2018c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng\u2019 <\/em>(summum jus, summa injuria)\u201d454<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u201ctrong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb n\u00e0o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em>, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 n\u00f3i, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau hay b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u1ed1n \u2018nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu\u2019 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau mang nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t<\/em>, l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t tu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u201d455<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

207<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf n\u00e0o, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o s\u1ebd thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, trong t\u00ecnh anh em v\u00e0 trong ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh; kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c thu h\u00fat c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, ngay trong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u00f4 th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh<\/em>\u201d456<\/sup>, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong vai tr\u00f2 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa, t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong. Trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau mang d\u00e1ng d\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>: \u201cB\u00e1c \u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau qu\u00fd c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d457<\/sup>, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00edch cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 ri\u00eang r\u1ebd m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

208<\/strong>. B\u00e1c \u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi do c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y l\u00e0m n\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u00e1c \u00e1i \u1ea5y can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i t\u00ecm \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i chung<\/em>. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau m\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm g\u1eb7p \u201ctrong ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd trong nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u hay trong c\u01a1n t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng tha nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c trung gian x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra c\u1ea3nh t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu \u1ea5y<\/em>. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ngay l\u00fac n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y<\/em> m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u1edf trong c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng khi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i tranh \u0111\u1ea5u, hay khi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y mang t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt s\u1ef1<\/em>.<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N HAI<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u2026 Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng. Th\u1eadt th\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u1ea5y c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u1ea5y, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u: nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u201cgiai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb khi th\u1ee5 thai cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac l\u00eca \u0111\u1eddi\u201d.<\/em><\/p>\n

(Centesimus Annus <\/em>54)<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG N\u0102M <\/strong><\/p>\n

GIA \u0110\u00ccNH, <\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1ebe B\u00c0O S\u1ed0NG \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u1ee6A X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. GIA \u0110\u00ccNH, X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN \u0110\u1ea6U TI\u00caN<\/strong><\/p>\n

209<\/strong>. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Kinh nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh<\/em>. \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t\u201d (St 2,18). \u0110\u1ecdc c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. St 1,26-28; 2,7-24), ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u2013 theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 A\u0111am v\u00e0 Eva tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau\u201d458<\/sup>. Eva \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng gi\u1ed1ng A\u0111am nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho A\u0111am \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb trong t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (x. St 2,18) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi A\u0111am l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt\u201d (St 2,24; x. Mt 19,5-6)459<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 hai c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1: \u201cH\u00e3y sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d (St 1,28). Trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di\u1ec5n ra qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u2018nh\u00e2n ho\u00e1\u2019 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201cchi\u1ebfc n\u00f4i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d460<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

210<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f3 <\/em>(x. Xh 12,25-27; 13,8.14-15; \u0110nl 6,20-25; 13,7-11; 1 Sm 3,13). Gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i con c\u00e1i h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh (x. Cn 1,8-9; 4,1-4; 6, 20-21; Hc 3,1-16; 7,27-28). Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9ng ra b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trung t\u00edn c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n (x. Ml 2,14-15).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>461<\/sup> v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a giao \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi (x. Mt 19,3-9). V\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 sung m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1eb7t trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

211<\/strong>. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Th\u00e1nh Kinh ch\u00f3i ng\u1eddi \u1ea5y soi s\u00e1ng, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i coi gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. \u0110\u1ea9y gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u201cm\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c hay th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, lo\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d462<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef463<\/sup>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu di\u1ec5n ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb, l\u00e0 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>464<\/sup>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf th\u1ea7n linh l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

a. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/p>\n

212<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh trong chi\u1ebfc n\u00f4i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra<\/em> v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean.<\/em> Khi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 thai,<\/em> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u201ct\u1eeb trong n\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng <\/em>v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 trao ban <\/em>b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh cho nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d465<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n cho nhau gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 con c\u00e1i \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d466<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed th\u00e2n m\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u1ea5y, n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh<\/em>. \u201cC\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u2018m\u00f4i sinh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u2019 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean mang t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 y\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d467<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean giao \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi sinh con hay nh\u1eadn con.<\/p>\n

b. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

213<\/strong>. <\/strong>Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nghi\u1ec7m ra b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, cho \u00edch l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra do s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb. \u201c\u2018Hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi quan h\u1ec7 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa \u2018t\u00f4i\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018anh\u2019. Nh\u01b0ng \u2018c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u2019 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u1ea5y, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2019, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u2018ch\u00fang ta\u2019. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2019 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d468<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/em>. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u201ct\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d469<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 cam k\u1ebft \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00ec c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m. Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 ngay t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 di s\u1ea3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n. Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi470<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

214<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u00edt l\u00e0 trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng sinh s\u1ea3n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ebd gi\u00fap l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n471<\/sup>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00ec x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00ec gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u1eb9 vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Khi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>. Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y kh\u1ecfi gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t, m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh hay li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh472<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

II. H\u00d4N NH\u00c2N, N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG C\u1ee6A GIA \u0110\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n <\/strong><\/p>\n

215<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>: \u201cV\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft linh thi\u00eang n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa. Ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n; Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ban cho h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n nh\u1eefng \u01a1n \u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d473<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u00e2n m\u1eadt trong s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u2026 do \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang\u201d474<\/sup> \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa475<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh \u2013 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 \u201cdo m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh, qua \u0111\u00f3 hai b\u00ean trao ph\u00f3 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh cho nhau\u201d476<\/sup>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 trao t\u1eb7ng to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, khi\u1ebfn hai b\u00ean d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho nhau, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua vi\u1ec7c hai b\u00ean b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 r\u00fat l\u1ea1i477<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u1ea5y mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u in \u0111\u1eadm \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng in \u0111\u1eadm s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nhau.<\/p>\n

216<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang, b\u1ea9m sinh v\u00e0 v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n<\/em>. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra qua bao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1, trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 r\u1ea5t cao, m\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o c\u0169ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a nh\u01b0 nhau478<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 toan t\u00ednh n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i n\u00f3. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn d\u00e2y r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, qua \u0111\u00f3 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n v\u1edbi nhau s\u1ebd trung t\u00edn, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn con c\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

217<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0<\/em>: to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng trao th\u00e2n cho nhau trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n; h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201cm\u1ed9t x\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ecbt\u201d (St 2,24); b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly <\/em>v\u00e0 trung t\u00edn<\/em> nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t trao th\u00e2n cho nhau \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi; sinh con c\u00e1i<\/em> nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi479<\/sup>. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u2013 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n do \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Mt 19,8; Mc 10,5) \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf (de facto) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111a th\u00ea<\/em>, \u201cv\u00ec \u0111a th\u00ea \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 trao th\u00e2n cho nhau trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb\u201d480<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

218<\/strong>. Theo \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u201ckh\u00e1ch quan\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i<\/em>481<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng sung m\u00e3n, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 con c\u00e1i, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, con c\u00e1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng cho cha m\u1eb9, cho c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i482<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec l\u00fd do sinh s\u1ea3n<\/em>483<\/sup>. T\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi con c\u00e1i, d\u00f9 cha m\u1eb9 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c mong mu\u1ed1n, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00ean tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn nu\u00f4i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 theo nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d484<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. B\u00ed t\u00edch H\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n

219<\/strong>. Theo s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00ed t\u00edch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng<\/em>. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 giao \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kho\u00e1 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9485<\/sup>. V\u00e0 ngay ch\u00ednh t\u1ea1i trung t\u00e2m m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trao cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Con c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u201cv\u1ecb h\u00f4n phu y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u2018thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u\u2019 (x. St 2,24; Mt 19,5), v\u00e0 sau khi gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1ea5y c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n\u201d486<\/sup>. T\u00ednh b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do t\u00ecnh y\u00eau phu th\u00ea m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 d\u00e0nh cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c vi\u00ean m\u00e3n khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1eadp gi\u00e1. \u01a0n b\u00ed t\u00edch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 giao \u01b0\u1edbc trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef487<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

220<\/strong>. B\u00ed t\u00edch H\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n thu nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1ea5y<\/em> v\u00e0 \u201cmang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 cha m\u1eb9 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn \u01a1n g\u1ecdi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u2018t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang theo \u0111\u00fang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2019\u201d488<\/sup>. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1edd b\u00ed t\u00edch H\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n \u2013 b\u00ed t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i gia\u201d hay m\u1ed9t \u201cGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i thu nh\u1ecf\u201d \u2013 gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y \u201ctr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, thi h\u00e0nh vai tr\u00f2 ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh qua vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho N\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh an c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3\u201d489<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

B\u00e1c \u00e1i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u00e1c \u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban qua b\u00ed t\u00edch H\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n, gi\u00fap v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, do Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh t\u1ea9y, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1edd \u01a1n b\u00ed t\u00edch. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nhau tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean th\u00e1nh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qua ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 nh\u1eadn ra, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

III. CH\u1ee6 TH\u1ec2 T\u00cdNH X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u1ee6A GIA \u0110\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

221<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh \u2013 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 n\u01a1i cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean490<\/sup>, nh\u1edd t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/em> \u201cT\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 sung m\u00e3n nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh trao ban ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. Y\u00eau c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mua c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d491<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u2013 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam hay n\u1eef, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng theo \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. T\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1ea5y s\u1ebd n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 hai b\u00ean s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7u l\u1ee3i n\u00e0y, \u201cqua vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ri\u00eang trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u2026, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhau th\u1eadt l\u00f2ng, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi s\u00e2u xa\u201d492<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i \u1ea5y s\u1ebd v\u1ea1ch tr\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Khi h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb, c\u1ea3 b\u00ean trong l\u1eabn b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 mang \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d493<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

222<\/strong>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh: s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn<\/em>. H\u1ecd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5m no h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac: \u201cKh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u2013 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tham gia c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n chung \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng suy ngh\u0129, trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d494<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Kinh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201cH\u1ecd gi\u00e0 c\u1ed7i r\u1ed3i v\u1eabn sinh hoa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3\u201d (Tv 92,15). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i n\u00e0o \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, th\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u01b0ng \u2013 v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft \u2013 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau.<\/p>\n

223<\/strong>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em>. M\u1ed9t khi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a hai con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau, th\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hay t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb r\u00fat g\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e1 ch\u00ednh kinh nghi\u1ec7m y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ec1 cao nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tho\u00e1ng qua v\u00e0 l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu <\/em>\u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t<\/em> v\u00e0 trung t\u00edn<\/em>495<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i hoan l\u1ea1c, hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ebd m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u0103m d\u00f2 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao l\u00e2u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh trong ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi.<\/p>\n

224<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft coi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cM\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 nam hay n\u1eef, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t <\/em>v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung <\/em>v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u0103ng hoa \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh. V\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung, tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u1eefa hai gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh\u201d496<\/sup>. Theo vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p <\/em>v\u1edbi <\/em>lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y, b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft,<\/em> v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

225<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly<\/em>. Thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a quan h\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho con c\u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng tai h\u1ea1i cho c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f4ng khai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0a ly d\u1ecb v\u00e0o trong ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp s\u1ee9c th\u00eam cho quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n <\/em>v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t n\u1ea1n d\u1ecbch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d497<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m\u2026 l\u00e0 \u0111ang chu to\u00e0n vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u2018d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u\u2019 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 v\u00e0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u2013 v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat suy suy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u1eabn g\u00ecn gi\u1eef khi y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d498<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

226<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n sau khi ly d\u1ecb. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho h\u1ecd v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 h\u1ecd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1eady<\/em>. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u2013 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p r\u1eeda \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd l\u1eafng nghe L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa, tham d\u1ef1 hy t\u1ebf Th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u1ea7u xin \u01a1n Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ban s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i qua b\u00ed t\u00edch S\u00e1m H\u1ed1i \u2013 l\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 \u2013 cho nh\u1eefng ai sau khi \u0103n n\u0103n, \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt l\u00f2ng quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n n\u1eefa499<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh m\u1eabu t\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng do l\u1ed7i m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eddi ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ru\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00eca b\u1ecf gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ban \u01a1n ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd ki\u00ean tr\u00ec c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i500<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

227<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u201ck\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i\u201d, m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng, \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n501<\/sup> v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ri\u00eang r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>. H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng chung v\u1edbi nhau, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o so v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec gia \u0111\u00ecnh <\/em>\u2013 n\u01a1i ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i \u2013 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u201ck\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i\u201d ngang b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee7 ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, v\u00ec gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi502<\/sup>, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh do nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb giao \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

228<\/strong>. Li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u201ck\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i\u201d n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f2i lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i<\/em>, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1eabn Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i503<\/sup>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc \u1ea5y s\u1ebd cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p ch\u00fat n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u00e0nh quy ch\u1ebf \u2018h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n\u2019 cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y sinh hoa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 qua vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u01b0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u1eafc ghi trong ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung li\u00ean v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef nh\u01b0 T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n sinh-th\u1ec3 l\u00fd l\u1eabn b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Ch\u1ec9 khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1edd v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m sinh l\u00fd gi\u1eefa hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y\u201d504<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>505<\/sup>, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c khi\u1ebft t\u1ecbnh506<\/sup>. Thi h\u00e0nh b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 coi vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh507<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u201cN\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111ang b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3, g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Khi \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d508<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

229<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng; b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9 th\u1edd \u01a1 b\u1ecf qua nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111ang \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1edbi t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>. D\u00f9 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khoan dung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd509<\/sup>, nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e2u nay r\u1eb1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u1ed9t v\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed3ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u201cch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111ang chia r\u1ebd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1, an ninh v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m sao cho c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00e8o l\u00e1i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 coi nh\u1eb9 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d510<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai tha thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d511<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

230<\/strong>. <\/strong>T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n m\u1edf ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>512<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t qua nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 sinh s\u1ea3n: \u201cVi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cha l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tuy v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u1ed1ng <\/em>v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u2018gi\u1ed1ng\u2019 <\/em>Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau (communio personarum<\/em>)\u201d513<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Sinh s\u1ea3n bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, m\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp<\/em>. C\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n <\/em>c\u00f4ng \u00edch ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u201ctr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng cho anh ch\u1ecb em, cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng cho ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ban cho n\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t, \u0111ang tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d514<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

231<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>, \u201cl\u00e0 n\u01a1i trong \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\u201d515<\/sup>. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng516<\/sup> ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u201ckh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u2018ph\u1ea3n v\u0103n minh\u2019 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn\u201d517<\/sup>, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u00ed t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n, m\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, \u201cph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Tin M\u1eebng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>\u2026 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i gia \u0111\u00ecnh, ra s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb khi th\u1ee5 thai cho t\u1edbi khi ch\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3\u201d518<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

232<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o \u00edch l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cha l\u00e0m m\u1eb9, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cho ph\u00e9p hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng tham gia \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>519<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn \u00edch k\u1ef7, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u201cV\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 l\u00fd, kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cha l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0 khi ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng con hay kh\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 khi ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1nh sinh th\u00eam con trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d520<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cha l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo \u0111\u00fang th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

233<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u201cph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\u201d gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf v\u00ec b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 thai<\/em>521<\/sup>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ph\u00e1 thai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng522<\/sup>; thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, ph\u00e1 thai ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 nguy hi\u1ec3m cho vi\u1ec7c chung s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7523<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau524<\/sup>: vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u1ea5y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi525<\/sup>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd mu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/em>526<\/sup>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang thai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef527<\/sup>. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb gi\u1eefa hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhau to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

234<\/strong>. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian c\u00e1ch qu\u00e3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n sinh con v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 con mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng.<\/em> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa sau khi suy x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i528<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n mu\u1ed1n can thi\u1ec7p trong ph\u1ea1m vi chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y thay cho quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng529<\/sup>. M\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch tri\u1ec7t s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ng\u1eeba thai, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00ec x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean t\u00ecm l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u1eeba b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

235<\/strong>. \u01af\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cha l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cquy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 con\u201d b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o, v\u00ec con c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a sinh ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ch\u01b0a sinh ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 cha v\u00e0 m\u1eb9<\/em>530<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c sinh s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ecdi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sinh s\u1ea3n<\/em> \u2013 nh\u01b0 cung c\u1ea5p tinh d\u1ecbch hay tr\u1ee9ng, mang thai th\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, th\u1ee5 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi tinh tr\u00f9ng l\u1ea1 \u2013 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eed cung m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00e1c hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o sinh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, l\u00e0 cha l\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi h\u00e0nh vi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng kh\u1ecfi h\u00e0nh vi sinh s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 <\/em>thu\u1eadt trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 gieo tinh hay th\u1ee5 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed3ng ngu\u1ed3n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb sinh ra l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh, trong \u0111\u00f3 hai b\u00ean trao th\u00e2n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho nhau531<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201csinh s\u1ea3n c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3\u201d, thay th\u1ebf h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i cha m\u1eb9 l\u1eabn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9a con m\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 t\u00ednh sinh ra532<\/sup>. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay gi\u00fap cho h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p533<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

236<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u00ec k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 sinh h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra n\u00f3, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t di truy\u1ec1n<\/em>. C\u00f2n trong suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u1ea5y mang nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tu\u1ef3 theo nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. \u0110\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/em> c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ADN trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hay d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00f4i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u1ee5 tinh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng sinh v\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1ed1ng y h\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 g\u1ed1c m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t di truy\u1ec1n. Lo\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sinh s\u1ea3n, <\/em>t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00f4i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 tr\u1ecb li\u1ec7u<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00f4i \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc hay m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng<\/em> \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u00e1c t\u1ebf b\u00e0o b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ADN kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0o gi\u1eefa v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 sinh s\u1ea3n phi gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 phi t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c534<\/sup>. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, ki\u1ec3u sinh s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y535<\/sup>. Ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ph\u00f4i, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ecb b\u1ec7nh, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u1eb9 b\u1edbt t\u00ednh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o \u1ea5y th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra ph\u00f4i, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u00eau hu\u1ef7 ch\u00fang536<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

237<\/strong>. C\u00e1c cha m\u1eb9, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eeba t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c<\/em>: \u201cVai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m cha l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ec3 l\u00fd m\u00e0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra gia ph\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t gia ph\u1ea3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi trong Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d537<\/sup>. Khi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd l\u1eabn thi\u00eang li\u00eang nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u201chi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7\u201d, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1eeba c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 khi sinh con v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i con. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 con \u0111\u00f4ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed\u201d538<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

238<\/strong>. Trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, n\u01a1i duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d539<\/sup>. Khi thi h\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ea1y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n540<\/sup>. Trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu541<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

239<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 con c\u00e1i<\/em>542<\/sup>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 \u2013 d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con c\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra t\u1eeb ch\u00fang (e-ducere<\/em>) nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u1ea5t \u2013 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. \u201cKh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch<\/em>, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd l\u00e0m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng,<\/em> v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c<\/em> kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y th\u00eam phong ph\u00fa nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu, ki\u00ean tr\u00ec, t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 hy sinh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hoa tr\u00e1i qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d543<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9 trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u201cthi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu<\/em>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng; \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean <\/em>so v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec gi\u1eefa cha m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o; \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf <\/em>v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t\u201d544<\/sup>. Cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cho con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh545<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t huy. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p coi th\u01b0\u1eddng hay u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

240<\/strong>. Cha m\u1eb9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con c\u00e1i. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn thi h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>. \u201cB\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u2013 \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 h\u01a1n, nh\u1edd c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u00f9 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u1ea5y\u201d546<\/sup>. Cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o gi\u00fap m\u00ecnh chu to\u00e0n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y547<\/sup>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u01b0u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

241<\/strong>. Cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.<\/em> Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u sao cho \u201cc\u00e1c tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Cha m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam, khi\u1ebfn cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hay \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n\u201d548<\/sup>. T\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i cung c\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 kinh t\u1ebf chung cho nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f4ng \u0111ang c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 \u0111ang gi\u00fap \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. \u201cM\u1ed7i khi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 vi ph\u1ea1m s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u2026 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng khi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e0nh l\u00f2ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0. Nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh\u201d549<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

242<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u201c\u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tham gia g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c khi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh\u201d550<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m khi con c\u00e1i \u2013 th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ee9ng c\u1edb c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vun tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i551<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cha v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 nhau<\/em>552<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, cha m\u1eb9 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung v\u1edbi nhau. H\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ecbu d\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn: ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan; ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh trong s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00edch l\u1ee3i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

243<\/strong>. Cha m\u1eb9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh<\/em>. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng mang t\u00ednh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c. \u201cV\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap con c\u00e1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d553<\/sup>. Cha m\u1eb9 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tinh t\u1ebf \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

d. Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

244<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng cho th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i<\/em>. \u201cTrong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi con c\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00f2ng qu\u00fd m\u1ebfn s\u00e2u xa ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9a con, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch h\u01a1n khi \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb c\u00f2n nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 h\u01a1n khi ch\u00fang \u0111au \u1ed1m, bu\u1ed3n kh\u1ed5 hay t\u1eadt nguy\u1ec1n\u201d554<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/em>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia: \u201cKh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0o tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4ng qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 s\u1ebd th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb cha m\u1eb9 m\u00ecnh di s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d555<\/sup>. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\u201d556<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang b\u1ecb x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch do \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 di truy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

245<\/strong>. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o tr\u1ebb em tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, do thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em557<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em b\u1ecb thi\u1ebfu \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u00edt c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i hay ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbp \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, ch\u1ed7 \u1edf kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft: bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n tr\u1ebb em, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201ctr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1\u201d, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang, t\u1ea3o h\u00f4n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh phim \u1ea3nh khi\u00eau d\u00e2m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1ebb em tham gia c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tinh vi. C\u1ea7n tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn, \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em, trai l\u1eabn g\u00e1i, do vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c, do nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eafc ch\u1ee9ng \u0111am m\u00ea t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c g\u00e2y ra cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u00edt c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y558<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t th\u00edch h\u1ee3p do c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/p>\n

IV. GIA \u0110\u00ccNH L\u00c0 CH\u1ee6 TH\u1ec2 T\u00cdCH C\u1ef0C THAM GIA V\u00c0O \u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

246<\/strong>. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 khi tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra khi gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh y\u00eau: v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, n\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ho\u00e1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed3 c\u00f4i, t\u00e0n t\u1eadt, \u1ed1m \u0111au, cao tu\u1ed5i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ea7u n\u00e3o, \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong nghi ng\u1edd, c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n hay b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn, b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, nh\u1eadn nu\u00f4i; li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

247<\/strong>. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/em>, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u201csao cho lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u2018vai ch\u00ednh\u2019 trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u2019 v\u00e0 g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d559<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u1ea5y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i gia \u0111\u00ecnh. \u201cC\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d560<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

248<\/strong>. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng, kinh t\u1ebf (theo nguy\u00ean ng\u1eef \u201coiko-nomia<\/em>\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u2013 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u2013 nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eeba l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m, theo nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh tham gia ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, gia \u0111\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 theo tinh th\u1ea7n chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

249<\/strong>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/em>. \u201cGia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d561<\/sup>. Quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i gia<\/em>\u201d562<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu bao l\u00e2u n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 nh\u1edd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh563<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y qua nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qua s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi phong ph\u00fa m\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m hay \u0111ang ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea1y cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

250<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, <\/em>ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ee7 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng564<\/sup>. Ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng cho ph\u00e9p gia \u0111\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m h\u1ea7u sau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua s\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh565<\/sup>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ebd gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3 do cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng566<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

251<\/strong>. Trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, hay n\u00f3i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn lo\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3\u201d, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng \u0111ang l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cha trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i tr\u1ee3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1eadn tu\u1ef5 nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n ho\u00e1, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao567<\/sup>, c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c568<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn cho v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 do li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m sinh s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m m\u1eb9569<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V. X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I PH\u1ee4C V\u1ee4 GIA \u0110\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

252<\/strong>. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. M\u1ed1i th\u00e2n t\u00ecnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00f2i \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ea tr\u1ec5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d570<\/sup>. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c gia, mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u1ebf \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u201cth\u01b0\u1ee3ng phong\u201d c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u00e0 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 trong ch\u00ednh gia \u0111\u00ecnh cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c thai nhi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1eabn Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111i, thay th\u1ebf hay r\u00fat g\u1ecdn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y theo \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>571<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

253<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>572<\/sup>. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u1eeba h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u1eeba ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh<\/em>, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1eeba thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u1eeba h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0: ph\u1ea3i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn <\/em>\u2013 k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy \u2013 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a<\/em> gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n<\/em>. S\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea1ch r\u00f2i gi\u1eefa gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng chung kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01b0\u1edfng danh ngh\u0129a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

254<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh so v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3. Nh\u1edd vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n quy ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t h\u1ee3p t\u00ecnh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG S\u00c1U<\/strong><\/p>\n

LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u1ee6A CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. NH\u1eeeNG KH\u00cdA C\u1ea0NH TH\u00c1NH KINH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n

255<\/strong>. C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 to\u00e0n n\u0103ng <\/em>(x. St 2,2; G 38-41; Tv 104; Tv 147), \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 k\u00eau m\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai <\/em>(x. St 2,5-6), canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u01b0\u1eddn \u00ca\u0111en, m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3 <\/em>(x. St 2,15). Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa giao cho c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt (x. St 1,28). Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n hay b\u1eeba b\u00e3i; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u201ccanh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c\u201d (St 2,15) c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 trao cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch. Canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai; th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua kh\u00f4n ngoan ch\u0103m s\u00f3c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c t\u1eed ch\u0103n d\u1eaft \u0111\u00e0n chi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang v\u1ed1n t\u1ed1t, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/em>. Ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Th\u00e1nh V\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn? Ph\u00e0m nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 g\u00ec m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m? So v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n linh, Ch\u00faa ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m thua l\u00e0 m\u1ea5y. \u0110em vinh d\u1ef1, huy ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u0169 tri\u1ec1u thi\u00ean. Cho th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean; \u0111\u1eb7t mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i mu\u00f4n s\u1ef1 d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (Tv 8,5-7).<\/p>\n

256<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i; b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fac d\u1eef<\/em>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecdc v\u00ec t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a A\u0111am v\u00e0 Eva, khi h\u1ecd ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. St 3,6-8). L\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u201c\u0103n tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft d\u1eef\u201d (St 2,17) nh\u1eafc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ban cho, th\u1ebf n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1. A\u0111am v\u00e0 Eva ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 do c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 n\u00e0y: \u201cNg\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Ch\u00faa\u201d (St 3,5). H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i, th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i (x. St 4,12); ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i tr\u00e1n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 (x. St 3,17.19). Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 t\u1ed5 ti\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u0111i n\u1eefa, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u2013 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt \u2013 v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

257<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed danh d\u1ef1, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i hay \u00edt ra l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u01b0\u01a1m t\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i <\/em>(x. Cn 10,4). Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sa v\u00e0o c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 bi\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Th\u1eadt ra, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4n ngoan \u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u2013 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 Ch\u00faa \u2013 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn: \u201cTh\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00edt m\u00e0 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 Ch\u00faa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gia t\u00e0i k\u1ebfch s\u00f9 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i lo \u00e2u s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i\u201d (Cn 15,16). \u201cTh\u00e0 l\u1eddi \u00edt m\u00e0 ngay th\u1eb3ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng\u201d (Cn 16,8).<\/p>\n

258<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh ph\u1ea3i ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ng\u00e0y Sabat (Sabbath)<\/em>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i n\u00e0y m\u1edf ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n, t\u1ef1 do trong ng\u00e0y Sabat v\u0129nh vi\u1ec5n (x. Dt 4,9-10). Ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i k\u1ef3 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, t\u1eeb T\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ebfn C\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. Ep 2,10) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m t\u1ea1 Ng\u00e0i \u2013 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra m\u00ecnh \u2013 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edb t\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y Sabat t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n hay b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o hay c\u00f4ng khai<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ng\u00e0y Sabat kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi l\u00e0m cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ng\u00e0y Sabat c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 n\u0103m; l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecf l\u1ea1i hoa m\u00e0u tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t: \u201cTrong s\u00e1u n\u0103m ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd gieo tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 thu ho\u1ea1ch; nh\u01b0ng n\u0103m th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ebd cho \u0111\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0103n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fa r\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 \u0103n. Ng\u01b0\u01a1i c\u0169ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u01b0\u1eddn nho v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1eddn \u00f4liu c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i\u201d (Xh 23,10-11). T\u1eadp qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c s\u00e2u xa l\u00e0: c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

b. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/strong><\/p>\n

259<\/strong>. Trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/em> B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201csau khi tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u0103m th\u00e1ng s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tay ch\u00e2n <\/em>tr\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c\u201d573<\/sup> t\u1ea1i x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Giuse (x. Mt 13,55; Mc 6,3), v\u00e0 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi ng\u00e0i (x. Lc 2,51). \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu l\u00ean \u00e1n th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb v\u00f4 d\u1ee5ng \u0111em ch\u00f4n ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c (x. Mt 25,14-30) v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7y t\u1edb trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y \u0111ang ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee7 giao (x. Mt 24,46). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/em>: \u201cCha T\u00f4i v\u1eabn \u0111ang<\/em> l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/em>, v\u00e0 T\u00f4i c\u0169ng \u0111ang<\/em> l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/em>\u201d (Ga 5,17); c\u00f2n c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee3 \u0111ang trong m\u00f9a g\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111ang trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (x. Mt 9,37-38). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung \u201cth\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d (Lc 10,7) cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. H\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u1edf l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p \u0103n u\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ecdn cho (x. Lc 10,7).<\/p>\n

260<\/strong>. Trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu c\u00f2n d\u1ea1y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi linh h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh; gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> (x. Mc 8,36). Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ecdi kho t\u00e0ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd ti\u00eau tan, c\u00f2n kho t\u00e0ng tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng. Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ebft t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi \u1ea5y (x. Mt 6,19-21). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n sinh ra m\u1ecdi lo l\u1eafng (x. Mt 6,25.31.34). \u0110\u00e3 lo l\u1eafng v\u00e0 hoang mang v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 th\u00ec s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u00ea tr\u1ec5 N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (x. Mt 6,33), l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ai l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t \u1ea5y (x. Lc 10,40-42).<\/p>\n

261<\/strong>. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian thi h\u00e0nh t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft m\u1ec7t, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c<\/em>. Ng\u00e0y Sabat \u2013 C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t ra ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ng\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u1ea5y \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: \u201cNg\u00e0y Sabat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean cho ng\u00e0y Sabat\u201d (Mc 2,27). Khi ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 \u1ea5y (x. Mt 12,9-14; Mc 3,1-6; Lc 6,6-11; 13, 10-17; 14,1-6), \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y Sabat l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadn hi\u1ebfn cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n. Gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u, s\u1ed1ng huynh \u0111\u1ec7 v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y Sabat v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00fac thay v\u00ec ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng c\u1eed h\u00e0nh l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 trong th\u00e2m t\u00e2m ai c\u0169ng khao kh\u00e1t. Ch\u00ednh khi h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y Sabat c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 khai m\u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian.<\/p>\n

262<\/strong>. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m n\u00e2ng cao v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t huy nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fac theo Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi h\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c b\u00fat t\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Gioan \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng Ba Ng\u00f4i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Ng\u00f4i Con hay Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi (Logos) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o (x. Ga 1,3; 1 Cr 8,6; Cl 1,15-17). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qua Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ctr\u1eadt t\u1ef1\u201d (cosmos)574<\/sup>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u1ea5y, quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ea5y v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb: \u201cTrong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u201c\u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u01b0 \u1ea3o\u201d t\u1eeb khi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp (Rm 8,20; x. ibid. 8,19-22) \u2013 nay \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i Kh\u00f4n Ngoan v\u00e0 T\u00ecnh Y\u00eau l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d575<\/sup>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u201cnh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng phong ph\u00fa kh\u00f4n l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4\u201d (Ep 3,8) trong th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u2013 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eb1m t\u00f4n vinh s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

263<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tham gia kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c n\u1eefa<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu l\u00e0 g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111ang mang Th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh thi h\u00e0nh. Nh\u00ecn trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean nh\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4576<\/sup>. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh sung m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1nh chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y d\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng do t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i g\u00e2y ra, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u1ed3 h\u00f4i tr\u00e1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i \u0103n.<\/p>\n

c. B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

264<\/strong>. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng \u201cb\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ebf gian n\u00e0y \u0111ang qua \u0111i\u201d <\/em>(1 Cr 7,31) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00fd do cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, kh\u1ecfi tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/em>(x. 2 Ts 3,7-15), v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi<\/em>. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng huynh \u0111\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (x. 2 Ts 3,6-12). \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00edch th\u00e2n trang tr\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00f4i tay m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vinh d\u1ef1, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh \u201ckh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ai\u201d (1 Ts 4,12) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu\u201d (Ep 4,28). Th\u00e1nh Giac\u00f4b\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i b\u1ecb ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201cC\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 gian l\u1eadn m\u00e0 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 \u0111i c\u1eaft l\u00faa trong ru\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u00eca, ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y \u0111ang k\u00eau l\u00ean o\u00e1n tr\u00e1ch c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ee3 g\u1eb7t \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ebfn tai Ch\u00faa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o binh\u201d (Gc 5,4). C\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, khi\u1ebfn \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng\u201d (1 Ts 4,12).<\/p>\n

265<\/strong>. C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng coi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cvi\u1ec7c n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch\u201d (opus servile) \u2013 cho d\u00f9 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u1eddi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u2013 nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cvi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (opus humanum), v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. Qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cai qu\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi; c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u00edch cho linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi577<\/sup>. C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 lo cho m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 c\u01a1m \u0103n \u00e1o m\u1eb7c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eefng l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i cho \u0103n, cho u\u1ed1ng, cho m\u1eb7c, ti\u1ebfp r\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c v\u00e0 th\u0103m vi\u1ebfng578<\/sup> (x. Mt 25,35-36). Theo th\u00e1nh Ambrosi\u00f4, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 b\u00e0n tay n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n579<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

266<\/strong>. Nh\u1edd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 si\u00eang n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb s\u1ef1 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, l\u00e0m cho v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Cha s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n580<\/sup>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd huy \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch581<\/sup>, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ec3 sinh \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang nh\u1ea5t<\/em>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi b\u00e1c \u00e1i nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng, lu\u00f4n t\u1ec9nh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3n ch\u1edd v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00e0n. \u201cTrong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn cao c\u1ea3 \u1ea5y, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o trong ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n d\u00f2ng Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c: c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/em>(ora et labora). Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t vui t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. N\u1ed1i k\u1ebft lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft tuy m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t th\u1eadt, li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d582<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

II. GI\u00c1 TR\u1eca TI\u00caN TRI C\u1ee6A TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P RERUM NOVARUM<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

267<\/strong>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m. Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ti\u00ean tri, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ng\u00e0n \u0111\u1eddi h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <\/em><\/p>\n

Qua bao nhi\u00eau th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng chu k\u1ef3 v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n. Nh\u01b0ng nay Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba<\/em>\u201d (areopagus) m\u1edbi, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngo\u00e0i s\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi ho\u00e1 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t do vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u2013 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u2013 d\u00f9ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e8o l\u00e1i \u2013 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n \u2013 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng do th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a ra. Nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

268<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u1ea5y l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i nh\u1eb1m t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u00eam sinh l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua vi\u1ec7c khai sinh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, <\/em>nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, c\u00e1c ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e0 l\u1edbn cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef; cho <\/strong>vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m trong s\u1ea1ch m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

269<\/strong>. T\u1eeb Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum \u1ea5y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng mang nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/em>583<\/sup>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em> c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea9y xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa nh\u00e3n quan nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, cho th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1ed5 x\u1ebb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u00ec bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201cl\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi, l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng lo s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 m\u1edbi, \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng, bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\u201d584<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00eca kho\u00e1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u201d585<\/sup> cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

III. PH\u1ea8M GI\u00c1 C\u1ee6A LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

270<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 hai \u00fd ngh\u0129a: kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan<\/em>. Theo ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan<\/em>, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t<\/em>, n\u00f3i theo s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf. Theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 quan<\/em>, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u01a1n g\u1ecdi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u00f3, v\u00ec trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u2018h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2019, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d586<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1ch quan ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau tu\u1ef3 theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00f2n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra hay lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u1eeba gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0o, v\u1eeba gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

271<\/strong>. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p coi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 phi ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/em>. T\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch quan nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (actus personae<\/em>). B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt hay l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n then ch\u1ed1t v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>: \u201cTh\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb\u201d587<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 quan \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, <\/em>v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh<\/em> c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hay n\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u2013 r\u1ea5t ti\u1ebfc l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta coi vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh k\u1ebb th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

272<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. D\u00f9 n\u1ed9i dung kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00ec, c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0m n\u00ean lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u2013 d\u00f9 theo b\u1eadc thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a \u201cn\u00f4 d\u1ecbch\u201d nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng t\u1ebb nh\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m tha ho\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d588<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

273<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u201ch\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c <\/em>v\u00e0 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u201d589<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: \u201cN\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 tr\u1eeb phi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, tr\u1eeb phi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u1eeb phi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m kh\u00e1c nhau d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau nh\u01b0ng bi\u1ebft c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau, v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, tr\u1eeb phi tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o coi th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng theo \u0111\u00fang c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\u201d590<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

274<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d<\/em>591<\/sup>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1eeba v\u00ec \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u mu\u1ed1n duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chung quanh, trong \u0111\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng <\/strong>ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1, qu\u1ed1c gia m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o h\u00ecnh cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sau ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

275<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>: \u201cQua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng th\u00f4ng qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o v\u00e0 trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1. K\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch n\u00e0y v\u1eabn li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e1o c\u1edfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean \u2018theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2019\u201d592<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao tr\u00f4ng coi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh, trong ch\u00ednh cung c\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

b. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/strong><\/p>\n

276<\/strong>. V\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan hay t\u00ednh ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb n\u00ean lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t; nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em>. Hi\u1ec7n nay, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f4i khi n\u00f3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang d\u00f9ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. C\u00f2n thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nhau, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p cho ta nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

277<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u1eeba cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em>. \u201cNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t: trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u00e1c th\u00e0nh s\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t, c\u00f2n t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u2013 v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d593<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong di s\u1ea3n mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d594<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau<\/em>: c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o logic n\u1eb1m ngay trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o nhau v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eefa595<\/sup>. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 m\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d v\u00e0 \u201clao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m thu\u00ea\u201d, trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u00edt ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng v\u1edbi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u1edbi hai giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft c\u1ea3 hai t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng596<\/sup>: \u201cT\u01b0 b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d597<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1eabn \u0111\u00fang khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00ec \u201cth\u1eadt sai l\u1ea7m khi g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p nh\u1eefng g\u00ec do s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra cho m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ho\u1eb7c cho m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; c\u0169ng th\u1eadt l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t b\u00ean gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra, khi ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a b\u00ean kia\u201d598<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

278<\/strong>. Khi xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e1c nh\u00e2n mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d599<\/sup> m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u00f3 trong tay l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, <\/em>v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa\u201d600<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 qua s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, qua s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau chung. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 do y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, d\u00f9 n\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed9i dung lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. C\u00f2n hi\u1ec7n nay, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1ch quan.<\/p>\n

279<\/strong>. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nhau, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang mang nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u201cdo ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o tay ch\u1ee7, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn t\u1ed1i \u0111a lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 cho vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00ecnh thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn\u201d601<\/sup>. C\u00f2n ng\u00e0y nay, cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 mang nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n<\/em>: nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t do ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 do n\u1ed7i lo ph\u1ea3i s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i \u0111a602<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

280<\/strong>. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m n\u1ebfu ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ta kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 tha ho\u00e1 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hay s\u1ef1 tha ho\u00e1 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e9n l\u00fat, l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1ebb m\u1ea1t, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u2013 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, tinh vi h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i, hay m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tha ho\u00e1 do \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u1ed7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, th\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tha ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o trong nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: khi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng mang t\u00ednh phi v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eb7ng nh\u1ecdc, ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u201cho\u1eb7c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng d\u00ednh d\u00e1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ho\u1eb7c do c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1edb quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd tai h\u1ea1i\u201d603<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Quy\u1ec1n tham gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

281<\/strong>. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t hay b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua v\u00e0 nay c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n. \u201cD\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch xem m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ri\u00eang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u1eabn n\u1ed9i dung b\u00ean trong, khi m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u201d604<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng qu\u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng do ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n tham gia qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf tham gia cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau605<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

d. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu<\/strong><\/p>\n

282<\/strong>. Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i coi \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. T\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/strong>tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft nh\u1edd lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n thu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edf h\u1eefu\u201d606<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh khi t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n \u1ea5y \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ki\u1ebfm l\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u00e0u cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang hay nh\u1edd khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 hay ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d607<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

283<\/strong>. Ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1eb7t trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u2013 ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng so v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai hay v\u1ed1n li\u1ebfng608<\/sup>, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean n\u00e0y \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c \u2013 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung m\u00e3i trong tay c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n t\u1ea1o ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

e. Ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i <\/strong><\/p>\n

284<\/strong>. Ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i<\/em>609<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u201cngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m\u201d (St 2,2), con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m lo cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh, cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh610<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u2013 Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt \u2013 c\u0169ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y611<\/sup>. V\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u201ctham gia lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hay c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ch\u00faa, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ni\u1ec1m vui ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c \u00e1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u01b0 gi\u00e3n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c\u201d612<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi thi h\u00e0nh b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt. D\u00f9 sao, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh th\u00f3i quen c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

285<\/strong>. Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c \u00e1i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gi\u1edd cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u00e0 con h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e0n t\u1eadt v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean \u201cc\u00e1c anh em c\u0169ng \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec qu\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu\u201d613<\/sup>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129, y\u00ean t\u0129nh, h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m, gi\u00fap t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/em>. C\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ng\u00e0y \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vui t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4i khi d\u1eabn t\u1edbi614<\/sup>. C\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu n\u00ean lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y m\u1eebng s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o \u201ccu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i t\u01b0ng b\u1eebng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi t\u00ean tr\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d (x. Dt 12,22-23), nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd tham d\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua sau c\u00f9ng trong thi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng vinh quang615<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

286<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh616<\/sup>. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho ng\u00e0y Ch\u1ee7 Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. \u201cH\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 vui t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d617<\/sup>. \u201cM\u1ed7i Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef Ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d618<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

IV. QUY\u1ec0N LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n

287<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi619<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1eeba h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1eeba x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0y t\u1ecf v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/em>620<\/sup>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gia \u0111\u00ecnh621<\/sup>, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu622<\/sup>, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i623<\/sup>. Khi xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau r\u00f5 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d624<\/sup>, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

288<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi h\u00e0nh. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, \u201ct\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u201d v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c cho m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch<\/em>. M\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 hay b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 an b\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d625<\/sup>. Vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp\u201d626<\/sup> \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 \u0111ang \u1edf trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia hay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

289<\/strong>. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cung \u1ee9ng<\/em>. M\u1ee9c th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p cao, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n dai d\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y t\u1ea1o ra trong nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 ngay trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khai tr\u1eeb do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i627<\/sup>. N\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00edt chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi di c\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

290<\/strong>. Duy tr\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng628<\/sup>. C\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ecf qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n hay c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/em>. Nhu c\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tham gia vi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00e1i hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00ean d\u1ea1y ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb bi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u00e1m nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c629<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c kho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 khi tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft qua c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd b\u1edbt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n.<\/p>\n

b. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

291<\/strong>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111ang th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch t\u1ea1o c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ngay trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c gia, gi\u00fap khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, khi\u1ebfn cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, cho b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 \u201cduy tr\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, hay k\u00edch th\u00edch c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ho\u1eb7c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u201d630<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

292<\/strong>. V\u00ec quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia <\/em>qua c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng chung, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a chu k\u1ef3 kinh t\u1ebf, \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. C\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y: lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, <\/strong>m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ec3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d631<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

293<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1edfi m\u1edf cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea5y\u201d<\/em>632<\/sup>. Bi\u1ebft bao b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u2013 kinh doanh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tham gia, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c trong tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trong nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trong khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckhu v\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

c. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/strong><\/p>\n

294<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi\u201d<\/em>633<\/sup>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf sinh t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con c\u00e1i634<\/sup>. Gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u chung v\u1edbi nhau, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf do quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 hay do quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng t\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh doanh, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u2013 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean nhau b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa m\u1edbi t\u1edbi n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m hai c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ecb m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd l\u1eabn t\u00e2m l\u00fd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi gian m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0nh cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh635<\/sup>. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ean gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

d. Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

295<\/strong>. T\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u1eef gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c<\/em>. B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m trong h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tham gia vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. C\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 khi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef<\/em> \u2013 \u201cS\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef\u2026 \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d636<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i <\/em>v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 <\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

S\u1edf d\u0129 hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00e2u nay v\u1eabn c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t quy \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i cho ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng\u201d v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ecd \u201c\u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y xu\u1ed1ng h\u00e0ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d637<\/sup>. Ti\u1ebfc thay, nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 th\u1ea5y nhan nh\u00e3n nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea5p t\u1ed1c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i638<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

e. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em <\/strong><\/p>\n

296<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy \u00edt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n kinh kh\u1ee7ng<\/em>639<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 d\u00ednh l\u00edu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o nh\u01b0 sau: \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em, c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, cho t\u1edbi khi c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee7. V\u00ec, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft kh\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i c\u00e1c b\u00fap non, kinh nghi\u1ec7m qu\u00e1 s\u1edbm v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u00f2n non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d640<\/sup>. Sau h\u01a1n 100 n\u0103m, tai ho\u1ea1 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Ngay c\u1ea3 khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, \u00edt l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p do lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em mang l\u1ea1i cho thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cho n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u1eddi gian xem ra r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00edch cho ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng \u201ckhai th\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u201d641<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng, \u201cd\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 hay xem ra \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u n\u00f3i theo ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng\u201d642<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

f. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/strong><\/p>\n

297<\/strong>. Nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, khi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, v\u00e0 khi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c k\u00e9m may m\u1eafn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111e do\u1ea1 cho m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng cao m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd, s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 hay kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111ang n\u00f3i t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

298<\/strong>. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i theo d\u00f5i k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n c\u01a1n c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 mu\u1ed1n khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng cho h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong n\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng ra ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh643<\/sup> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd644<\/sup>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh quy\u1ec1n \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>645<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay t\u1ea1i qu\u00ea nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd646<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

g. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

299<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m, v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/em> \u201cV\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 v\u00e0 cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u1edf n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n \u2013 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai, l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d647<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ea3 trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eabn trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u00f2i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u, k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eeba v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m an sinh do qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

300<\/strong>. T\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba phi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u2013 t\u1eebng b\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00ean \u00e1n648<\/sup> \u2013 g\u00e2y ra cho ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh.<\/em> \u201cC\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n nay, theo \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u00e0 tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p trong vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng, ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, b\u1ecf b\u00ea c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n\u201d649<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch do vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf c\u1eeda th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung, do nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n phong ph\u00fa m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay mang l\u1ea1i650<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V. C\u00c1C QUY\u1ec0N L\u1ee2I C\u1ee6A NG\u01af\u1edcI LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

301<\/strong>. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y n\u00ean li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y, v\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p: quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng651<\/sup>; quy\u1ec1n ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i652<\/sup>; quy\u1ec1n \u201cc\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb th\u1ec3 l\u00fd hay \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d653<\/sup>; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u201cm\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m hay ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d654<\/sup>; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh khi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p;655<\/sup> quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m khi v\u1ec1 gi\u00e0, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tai n\u1ea1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng656<\/sup>; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi l\u00e0m m\u1eb9657<\/sup>; quy\u1ec1n h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i658<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0 v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, r\u1ea5t phi nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

b. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c<\/strong><\/p>\n

302<\/strong>. Ti\u1ec1n<\/em> l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng659<\/sup>.<\/em> \u201cL\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d660<\/sup>.<\/em> Ai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng hay tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 (x. Lv 19,13; \u0110nl 14,14-15; Gc 5,4). Ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. \u201cL\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ea3 cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u0103m lo \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p hay c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d661<\/sup>.<\/em> Ch\u1ec9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa th\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\u201d, v\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d662<\/sup><\/em> c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: c\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cao h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn t\u1ef1 do gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

303<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ra, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c<\/em>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ai ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh. Mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd giao ho\u00e1n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t t\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u00e0 c\u00f2n x\u00e9t t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh chung, c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

c. Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng <\/strong><\/p>\n

304<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng <\/em>\u201ckhi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay \u00edt l\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u201d663<\/sup>,<\/em> khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tranh ch\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u664<\/sup>.<\/em> \u0110\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng cam go nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd \u00e1p l\u1ef1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc hay tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf <\/strong>m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hay quy ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng, \u201cnh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu th\u01b0\u201d665<\/sup><\/em>, ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd khi n\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111i k\u00e8m hay khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00eau ra kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c hay khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d666<\/sup>.<\/em><\/p>\n

VI. S\u1ef0 LI\u00caN \u0110\u1edaI GI\u1eeeA NH\u1eeeNG NG\u01af\u1edcI LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n <\/strong><\/p>\n

305<\/strong>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng; s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i hay c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch sinh t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 kh\u00e1c nhau<\/em>. C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ecdi v\u1edbi <\/em>c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\u201d667<\/sup>. Khi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nan gi\u1ea3i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u1ea5y \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00e0 cho t\u1edbi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

306<\/strong>. Theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c: th\u00f9 gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch khai tr\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang khi trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o, \u201clao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00ean h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201ckh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1eb3ng qua ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u201cgiai c\u1ea5p\u201d trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111ang \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d668<\/sup>. N\u00f3i cho \u0111\u00fang, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: \u201cC\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i coi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u2018\u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh l\u1ea5y\u2019 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng\u2026 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh nh\u1eb1m \u2018ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i\u2019 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d669<\/sup>. V\u00ec v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf tranh \u0111\u1ea5u. V\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 cho r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n vi\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch670<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

307<\/strong>. Ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c \u201cs\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p\u201d v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu <\/strong>c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi671<\/sup>. C\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng trong \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c sao cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201c\u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d tranh gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay li\u00ean k\u1ebft qu\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u201cN\u1ebfu r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c<\/em>\u201d672<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u1edbi m\u1ebb <\/strong><\/p>\n

308<\/strong>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i th\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi. Hi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb<\/em>673<\/sup>, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo nh\u1eefng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n <\/em>hay ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p do vi\u1ec7c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp kinh doanh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/em>, n\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>: \u201cph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3\u201d. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d674<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

309<\/strong>. Khi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u201cnh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u1edbi m\u1ebb\u201d \u1ea5y675<\/sup>, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadp trung m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0103n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn cho th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt th\u00edch h\u1ee3p khi c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an ninh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 x\u01b0a nay v\u1eabn gi\u00fap b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

VII. \u201cNH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U M\u1edaI M\u1eba\u201d C\u1ee6A TH\u1ebe GI\u1edaI LAO \u0110\u1ed8NG HI\u1ec6N NAY<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. M\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed <\/strong><\/p>\n

310<\/strong>. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n nay trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, theo \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t xa n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 xa th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1<\/em>. C\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y: t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng gian hay th\u1eddi gian, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb n\u01a1i n\u00e0y sang n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y ra. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 x\u1ea5u hay t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00e1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3676<\/sup>, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/em><\/p>\n

311<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n m\u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt l\u00fd chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. <\/em>Theo vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed5i thay. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn lao trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. C\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y \u0111ang chi ph\u1ed1i h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i th\u1eddi gian lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng gian \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng C\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u1edf ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang chi ph\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u2013 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u1eabn v\u0103n ho\u00e1, b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

312<\/strong>. Mu\u1ed1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf k\u00e8m theo vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, gia t\u0103ng nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/em>. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, n\u00ean ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang c\u00f2n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

313<\/strong>. Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7<\/em>. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng mang n\u1ed9i dung th\u00f4ng tin nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n xem ra ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 nhanh h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i hai ki\u1ec3u truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 m\u1edbi, trong l\u00fac c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp hi\u1ec7n nay lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb khu v\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang khu v\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5. V\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn v\u00e0 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t nay \u0111ang m\u1ea5t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng, n\u00ean c\u00e1c tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong khu v\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1n th\u1eddi gian, l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m thu\u00ea cho k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

314<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, sang m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau; <\/em>t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, b\u01b0\u1edbc sang m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p do c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

T\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1eadm ti\u1ebfn \u1edf c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh bi k\u1ecbch trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eeba r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1eeba tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, l\u1ea1i di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

315<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 giao l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u1eabn do c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch, gi\u00fap cho khu v\u1ef1c kinh doanh nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u00eam s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi<\/em>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh doanh m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1ecf trong c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hay trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty l\u1edbn. Nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i thu\u00ea m\u01b0\u1edbn nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1ee7i ro cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00fap cho kinh nghi\u1ec7m lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n nay mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ecf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho ch\u00fang ta nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

316<\/strong>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u201ckh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e9n l\u00fat\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1edf d\u0129 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m \u0103n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

b. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

317<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb\u201d h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i khuy\u00ean ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu<\/em>. Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i\u201d cho giai \u0111o\u1ea1n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/em>\u2013 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n nay, gi\u00fap c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n677<\/sup>. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y th\u00eam \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y khi nh\u1edb t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean, theo nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y, v\u00ec lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cxu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chinh ph\u1ee5c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d678<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

318<\/strong>. Gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch duy m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 duy kinh t\u1ebf, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi do nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. Ng\u00e0y nay h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00fac c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng cho ch\u00fang ta th\u00eam \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf ngay nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1eeba h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1eeba r\u1ea5t thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n nay. Nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u thu\u1ea7n tu\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u201cc\u00f3\u201d679<\/sup>, v\u00ec b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt th\u00f4ng qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm cho b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

319<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nguy c\u01a1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u1edbi, <\/em>khi x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh; c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau. Nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c theo vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n nay theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau gi\u1eefa chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u201cc\u0169\u201d v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u201cm\u1edbi\u201d, gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng chung quanh.<\/p>\n

320<\/strong>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y tham gia gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e0 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c bi \u0111\u00e1t. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p<\/em>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 may v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro \u0111ang ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, g\u00e1c qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 do c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf y\u00eau c\u1ea7u680<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

321<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00f2i ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o m\u1ecdi v\u00f9ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tham gia, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng k\u00e9m may m\u1eafn<\/em>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng k\u00e9m may m\u1eafn n\u00e0y, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m \u0103n m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p cho s\u1ef1 sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u201cS\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1\u201d681<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean h\u1ebft<\/em>. <\/em>\u201cNh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, kinh t\u1ebf, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, vi\u1ec7c tham gia c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ch\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u1ecfi b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5\u201d682<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

322<\/strong>. C\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u xem x\u00e9t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7<\/em>. <\/em>Trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n mang t\u00ednh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t bao l\u00e2u lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f2n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nhanh ch\u00f3ng. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 quan \u2013 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1ch quan \u2013 c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m cho t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed9 ra tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh tinh<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh gi\u1ed1ng nhau, tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng ra tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 h\u01a1n thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c tuy ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i chung cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG B\u1ea2Y<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1edcI S\u1ed0NG KINH T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. C\u00c1C KH\u00cdA C\u1ea0NH TH\u00c1NH KINH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 <\/strong><\/p>\n

323<\/strong>. Trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng, coi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. <\/em>S\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac \u2013 kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 gi\u00e0u sang hay xa hoa \u2013 c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Trong V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00f4n ngoan, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0103n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i r\u1ed3i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu si\u00eang n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn (x. Cn 10,4), nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (x. Cn 22,2). \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n.<\/em> Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ti\u00ean tri l\u00ean \u00e1n s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i, b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng tr\u1eafng tr\u1ee3n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi nh\u1eafm tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o (x. Is 58,3-11; Gr 7,4-7; Os 4,1-2; Am 2,6-7; Mch 2,1-2). Tuy nhi\u00ean, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn coi s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tai ho\u1ea1, c\u0169ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u coi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa ban \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

324<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng ai nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t:<\/em> khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, Ch\u00faa lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i; khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o k\u00eau kh\u00f3c, Ch\u00faa lu\u00f4n l\u1eafng nghe. M\u1ecdi l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa h\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o: h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba k\u1ebf Giao \u01af\u1edbc gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p mang t\u00ednh c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t vua \u0110avid m\u1edbi (x. Ed 34,22-31). V\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n h\u01a1n vua \u0110avid, s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng l\u00fd; Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t giao \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ghi kh\u1eafc m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 (x. Gr 31,31-34).<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu bi\u1ebft t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm hay \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n m\u1edf m\u1eaft cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn ra v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/em> Nh\u00ecn theo vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u\u201d l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf l\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 tay m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tin v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd khi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa, c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ebd coi ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa ban \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb, v\u00ec Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

325<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kinh t\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u <\/em>(x. Mt 6,24; 13,22; Lc 6,20-24; 12,15-21; Rm 14,6-8; 1 Tm 4,4). V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ban Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u201cN\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo m\u1ed9t cung c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi, trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb. N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa do \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 khai m\u1ea1c ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eebng b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n. M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, an \u1ee7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n, t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111i t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. M\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, l\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n gian. Ch\u00ednh trong N\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n.<\/p>\n

326<\/strong>. Trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/em>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong v\u01b0\u1eddn E\u0111en \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn n\u00f3, t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh (x. St 2,16-17) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho khu v\u01b0\u1eddn \u1ea5y n\u00ean ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o (x. St 1,26-30; 2,15-16; Kn 9,2-3). Khi minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi. Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd cho t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng, nh\u01b0 d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n c\u00e1c n\u00e9n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ch\u00fang ta (x. Mt 25,14-30; Lc 19,12-17).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/em> N\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n l\u00e0m c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng tin, c\u1eady, m\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, th\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1. V\u00ec trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng laia<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu h\u00e3y tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/em>(x. Lc 12,21). Kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng gi\u00fap \u00edch cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

327<\/strong>. Nh\u1edd tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/em>. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y, suy t\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc do hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu \u00edch: \u201cNi\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c <\/em>v\u1eeba soi s\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 b\u00ean trong \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong th\u01b0 th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 g\u1eedi gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n C\u00f4l\u00f4x\u00ea, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed trong m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o\u2019 v\u00e0 \u2018m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1edd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 v\u00e0 cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Cl 1,15-16). Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u2018m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019 v\u00ec \u2018Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf n\u01a1i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n nh\u1edd Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho mu\u00f4n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh\u2019 (c. 20). M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ea7n linh \u1ea5y, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha, v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, l\u00e0 \u2018tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i\u2019 (c. 15-18), ngay trong l\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta<\/em> \u2013 ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eddi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta th\u00f4ng ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u2018\u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4\u2019, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng cho \u2018th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u2019 (c. 18; Ep 1,22-13). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 c\u0169ng khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm gi\u0103ng b\u1eaby ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 l\u00e0m thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra, qua s\u1ef1 \u2018ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i\u2019 c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Cl 1,20)\u201d684<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb<\/strong><\/p>\n

328<\/strong>. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t; b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u00edch tr\u1eef n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho m\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i.<\/em> S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 trong Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi nhu c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1edf h\u1eefu. \u201cV\u00ec ham m\u00ea ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u xa; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n \u1ea5y m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea1c xa \u0111\u1ee9c tin\u201d (1 Tm 6,10). C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong th\u1eddi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i h\u00e3y xem m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 giao.<\/p>\n

329<\/strong>. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>685<\/sup>. Th\u00e1nh Clement\u00ea th\u00e0nh Alexandria t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: \u201cCh\u00fang ta l\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn khi ch\u1eb3ng ai trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u00fat c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i?\u201d686<\/sup>. C\u00f2n theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Gioan Kim Kh\u1ea9u, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chia s\u1ebb cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c687<\/sup>. C\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1edf h\u1eefu n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o cho c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng. S\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa l\u1ed9 ra khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tha thi\u1ebft qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tham lam t\u00edch tr\u1eef. Th\u00e1nh Basili\u00f4 C\u1ea3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u h\u00e3y m\u1edf c\u1eeda nh\u00e0 kho c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i khuy\u00ean h\u1ecd: \u201cD\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u0169 l\u1edbn ch\u1ea3y qua h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n k\u00eanh r\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0u m\u1ee1. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u1ebbo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, qu\u00fd v\u1ecb h\u00e3y l\u00e0m sao cho c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang\u201d688<\/sup>. Th\u00e1nh Basili\u00f4 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb gi\u1ebfng: c\u00e0ng k\u00edn m\u00fac th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e0ng trong, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ee5c689<\/sup>. Sau n\u00e0y th\u00e1nh Gregori\u00f4 C\u1ea3 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh \u0111ang c\u00f3; cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, v\u00ec c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t ch\u00fang. K\u1ebb n\u00e0o gi\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i cho ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd m\u1eafc t\u1ed9i; c\u00f2n c\u1ea5p ph\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 xong m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3690<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

II. LU\u00c2N L\u00dd V\u00c0 KINH T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n

330<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 lu\u1ef5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf.<\/em> Trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch t\u1eeb Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XI c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u201cD\u00f9 khoa kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khoa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng th\u1eadt sai l\u1ea7m khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n lu\u1eadt kinh t\u1ebf, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, tr\u00ean kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o. Tuy r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, khi ra l\u1ec7nh cho ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ngay trong m\u1ed7i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00f4n ti tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 (lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd), l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u00ean h\u1ebft v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d691<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

331<\/strong>. Quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, hay th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u00f3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau. Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf tuy c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi hai \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t \u1ea5y, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c l\u00ean nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/em> C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1edfi m\u1edf ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: \u201cTrong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 an sinh c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d692<\/sup>. D\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1ebft v\u00e0 xem l\u00e0 phi l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf693<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, d\u00f9 x\u00e9t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc hay th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chung s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

332<\/strong>. Chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau hay ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t trong hai, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia.<\/em> Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u2013 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee9ng trung l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y: n\u1ebfu lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u00e0 do c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea5y. S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb phung ph\u00ed. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch hy sinh nhi\u1ec1u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hy sinh c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e2m c\u1ea3nh t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u2013 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, hai vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i ri\u00eang v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00f3i chung th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi694<\/sup>, \u0111\u1ec3 trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u201cc\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\u201d695<\/sup> \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u00e0 do v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

333<\/strong>. N\u1ebfu ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/em> M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i696<\/sup>. N\u1ebfu m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi697<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch hay nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh theo \u0111\u00fang lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u201chi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi khi t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d698<\/sup>. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n. \u0110\u00e2y qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khoa kinh t\u1ebf699<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

334<\/strong>. Kinh t\u1ebf l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t t\u0103ng l\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t, l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi sinh s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 coi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 t\u00edch lu\u1ef9, d\u00f9 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edch, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i \u0111ang \u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ec9 nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng: \u201ct\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho s\u1ef1 \u2018chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu\u2019 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi\u2026 \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 v\u0103n minh \u2018ti\u00eau th\u1ee5\u2019 hay \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5\u2019\u201d700<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

335<\/strong>. Nh\u00ecn trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do: <\/em>\u201cN\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a kinh doanh, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u201ckinh t\u1ebf th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i\u201d, \u201ckinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n \u201ckinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do\u201d, th\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. C\u00f2n n\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u \u2018ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u2019 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u00e0 khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i coi t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, c\u00f2n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u00ec c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d701<\/sup>. Theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh qua nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

III. S\u00c1NG KI\u1ebeN C\u00c1 NH\u00c2N V\u00c0 S\u00c1NG KI\u1ebeN KINH DOANH<\/strong><\/p>\n

336<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i coi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.<\/em> \u201cM\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>; m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng do lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d702<\/sup>. Qua gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh do vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu hay ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>: \u201cKinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y, ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, hay nh\u00e2n danh s\u1ef1 \u2018b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n\u2019 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat, hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d703<\/sup>. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y, s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, c\u1ea7n trao cho quy\u1ec1n s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn<\/em>. Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, hay v\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh704<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

337<\/strong>. S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m n\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh doanh, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong kh\u00e2u l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. \u201cT\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u00e0 d\u00e1m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kinh doanh <\/em>\u2013 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d705<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng \u201cngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1edd tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d706<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

a. Doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

338<\/strong>. Doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/em> Khi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 theo \u0111\u00fang k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, l\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh n\u00e0y. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y, doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/em> c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy h\u01a1n n\u1eefa kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia<\/em>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, khi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh doanh nghi\u1ec7p, chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i chung v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c gi\u00fap c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/em> Trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec1 cao nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y, \u201cm\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u2019, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2019, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty hay tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d707<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

339<\/strong>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u gi\u00fap tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3.<\/em> Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ty li\u00ean doanh, nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 v\u1eeba, nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p canh n\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 gia \u0111\u00ecnh. <\/em>H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i708<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

340<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t:<\/em> \u201cKhi m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty l\u00e0m \u0103n c\u00f3 l\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng ty \u1ea5y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d709<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng che l\u1ea5p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0103n c\u00f3 l\u1eddi, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn710<\/sup>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i kho\u1ea3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ed5n tho\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty \u2013 l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb l\u00e0m nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m\u201d711<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u1ea5u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p, vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c sao cho h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty.<\/em> Hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fat n\u00e0o khi \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 h\u1eefu \u00edch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, c\u00e0ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi712<\/sup>, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty. Doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn theo h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a khoa \u201csinh th\u00e1i h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d713<\/sup> v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

341<\/strong>. D\u00f9 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, nh\u01b0ng cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. <\/em>\u201cNh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u00e0o l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i, khi\u1ebfn cho anh ch\u1ecb em trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb quy t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n\u201d714<\/sup>. L\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u201cs\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i\u201d715<\/sup>. G\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ec1 th\u00f3i n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc \u0111ang lan tr\u00e0n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i: cho vay n\u1eb7ng l\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d716<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

342<\/strong>. C\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n<\/em>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh trong \u0111\u00f3 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ed9 r\u00f5 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh thay \u0111\u1ed5i qu\u00e1 nhanh, l\u00e0m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e3nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1eeba m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1eeba l\u1edbn lao so v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9<\/em>. Ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia \u0111\u1ec1u trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi khu v\u1ef1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i r\u01a1i v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1, ngay c\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u th\u00eam r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c<\/em>: ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh\u201d717<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd <\/strong><\/p>\n

343<\/strong>. S\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1eeba h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c.<\/em> S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho bi\u1ebft th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh kinh doanh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn: \u2018c\u1ea1nh tranh\u2019 (cumpetere) (theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef) l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eeba n\u1ea3y sinh. \u00dd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ebd mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n cho m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 si\u00eang n\u0103ng, c\u1ea7n m\u1eabn, kh\u00f4n ngoan trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 can \u0111\u1ea3m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tuy kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u0111au kh\u1ed5 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n\u201d718<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

344<\/strong>. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf kinh doanh hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/em> V\u00ec c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, n\u00ean c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau, c\u1ea3 trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, khi thi h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0m sao cho c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u0103m lo \u0111\u1ebfn \u201ct\u01b0 b\u1ea3n\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty; h\u1ecd c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00f4ng ty n\u1eefa<\/em>719<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ty\u201d720<\/sup> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t721<\/sup>. Trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, trong nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh mua b\u00e1n, thay \u0111\u1ed5i quy m\u00f4, \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda hay s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t.<\/p>\n

345<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c b\u00e0 m\u1eb9<\/em> trong vi\u1ec7c chu to\u00e0n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>722<\/sup>; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng <\/em>c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n cung \u1ee9ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i chung\u201d723<\/sup>; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 \u201cc\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d724<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

IV. C\u00c1C \u0110\u1ecaNH CH\u1ebe KINH T\u1ebe PH\u1ee4C V\u1ee4 CON NG\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

346<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c725<\/sup>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2013 cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec ch\u00fang h\u1eefu \u00edch cho nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u1eabn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. <\/em>T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111ang khan hi\u1ebfm v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, theo logic c\u1ee7a \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m<\/em>\u201d. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nhu c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang t\u01b0 hay nhu c\u1ea7u chung, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan nh\u01b0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trung gian \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1t huy tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

a. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do<\/strong><\/p>\n

347<\/strong>. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 cung \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/em> Theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u1edfi xu\u1edbng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng trong nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, \u201cth\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u\u201d726<\/sup>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u00e0 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i, nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i h\u01a1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u1ea5y \u201c\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d727<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea1nh tranh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd: <\/em>\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n, t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u00edch th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

348<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng; vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tu\u1ef3
\nthu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n728<\/sup>. L\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ri\u00eang l\u1ebb <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m nh\u01b0ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 cao h\u01a1n: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch m\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi logic c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i tr\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch chung v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c phi nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 tha ho\u00e1, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

349<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eeba nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1eeba ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng gian m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>729<\/sup>. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 cung c\u1ea5p h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, v\u00ec quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn qu\u00e1 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i730<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u201cnguy c\u01a1 \u2018th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1\u2019 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y qua t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u201cm\u00e0 theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng\u201d731<\/sup>, nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mua c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u00e1n theo quy lu\u1eadt \u201ctrao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d v\u00e0 theo logic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

350<\/strong>. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/em> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p trong nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cT\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m tha ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d732<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/p>\n

351<\/strong>. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng b\u00ean y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m h\u01a1n<\/em>733<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201cqu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i\u201d, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea3 hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kinh t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eeba kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9 tr\u00e1nh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u201cNh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 v\u0169 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u00f2n thi\u1ebfu hay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111ang trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 xa h\u01a1n l\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o m\u1ed7i khi c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n g\u00e2y tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n hay tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng thay th\u1ebf<\/em>\u201d734<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

352<\/strong>. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t khung ph\u00e1p l\u00fd th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>, h\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean, l\u00e0m sao cho b\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft b\u00ean kia ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u00ecnh\u201d735<\/sup>. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf, ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u\u201d736<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sao cho Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 sao cho khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n, hay t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

353<\/strong>. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0103n \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 nhau. Th\u1eadt ra, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang khi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u1eeba tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u1eeba can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u2013 ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi h\u1ea1n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft737<\/sup> \u2013 khi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 khi ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i sao cho hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c trong \u0111\u00f3 tuy \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

354<\/strong>. Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng \u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/em> Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, tr\u00e1nh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi ph\u1ed1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/em> Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o, s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf h\u1eb3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng s\u1ebd \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: v\u00ec can thi\u1ec7p tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo ki\u1ec3u quan li\u00eau h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi738<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

355<\/strong>. Thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb thu\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.<\/em> Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m, duy tr\u00ec vi\u1ec7c kinh doanh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc: Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng an sinh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n sau \u0111\u00e2y: n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf739<\/sup> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee9c thu\u1ebf c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd740<\/sup>; gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 thanh li\u00eam trong vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i chung<\/em>741<\/sup>. Khi ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i, vi\u1ec7c chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i n\u0103ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd h\u01a1n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y742<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian<\/strong><\/p>\n

356<\/strong>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n hai m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0 phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. Theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y nhi\u1ec1u trung t\u00e2m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh.<\/em> Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 n\u00e0o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 n\u00e0o d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng743<\/sup>, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian nh\u1eb1m \u0111em l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 chung. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trung gian nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch chung b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tham gia c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u m\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kinh t\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i mang s\u1eafc th\u00e1i li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3.<\/p>\n

357<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n phi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.<\/em> N\u00f3i chung, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tham gia c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u00eda \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3\u201d.<\/p>\n

d. Ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

358<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng mua s\u1eafm r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n chi ti\u00eau v\u00e0o c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng hay mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf n\u1eb1m trong tay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00e2u. Hi\u1ec7n nay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn hy v\u1ecdng thu v\u1ec1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ee7i ro t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n \u1ea5y t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3, trong s\u1ef1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng \u201cquy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y thay v\u00ec ch\u1ed7 kia, trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0y thay v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn mang t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1\u201d744<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

359<\/strong>. Ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c mua s\u1eafm trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, v\u00e0 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean \u201cngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00e1c \u00e1i\u2026, l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i cho \u0111i t\u1eeb th\u1ee9 \u2018d\u01b0 d\u1eadt\u2019 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f2n l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o\u201d745<\/sup>. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, nh\u1edd c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u01b0a th\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty n\u00e0y h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty kh\u00e1c, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mua b\u00e1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00f4ng ty v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng ty ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

360<\/strong>. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00e0ng khi\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u2018s\u1edf h\u1eefu\u2019 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u2018hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u2019.<\/em> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n \u201cc\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1eeba cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n \u0111ang l\u00e0m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh\u201d746<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra \u201cnh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n, thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chung, l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn mua s\u1eafm, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m hay \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u201d747<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm b\u1edfi c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1748<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V. \u201cNH\u1eeeNG \u0110I\u1ec0U M\u1edaI M\u1eba\u201d TRONG L\u0128NH V\u1ef0C KINH T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1: nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 may v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro<\/strong><\/p>\n

361<\/strong>. K\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/em>: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc qua vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qua nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn bao qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n m\u1ed7i khi l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau \u2013 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u2013 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111ang to\u1ea3 r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y. C\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Sau khi s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u1ed1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c l\u1edbn t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0y sang ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh \u201cngay trong t\u00edch t\u1eafc\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111a di\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, v\u00ec n\u00f3 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 theo nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n

362<\/strong>. To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nhi\u1ec1u hy v\u1ecdng m\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 phi\u1ec1n ph\u1ee9c749<\/sup>. To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 mang l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c vi\u1ec5n th\u00f4ng, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba gi\u00fap h\u1ea1 ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh h\u01a1n ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, hai hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 <\/strong>cho nhau, khi\u1ebfn cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang m\u1edf ra trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng cao<\/em> gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngay trong ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y gi\u00fap nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111i.<\/p>\n

363<\/strong>. Ch\u0103m lo cho \u00edch chung c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh, l\u00e0m sao cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u00e9m may m\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hay b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea9y ra ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>750<\/sup>. \u201cN\u00f3i c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 di\u1ec5n ra trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ai b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra ngo\u00e0i\u201d751<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 lan tr\u00e0n trong m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn \u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u1edf m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7nh r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi nhau li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u2013 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u th\u00f4ng ngu\u1ed3n v\u1ed1n c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

364.<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ki\u1ec3u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>. Hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng \u0103n vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea1c trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi752<\/sup>, m\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y753<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee9 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c x\u1ea5u \u0111i trong vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, n\u00ean hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i g\u1ea5p r\u00fat n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0: theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i; c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i; quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng, \u201cc\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o s\u1ebd v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 ngh\u00e8o, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u s\u1ebd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gi\u00e0u h\u01a1n\u201d754<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

365.<\/strong> Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 hi\u1ec7n nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n do d\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ed1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c \u201cquy\u1ec1n\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn \u2013 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u2013 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e2u l\u1eafm m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d755<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

366<\/strong>. Song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/em>. C\u0169ng nh\u1edd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u1edf c\u1ea5p to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i ngay trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi nhau: \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p khi n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d756<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra<\/em>: \u201cKh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n. To\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d757<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

367<\/strong> Trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1, ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7<\/em>. \u201cTr\u01b0\u1edbc kia, t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d758<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea5y v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, l\u00e0m sao cho vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 di\u1ec5n ra m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho m\u1ed7i khi l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu b\u1eaft c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 sau ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng l\u00e0 trang tr\u1ea3i c\u00e1c ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n hi\u1ec7n nay: kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00ec l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 tr\u1ed1n tr\u00e1nh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; ph\u1ea3n t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf v\u00ec s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u00f2n t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba ch\u00fang. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u2013 d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t \u2013 cho c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 l\u00e0m li\u00ean lu\u1ef5 \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh tinh, m\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u01a1n nh\u1ea5t759<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

368.<\/strong> Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebb trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta; \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay \u2013 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 trung gian c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. M\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u1ea5y mang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec1n ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u\u201d \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch, nh\u1edd t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n m\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng r\u1ee7i ro v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Khu v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng giao d\u1ecbch t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 xa nh\u1eefng giao d\u1ecbch th\u1eadt s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo t\u01b0 duy cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

369<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh s\u1ebd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0m ra n\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>. Khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t th\u0103ng b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i h\u01a1n n\u1eefa: nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea5y xem ra ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u1ec7 tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, v\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c do s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra cho c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m hay \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7760<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 trong gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng kho\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 sinh s\u00f4i n\u1ea3y n\u1edf h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u1eeba m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1eeba tinh vi, c\u00e0ng b\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng<\/em>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 quy ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ecdi bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u0169 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh minh b\u1ea1ch cao nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

c. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

370<\/strong>. C\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng b\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1ea5t d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ee9c b\u00e1ch t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u1ebfu Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m. V\u00ec c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 \u1ea5y, n\u00ean xem ra c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ea1nh tranh m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u1ea5y, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00f9i v\u00e0o d\u0129 v\u00e3ng.<\/p>\n

371<\/strong>. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p cao v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y, h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang \u0111i t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u00edch cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 h\u00e3y d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c cho n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, th\u00ec s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf bi th\u1ea3m, c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng giai c\u1ea5p y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u201ckhi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 do c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng lo nh\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i c\u1eady nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d761<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

372<\/strong>. L\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, ph\u1ea3i \u1edf v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng t\u1ea7m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi ranh gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia, nhanh ch\u00f3ng mang chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00fang theo c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u00edch chung762<\/sup>. L\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y nhanh h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u1edbi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y763<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng bao l\u00e2u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 minh b\u1ea1ch, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

d. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

373<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/em>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1t huy \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d764<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau \u2013 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u2013 \u0111ang li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau do c\u00f3 chung m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh duy nh\u1ea5t765<\/sup>. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng mang chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a766<\/sup>. C\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u201cn\u00e2ng m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00ean ngang m\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edfng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng chung, n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00fap m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d767<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

374<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n trong t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch cho ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u<\/em>. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, d\u00f9 chung quanh h\u1ecd c\u00f3 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m ngh\u0129 b\u1ecb tha ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t c\u00e1i nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb thu nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng r\u0103ng b\u00e1nh xe trong gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d768<\/sup>. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 an vui v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i hy sinh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m h\u01a1n. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt: ranh gi\u1edbi gi\u1eefa gi\u00e0u v\u1edbi ngh\u00e8o \u0111an ch\u00e9o v\u1edbi nhau ngay trong ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hay \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u01a1 c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u2013 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, trong c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng lo ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u1edbng tai gai m\u1eaft\u201d769<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

e. Nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

375<\/strong>. Theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf \u201cch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1, n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf cho b\u1eb1ng v\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu khi b\u1ecf qu\u00ean chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00ecnh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 cung \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i\u201d770<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng duy v\u1eadt, cho d\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. \u201cT\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d771<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

376<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/em>, v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 m\u1edbi g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y\u2026 Trong l\u00fac ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ra nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n\u2026 T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1eeba l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u01a1n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 <\/em>l\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m; c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n\u201d772<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG T\u00c1M<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. C\u00c1C KH\u00cdA C\u1ea0NH TH\u00c1NH KINH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. S\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/strong><\/p>\n

377<\/strong>. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, d\u00e2n Israel \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vua, v\u00ec h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Giav\u00ea. Ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa can thi\u1ec7p cho d\u00e2n Israel th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee7ng<\/em>, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ghi l\u1ea1i trong s\u00e1ch Th\u1ea9m Ph\u00e1n. Sau \u0111\u00f3, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1eb7p v\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Samuel, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, \u0111\u1ec3 xin m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua (x. 1 Sm 8,5; 10,18-19). Samuel c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi Isarel v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 khi thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n (x. 1 Sm 8,11-18). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Giav\u00ea mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i (x. 1 Sm 9,16). R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, Saul \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u l\u00e0m vua (x. 1 Sm 10,1-2). Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng khi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n Israel ph\u1ea3i quan ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c chung quanh. Nh\u00e0 vua, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Giav\u00ea l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn (x. \u0110nl 17,15; 1 Sm 9,16) v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn (x. 1 Sm 16,12-13), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. Tv 2,7) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (x. Tv 72). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u00e0 vua ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c k\u1ebb y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho d\u00e2n. C\u00e1c l\u1eddi t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri t\u1eadp trung r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua trong vi\u1ec7c chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u1eeba k\u1ec3 (x. 1 V 21; Is 10,1-4; Am 2,6-8; 8,4-8; Mch 3,1-4).<\/p>\n

378<\/strong>. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Giav\u00ea ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vua \u0110avid, m\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Kinh th\u00edch nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn <\/em>(x. 1 Sm 16,1-13). \u0110avid l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a (x. 2 Sm 7,13-16; Tv 89,2-38; 132,11-18), nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u201cM\u00easia\u201d (\u0110\u1ea5ng Thi\u00ean Sai, ngh\u0129a ch\u1eef l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c X\u1ee9c D\u1ea7u). B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p \u0110avid v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vua k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t trung, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi cao \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Giav\u00ea x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u\u201d tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi tr\u00ean h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn\u201d, (x. 1 Sm 2,35; 24,7.11; 26,9.16; Xh 30,22-32) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 con ch\u00e1u \u0110avid (x. Mt 1,1-17; Lc 3,23-38; Rm 1,3).<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Giav\u00ea s\u1ebd cai tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00f4ng l\u00fd.<\/em> Ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng l\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c Th\u00e1nh v\u1ecbnh (x. Tv 2; 18; 20; 21; 72). Trong c\u00e1c l\u1eddi s\u1ea5m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u1eabn l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee3i trong th\u1eddi c\u00e1nh chung (x. Is 11,2-5; Gr 23,5-6). Nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb m\u1ee5c t\u1eed \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ch\u0103n d\u1eaft d\u00e2n Israel (x. Ez 34,23-24; 37,24), ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd mang ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (x. Zc 9,9-10). Trong V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Kh\u00f4n ngoan, nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 g\u1edbm gh\u00e9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng (x. Cn 16,12), x\u00e9t x\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng (x. Cn 29,14) v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n trong s\u1ea1ch (x. Cn 22,11). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng nghi\u1ec7m n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nazareth; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00ean b\u00e1o v\u1ec1 dung m\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb vua.<\/p>\n

b. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

379<\/strong>. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c gia (x. Mc 10,42), c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u00e2n nh\u00e2n (x. Lc 22,25), nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.<\/em> Khi \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf (x. Mc 12,13-17; Mt 22,15-22; Lc 20,20-26), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp l\u00ean \u00e1n m\u1ecdi toan t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh tr\u1ea7n gian th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh th\u1ea7n linh hay tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i: ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh tr\u1ea7n gian c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f2i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh: \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu kh\u00f4ng coi vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf cho ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u2013 v\u1ecb M\u00easia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eafng s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ch\u1ecbu khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c m\u00ecnh (x. Mt 4,8-11; Lc 4,5-8). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hy sinh t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng m\u00ecnh\u201d (Mc 10,45; x. Mt 20,24-28; Lc 22,24-27). Khi nghe c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 tranh c\u00e3i xem ai l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u00f4i t\u1edb m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Mc 9,33-35); Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 cho hai con \u00f4ng D\u00eab\u00ea\u0111\u00ea l\u00e0 Giac\u00f4b\u00ea v\u00e0 Gioan, \u0111ang mu\u1ed1n xin gi\u1eef hai v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ea3 h\u1eefu b\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111i (x. Mc 10,35-40; Mt 20,20-23).<\/p>\n

c. C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u01a1 khai<\/strong><\/p>\n

380.<\/strong> T\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u201cv\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\u201d (Rm 13,5), \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1ee9ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do Ch\u00faa thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n (x. Rm 13,1-7). Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n l\u00e0 n\u1ed9p thu\u1ebf: \u201cAnh em n\u1ee3 ai c\u00e1i g\u00ec, th\u00ec h\u00e3y tr\u1ea3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3: n\u1ed9p s\u01b0u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i s\u01b0u, tr\u1ea3 thu\u1ebf cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i thu\u1ebf, s\u1ee3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1ee3, k\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh\u201d (Rm 13,7). Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 m\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n khi b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u201cch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t\u201d (Rm 12,17), k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n bao l\u00e2u ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 Ch\u00faa v\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Rm 13,4; 1 Tm 2,1-2; Tt 3,1) v\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u201cl\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1ng c\u01a1n th\u1ecbnh n\u1ed9 [c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i] ph\u1ea1t k\u1ebb l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c\u201d (Rm 13,4).<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 khuy\u00ean c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u201cv\u00ec Ch\u00faa h\u00e3y tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf do lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra\u201d (1 Pr 2,13). Vua ch\u00faa v\u00e0 quan quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u201ctr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t k\u1ebb l\u00e0m sai v\u00e0 khen th\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang\u201d (1 Pr 2,14). Ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng\u201d quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (1 Pr 2,17), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00f2i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u201cb\u1ecbt mi\u1ec7ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb ngu xu\u1ea9n v\u00f4 tri\u201d (1 Pr 2,15). Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho s\u1ef1 gian \u00e1c nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. 1 Pr 2,16). \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung.<\/p>\n

381.<\/strong> Khi khuy\u00ean Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3 khi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111ang b\u1ecb b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i lo b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thanh b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 y\u00ean \u1ed5n nh\u1edd s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch (x. 1 Tm 2,1-2). C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i \u201cs\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t\u201d (Tt 3,1), ph\u1ea3i t\u1ecf ra \u201cl\u1ecbch thi\u1ec7p ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (Tt 3,2), kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 do l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cs\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ea9y t\u00e1i sinh v\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n trong Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed5 tr\u00e0n xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean ch\u00fang ta th\u00f4ng qua \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, Ch\u00faa ch\u00fang ta\u201d (Tt 3,5-6), th\u00ec m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u201cngu xu\u1ea9n, kh\u00f4ng v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi, l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c, l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111am m\u00ea v\u00e0 kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, s\u1ed1ng trong gian \u00e1c v\u00e0 ganh t\u1ef5, \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00e9t v\u00e0 ghen gh\u00e9t l\u1eabn nhau\u201d (Tt 3,3). Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00faa c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

382.<\/strong> Khi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i; n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Con Th\u00fa trong s\u00e1ch Kh\u1ea3i Huy\u1ec1n, m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 vua b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i, \u201ckh\u00e1t m\u00e1u c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu\u201d (Kh 17,6). Con Th\u00fa \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u201cti\u00ean tri gi\u1ea3\u201d ph\u1ee5c d\u1ecbch (Kh 19,20), v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u l\u1ea1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u1edd l\u1ea1y Con Th\u00fa. Th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean tri v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby Satan d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e9n l\u00fat \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ec9nh ph\u1edd d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 Chi\u00ean Con Vinh Th\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn Con Th\u00fa th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y, th\u00e1nh Gioan \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh h\u1ee7 b\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a Satan \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i v\u00ec t\u1eeb nay nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u1ebf gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o tr\u00ean h\u1ecd n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

383<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u2013 \u0110\u1ea5ng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u2013 \u0111ang cai qu\u1ea3n v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c. V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t khi m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao l\u1ea1i cho Ch\u00faa Cha v\u00e0 khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong ng\u00e0y ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/em> (x. 1 Cr 15,20-28). \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u2013 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 l\u00e0m b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 \u2013 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Cha, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00f2n m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb em v\u1edbi nhau. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh cai tr\u1ecb h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00faa \u201ckh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u00e0nh cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh. Ng\u00e0i trao cho m\u1ed7i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o. C\u00e1ch cai qu\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i g\u00e2y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang cai qu\u1ea3n c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh (minister) s\u1ef1 an b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d 773<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean. Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, c\u00f2n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh774<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

II. N\u1ec0N T\u1ea2NG V\u00c0 M\u1ee4C TI\u00caU C\u1ee6A C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c <\/strong><\/p>\n

384<\/strong>. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>775<\/sup>. V\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng mang l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u1ec9 khi bi\u1ebft li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 \u201c\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec th\u00eam v\u00e0o\u201d776<\/sup> m\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 phai m\u1edd.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201ct\u1ecf l\u1ed9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe theo\u201d777<\/sup> tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eafc ghi trong h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o<\/em>: \u201cm\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Ch\u00ednh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y \u2013 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u2013 l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang l\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d778<\/sup>. Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u1eb1m s\u1eb5n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch chung779<\/sup>, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

385<\/strong>. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd bi\u1ebft tham kh\u1ea3o nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n<\/em>: \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb h\u1eefu c\u01a1, c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\u201d780<\/sup>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cnh\u00e2n d\u00e2n\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00f9, m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch, \u201ctrong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d781<\/sup>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u201ct\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng sung m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c t\u00edn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d782<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng ai thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u00f9 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u1ea5y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu c\u01a1 <\/em>th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n, v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb <\/em>kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00ecnh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

386<\/strong>. \u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng nhau chia s\u1ebb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/em> \u201cX\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi t\u00e2m linh. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb cho nhau s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac gi\u1ee5c \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00e2m linh, c\u00f9ng nhau thu nh\u1eadn ni\u1ec1m vui ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o, lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u hay c\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb9p trong kho t\u00e0ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u0103ng h\u00e1i ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u00edch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u0103n ho\u00e1, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng\u201d783<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

387<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng,<\/em> c\u1ee9 m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng tr\u00f9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ranh gi\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c784<\/sup>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, m\u00e0 theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i<\/em>, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u00f4ng khai hay gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp\u201d785<\/sup>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n duy tr\u00ec n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng duy nh\u1ea5t mang l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, vi\u1ec7c c\u1eady \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. C\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, \u201cm\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a b\u00ean \u0111a s\u1ed1\u201d786<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. B\u00eanh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi <\/strong><\/p>\n

388<\/strong>. Xem con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>: \u201cHi\u1ec7n nay, c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ecn gi\u1eef\u201d787<\/sup>. Trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i chi ph\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan, m\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ebd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua, v\u00ec x\u00e9t theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e9t theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0m sao cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n

389<\/strong>. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng \u00edch, khi n\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. \u201cKinh nghi\u1ec7m d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, th\u00ec c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng lan r\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i\u201d788<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t b\u1ed5 sung cho nhau, l\u00e0 v\u1eeba b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. \u201cKh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf do c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u01b0u ti\u00ean. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng trong l\u00fac t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u00e0y t\u1ecf tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d789<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n <\/strong><\/p>\n

390<\/strong>. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n danh s\u00e1ch li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 do n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/em>790<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, n\u00f3i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i d\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. C\u00f2n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau tho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 cho \u0111i c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00e1ch ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh791<\/sup>. T\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n792<\/sup>, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1ea5t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc huynh \u0111\u1ec7, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng793<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec1u, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u1edf c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 do \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng qu\u00e1 l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

391<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t huy to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tu\u1ef3 theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 x\u1ea3 th\u00e2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. C\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng794<\/sup>. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n c\u00e1i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d795<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 th\u1ec3796<\/sup>. Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cng\u00f4i v\u1ecb\u201d mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa cho tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do\u201d797<\/sup>: b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i cao qu\u00fd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, d\u00f9 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong ph\u1ea1m vi gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n bao l\u00e2u ch\u01b0a v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a m\u1edf ra cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn t\u1eb7ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

392<\/strong>. \u0110i\u1ec1u r\u0103n b\u00e1c \u00e1i c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng soi s\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0\u2026 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 \u00fd th\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n\u201d798<\/sup>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em>, coi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

III. QUY\u1ec0N H\u00c0NH CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

393<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n xem x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. \u201cV\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra s\u1ee9c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch, n\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u0103n minh n\u00e0o c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o; quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng thua k\u00e9m g\u00ec ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u201d799<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft800<\/sup> v\u00ec nh\u1eefng tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1<\/em>801<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

394<\/strong>. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ngay th\u1eb3ng, kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch chung<\/em>. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u201cb\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng hay trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u2013 theo \u0111\u00fang tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Khi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n h\u00e0nh\u201d802<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

395<\/strong>. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eafm ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n<\/em>. D\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y hay h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n n\u00e0y chuy\u1ec3n vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cai tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng thi h\u00e0nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tho\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1ng. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 theo m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c ki\u1ec3m tra c\u1ee7a th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y803<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

b. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

396<\/strong>. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd804<\/sup>, \u201ctr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i l\u1ea5y Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>\u201d805<\/sup>. V\u00ec t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u00ec nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n m\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi, n\u00ean quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. \u201cTh\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1ed1n mang t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eebng hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh t\u1eed\u201d806<\/sup>. Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t kh\u1ecfi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd tan r\u00e3\u201d807<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y m\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 uy l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn808<\/sup>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd809<\/sup>, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ai \u0111\u00f3 hay t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c810<\/sup>, v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u00edch811<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

397<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1ea9m sinh, \u201cph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 hay Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra, s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i hay hu\u1ef7 b\u1ecf\u201d812<\/sup>. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u1ea5t t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 v\u00e0 hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u201cc\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111a s\u1ed1 n\u00e0o\u201d, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan, l\u00e0m n\u00ean lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Rm 2,15) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1813<\/sup>. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 do s\u1ef1 m\u00f9 t\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u00e3 gieo \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd814<\/sup>, th\u00ec c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng s\u1ebd b\u1ecb lung lay t\u1edbi t\u1eadn n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u00ec kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nhau815<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

398<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i ban h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi<\/em>. \u201cLu\u1eadt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt bao l\u00e2u n\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, khi lu\u1eadt \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00fd tr\u00ed, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c\u201d816<\/sup>. Nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o cai tr\u1ecb theo l\u00fd tr\u00ed s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd817<\/sup>.Ai kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n bi\u1ebft c\u01b0 x\u1eed ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u201cch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d (Rm 13,2)818<\/sup>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ec5 khi n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u2013 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa quy \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc819<\/sup> \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng \u00edch, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf qua m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

c. Quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m <\/strong><\/p>\n

399<\/strong>. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i theo nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u1ea5y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng<\/em>820<\/sup>. C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t bi \u0111\u00e1t cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, h\u1ecd bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i<\/em>821<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u1ea5y ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y. \u201cNh\u1eefng ai n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, k\u1ef7 c\u01b0\u01a1ng, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p\u201d822<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt Ch\u00faa, d\u00f9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd x\u00e9t x\u1eed m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y (x. Rm 2,6; 14,12).<\/p>\n

d. Quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng <\/strong><\/p>\n

400<\/strong>. Nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng: th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng hay li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/em>. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 vi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh\u2026 bao l\u00e2u tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y\u201d823<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau; c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau <\/em>kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i lu\u1eadt hay tranh \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

401<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng<\/em>: \u201cPh\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, tr\u1eeb khi tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y: 1\/ c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i; 2\/ \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; 3\/ ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n t\u1ec7 h\u1ea1i h\u01a1n; 4\/ c\u00f3 hy v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc; 5\/ theo l\u00fd tr\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o hay h\u01a1n\u201d824<\/sup>. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p sau c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u201cm\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u00f4ng khai v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i, g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho \u00edch chung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d825<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng nguy hi\u1ec3m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00edch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> h\u01a1n, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 may th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng\u201d826<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

e. Ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i <\/strong><\/p>\n

402<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng \u00edch, ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i theo m\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i \u00e1c g\u00e2y ra<\/em>827<\/sup>. Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 hai tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 l\u00e0m tho\u00e1i ch\u00ed <\/em>nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi g\u00e2y h\u1ea1i cho quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, hai l\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa <\/em>s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n do h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m g\u00e2y ra, th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, <\/em>quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho to\u00e0 \u00e1n: \u201cKhi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ri\u00eang gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, h\u00e0nh ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p, Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p\u201d828<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

403<\/strong>. Ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 chung v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c an to\u00e0n; n\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u0169ng mang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u1ea5y<\/em>829<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i mang hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n t\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tuy\u00ean u\u00fd tr\u1ea1i giam \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi thi h\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang trong kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef<\/em>. \u0110\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng gi\u00fap t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e0 t\u00f9 l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c m\u1edbi di\u1ec5n ra. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u201cTa\u2026 b\u1ecb b\u1eaft ng\u1ed3i t\u00f9, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m Ta\u201d (Mt 25,35-36).<\/p>\n

404<\/strong>. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u2013 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh ri\u00eang t\u01b0 \u2013 c\u1ea7n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u tra.<\/em> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. Ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e1p l\u00fd: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ch\u1ecbu h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t khi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/p>\n

Khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t quy lu\u1eadt: c\u1ea5m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c tra t\u1ea5n, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tra t\u1ea5n d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tra t\u1ea5n l\u1eabn k\u1ebb b\u1ecb tra t\u1ea5n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c n\u00e0o\u201d830<\/sup>. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn khi \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m tra t\u1ea5n, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi ph\u1ea1m trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cd\u00f9ng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p giam gi\u1eef ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm ra th\u00f4ng tin c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t x\u1eed\u201d831<\/sup>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u201cti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t x\u1eed nhanh ch\u00f3ng; k\u00e9o d\u00e0i th\u1eddi gian x\u00e9t x\u1eed th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng n\u1ed5i v\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ee5c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1\u201d832<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean to\u00e0 \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e3y gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 c\u1ea9n m\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 khi ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ecb c\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n. V\u00ec ngay c\u1ea3 th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn, n\u00ean th\u1eadt th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng khi lu\u1eadt tr\u00f9 li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n do nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0 \u00e1n g\u00e2y ra.<\/p>\n

405<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i coi vi\u1ec7c \u201cng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u hy v\u1ecdng<\/em>, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn coi h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u201cb\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p\u201d t\u1eeb ph\u00eda x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho can ph\u1ea1m tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 h\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t t\u1eeb <\/strong>ch\u1ed1i c\u01a1 may \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o\u201d833<\/sup>. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ecbch v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, n\u00ean gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, \u201ckhi th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng\u201d834<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p r\u0103n \u0111e v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u01a1n v\u00ec \u201cch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d835<\/sup>. S\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt b\u00e3i b\u1ecf \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh hay \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e3n thi h\u00e0nh \u00e1n \u1ea5y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u00e1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1eed h\u00ecnh can ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 \u201cr\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3\u201d836<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt nh\u1eb1m b\u00e3i b\u1ecf hay \u0111\u00ecnh ho\u00e3n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao.<\/p>\n

IV. H\u1ec6 TH\u1ed0NG D\u00c2N CH\u1ee6<\/strong><\/p>\n

406<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em>: \u201cGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh khi th\u1ea5y th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o thu h\u1eb9p t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay v\u00ec nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eeba th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o theo nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, v\u1eeba ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng tham gia v\u00e0 chia s\u1ebb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\u201d837<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

a. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/strong><\/p>\n

407<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 nh\u01b0: ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i coi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1
\n\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ch quan hay ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec7n nay<\/em>. \u201cNg\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i mang t\u00ednh ho\u00e0i nghi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng ai tin ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft \u0111i theo s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi phe \u0111a s\u1ed1 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u0169ng ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tu\u1ef3 theo c\u00e1c xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh vi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb l\u00e8o l\u00e1i v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i c\u00f4ng khai hay ngu\u1ef5 trang m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n\u201d838<\/sup>. T\u1ef1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u201d, v\u00e0 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y, d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo hay kh\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u1ee9ng x\u1eed n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 tu\u1ef3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 n\u00f3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng\u201d839<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/strong><\/p>\n

408<\/strong>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh (nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n) trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/em>: \u201cm\u1ed7i quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y lu\u00f4n n\u1eb1m trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u2018cai tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt\u2019, theo \u0111\u00f3 lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o\u201d840<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u1ecdi c\u01a1 quan n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n<\/em>. C\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 qua c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed t\u1ef1 do, cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh <\/em>v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m qua vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m k\u1ef3 tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

409<\/strong>. Trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t (nh\u01b0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m tra v\u00e0 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i), c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/em>841<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng ai n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n cai tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1eed tri. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t do c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t h\u1ebft s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, m\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m trung gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

c. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

410<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u1ea5p kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>, l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ph\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m chia s\u1ebb v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u00ecn trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, n\u1eafm gi\u1eef quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/em>842<\/sup> (ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, b\u00e1c \u00e1i, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c chia s\u1ebb), hay quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft l\u1ea5y \u00edch chung, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i uy t\u00edn hay t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i, l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

411<\/strong>. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb843<\/sup>, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1c c\u1ea3m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho n\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u1ea5y. Tham nh\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u00e9o m\u00f3 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n: c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00e1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n. Theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau h\u1eb9p h\u00f2i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c \u0111em c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

412<\/strong>. L\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 c\u1ea5p n\u00e0o \u2013 qu\u1ed1c gia, khu v\u1ef1c hay \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n<\/em>: \u201c\u0110\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i \u1ea5y v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d844<\/sup>. \u0110i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 quan li\u00eau qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/em>; th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi \u201cc\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan tr\u1edf n\u00ean qu\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p trong c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng n\u1eefa do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9c v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m, do h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh quan li\u00eau th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, do vi\u1ec7c lo t\u00ecm t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn\u201d845<\/sup>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m hay quan li\u00eau, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang ra ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

d. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

413<\/strong>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung<\/em>. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch846<\/sup>, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong ch\u00ednh c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea7u d\u00e2n \u00fd<\/em>, qua \u0111\u00f3 coi nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

e. Th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/strong><\/p>\n

414<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u1ea5y qua nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng tin kh\u00e1ch quan847<\/sup>, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng tin ch\u1ec9 do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, m\u1ed9t khi hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y \u0111i k\u00e8m theo nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

415<\/strong>. Ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>848<\/sup>. \u201cTh\u00f4ng tin do c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi\u201d849<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u00f4ng tin hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m linh, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n hay c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t hay kh\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n

416<\/strong>. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00f4ng tin, nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ea1i do c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, do ham mu\u1ed1n l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, do c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng t\u1ec7 \u0111oan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c<\/em>. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. \u201cChi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (tin t\u1ee9c, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p) v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o), m\u00e0 c\u00f2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch, c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tinh x\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb ngh\u00e8o th\u00f4ng tin?)\u201d850<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u1ea3 ba l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u1ea5y \u2013 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u2013 ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 hai b\u1ed5 sung cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t khi t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1<\/em>851<\/sup>. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Vi\u1ec7c tham gia n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng khai, ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh h\u00e1i ra ti\u1ec1n852<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V. C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca PH\u1ee4C V\u1ee4 X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I D\u00c2N S\u1ef0<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 <\/strong><\/p>\n

417<\/strong>. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u00e0y, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nhi\u1ec1u trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 v\u1eeba c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng Si\u00eau Vi\u1ec7t. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, \u0111ang c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00e2u t\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n nh\u00e2n danh t\u00ednh \u0111a nguy\u00ean trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u1eabn hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>. \u201cM\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u201d853<\/sup>. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00fap cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, ra s\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1edf th\u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

b. Th\u1ebf \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 <\/strong><\/p>\n

418<\/strong>. D\u00f9 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/em>. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1854<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean v\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 l\u00fd do t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1edd n\u1eb1m trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khung ph\u00e1p l\u00fd th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng can thi\u1ec7p khi th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 lu\u00f4n nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1ed1n mu\u00f4n h\u00ecnh mu\u00f4n v\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng theo quy c\u1ee7 n\u00e0o; x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 v\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed9 nhau, v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0 phe m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb phe y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

c. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 <\/strong><\/p>\n

419<\/strong>. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>855<\/sup>. \u0110i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong khu v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n<\/em>, l\u00e2u nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 \u201ckhu v\u1ef1c th\u1ee9 ba<\/em>\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i khu v\u1ef1c do Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian m\u1edbi cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

420<\/strong>. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, d\u00f9 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng quy c\u1ee7 l\u1eafm, xem ra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u0111ang th\u1eafng th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chia r\u1ebd do \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm cho ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u1ecd h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chia r\u1ebd h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Nhi\u1ec1u kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y nh\u00ecn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c chung d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i huynh \u0111\u1ec7<\/em>. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00ecn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n v\u00e0 ra s\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00f3i chung, v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu n\u00f3i ri\u00eang. C\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn856<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

VI. NH\u00c0 N\u01af\u1edaC V\u00c0 C\u00c1C C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/p>\n

A. T\u1ef0 DO T\u00d4N GI\u00c1O, M\u1ed8T QUY\u1ec0N C\u0102N B\u1ea2N C\u1ee6A CON NG\u01af\u1edcI <\/strong><\/p>\n

421<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 trao cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae <\/em>(Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u1edf ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i n\u00e0o, v\u00ec \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t uy quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c\u201d857<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t \u00e1p l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o858<\/sup>. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh859<\/sup>. T\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n sai l\u1ea1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean860<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

422<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u201cli\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d861<\/sup>. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1862<\/sup>; tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng <\/em>cho vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong m\u1ed7i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan. Ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u1ea5y v\u00ec \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft trong ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m lo th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh chung th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c; sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chung\u201d863<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

423<\/strong>. V\u00ec c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia, n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c ngay trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>864<\/sup>. T\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II c\u1ed5 v\u0169 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf865<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb; ti\u1ebfc thay, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u201c\u0111ang b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc vi ph\u1ea1m, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, nh\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp thu gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t\u201d866<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

B. GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O V\u00c0 C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG CH\u00cdNH TR\u1eca <\/strong><\/p>\n

a. T\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp <\/strong><\/p>\n

424<\/strong>. D\u00f9 c\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u1eabn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, hai b\u00ean v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau do c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 do m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hai b\u00ean theo \u0111u\u1ed5i<\/em>. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 long tr\u1ecdng t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong \u0111\u1ecba h\u1ea1t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d867<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y khi so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb: \u201cGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/em>v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mang danh ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y hay gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kia, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf hay hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p\u201d868<\/sup>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ecm \u01b0u th\u1ebf qua c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, tr\u1eeb khi nh\u1eefng c\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u0129nh \u1ea5y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

b. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c <\/strong><\/p>\n

425<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 hai b\u00ean ly khai nhau, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c<\/em>. D\u00f9 v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh qua c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u mang t\u00ednh t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u1eb1m trong ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba l\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i b\u00ean n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh v\u1edbi nhau theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian\u201d869<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

426<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc \u0111\u00fang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d870<\/sup>, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y, m\u1ed7i khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n871<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00ecm cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u, t\u1ef1 do gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng; t\u1ef1 do th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung; t\u1ef1 do t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 cai qu\u1ea3n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh; t\u1ef1 do tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 thuy\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; t\u1ef1 do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i872<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

427<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0 ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 hai b\u00ean ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i ho\u00e0<\/em>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng khai b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, hay ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, cho nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG CH\u00cdN<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. C\u00c1C KH\u00cdA C\u1ea0NH TH\u00c1NH KINH<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i <\/strong><\/p>\n

428<\/strong>. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i r\u00f5 s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a Israel v\u1eeba l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eeba l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/em>. C\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. Khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh (x. St 1,26-27), Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00f4 nh\u1ecb; ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng cho m\u1ecdi th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 (x. St 5) v\u00e0 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u (x. St 10). Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4 l\u1eadp <\/em>m\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong khung c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng gian s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do (th\u1eeda v\u01b0\u1eddn), c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c (c\u00e1c c\u00e2y trong v\u01b0\u1eddn), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ec7nh canh t\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn) v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh) (x. St 2,8-24). Su\u1ed1t trong C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc, c\u00e1c ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sung t\u00fac. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

429<\/strong>. Ti\u1ebfp theo sau s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 do l\u0169 l\u1ee5t g\u00e2y ra, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa k\u00fd k\u1ebft giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi No\u00ea (x. St 9,1-17), v\u00e0 qua \u00f4ng, Ng\u00e0i k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Giao \u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n g\u00ecn gi\u1eef cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh \u0111\u00f4ng con nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e1u<\/em>, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 khu\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt v\u00e0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n, d\u00f9 theo ch\u00e2n t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, s\u1ef1 suy \u0111\u1ed3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1n h\u1ed3ng thu\u1ef7. S\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf<\/em> gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e1n ph\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. St 10,1-32). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf<\/em> c\u0169ng t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, qua \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 th\u00e1p Babel (x. St 11,1-9). Theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u1ebd ra \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u201cc\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i\u201d (x. St 11,1), nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chia n\u0103m x\u1ebb b\u1ea3y v\u00e0 quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 (x. St 11,4).<\/p>\n

430<\/strong>. Giao \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u1edbi Abraham \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m \u201ccha c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d <\/em>(St 17,4) \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a d\u00e2n Israel t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa (x. Is 19,18-25). C\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri \u0111\u00e3 loan b\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u00e1nh chung s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (x. Is 2,2-5; 66,18-23). Khi b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong th\u1eddi gian l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, d\u00e2n Israel \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng duy nh\u1ea5t (x. Is 44,6-8), Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (x. Is 44,24-28).<\/p>\n

b. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi <\/strong><\/p>\n

431<\/strong>. Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi<\/em>. Trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201ch\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d (2 Cr 4,4), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u01a1i th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, m\u1ecdi h\u00e0ng r\u00e0o th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n (x. Ep 2,12-18), v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, th\u00ec m\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra chia r\u1ebd n\u1eefa (x. Rm 10,12; Gl 3,26-28; Cl 3,11).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn ra k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i <\/em>(x. Cv 17,26), m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nh\u1eb1m quy t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra trong tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 (x. Ep 1,8-10). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Ng\u0169 Tu\u1ea7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ch\u00faa Ph\u1ee5c Sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c loan b\u00e1o cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng ai n\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (x. Cv 2,6), Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1edbi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi x\u00e2y th\u00e1p Babel. Nh\u1edd t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 quy t\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn ra s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh, h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u201cm\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4\u201d873<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/p>\n

432<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn chung v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t874<\/sup>, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>875<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u0169 kh\u00ed, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 hay l\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i cao, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong Ba Ng\u00f4i,\u2026 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ch\u00fang ta quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201chi\u1ec7p<\/em> th\u00f4ng\u201d<\/em>876<\/sup>; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do<\/em>877<\/sup>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t khi t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau hay v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n danh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau do \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n t\u1eed s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d878<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t do ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 mu\u1ed1n. \u201cGia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi nhau theo ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh, trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, c\u00f4ng \u00edch cho to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u<\/em>, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d879<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

II. C\u00c1C QUY T\u1eaeC C\u0102N B\u1ea2N C\u1ee6A C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb <\/strong><\/p>\n

433<\/strong>. L\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u00edch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u<\/em>880<\/sup>. D\u00f9 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 duy v\u1eadt v\u00e0 duy d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: c\u1ea3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u1eabn tinh th\u1ea7n, c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hay h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd881<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng chung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng t\u1eebng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do<\/em>882<\/sup>. Theo gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, theo c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, \u0111e do\u1ea1 hay l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i883<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

434<\/strong>. Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/em>884<\/sup>, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 cho vi\u1ec7c chung s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1eeba \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh v\u1eeba \u0111ang c\u00f9ng nhau c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c885<\/sup>, v\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i886<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i hay h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>887<\/sup>. Hi\u1ec3u c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 hay ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f2n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y888<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau \u1ea5y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c chia r\u1ebd, \u0111ang c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

435<\/strong>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>889<\/sup>. Ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh890<\/sup> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n hay nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n thi\u00eang li\u00eang <\/em>c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y891<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edch<\/em>, do \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u201cm\u1ed9t gia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d892<\/sup>, trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng, n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nhau. Trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u00e0n t\u1edbi \u201cc\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng893<\/sup>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t n\u00ean b\u00e0n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

b. C\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

436<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau, lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia<\/em>: \u201cVi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn nh\u1edd c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng ai d\u00e1m x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i hay gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 s\u1ee9c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1ea5y\u201d894<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea3i coi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng tri \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t \u201cquy t\u1eafc th\u00e0nh v\u0103n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi895<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

437<\/strong>. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau \u201cc\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u00e1p l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d896<\/sup>, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o d\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cquy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d897<\/sup> (ius gentium<\/em>), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d898<\/sup>. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 mang t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau ra \u201cc\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1edf tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d899<\/sup>, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh ch\u1ea5p, ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trung t\u00edn v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft (pacta sunt servanda<\/em>). C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u201cb\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh <\/em>thay v\u00ec nh\u1edd t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt<\/em>\u201d900<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

438<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 an ninh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt chung khi tham gia th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf \u00fd ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/em>901<\/sup>. \u201cN\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebb th\u1eafng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thua nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 s\u00e1t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1i logic \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfn tranh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t k\u1ebb th\u00f9, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed902<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn tranh, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111e do\u1ea1 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c<\/em>903<\/sup>. \u0110i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra sau kinh nghi\u1ec7m bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai. Trong cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u1ea5y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi: nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, chia s\u1ebb c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb, trung t\u00edn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o904<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

439<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u1ebf \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau l\u00e0 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng905<\/sup>. Theo vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ea5y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh quy ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c tranh c\u00e3i c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ph\u1ea1m vi v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u1ea5y<\/em>. C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft, l\u00e0m trung gian, ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1eadp ra \u201cm\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh ph\u00e1p l\u00fd h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d906<\/sup>. C\u00f3 ti\u1ebfn theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y th\u00ec c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. \u201cNh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia\u2026 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u00e1o th\u00f9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d907<\/sup>. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u201clu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb nay lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf n\u1eefa\u201d908<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

III. T\u1ed4 CH\u1ee8C C\u1ed8NG \u0110\u1ed2NG QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf <\/strong><\/p>\n

440<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t khi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1945<\/em>. Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u201c\u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d909<\/sup>. N\u00f3i chung, H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u00ecn r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t910<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t khi th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang911<\/sup>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chung s\u1ed1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c912<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

441<\/strong>. V\u00ec quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chung s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u00ean Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u201cm\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chung mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh nh\u00e2n danh m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u0103m lo cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n\u201d<\/em>913<\/sup>. Trong d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, d\u00f9 m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng \u00edch: \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn chung, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u201cquy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u si\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d914<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb thi h\u00e0nh \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ed1i, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>. \u201cQuy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m thay th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh \u1ea5y l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra \u2013 tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u2013 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng cho c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c trung gian c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch an to\u00e0n h\u01a1n\u201d915<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

442<\/strong>. V\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n nay mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u00ean h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mang t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>916<\/sup>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang mang chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111ang l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u201c\u0111\u00f2i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ganh \u0111ua v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi tham v\u1ecdng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e8o l\u00e1i c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d917<\/sup> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u201cgi\u00fap th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u01a1n\u201d918<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u1eadt h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, d\u00f9 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb919<\/sup>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng d\u1ecb bi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng920<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

443<\/strong>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 nh\u1eb1m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/em>, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u201cnhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u00fa t\u00e2m theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u00e1ng khen ng\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y\u201d921<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u00ean ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u201cnh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qua nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tham gia c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Phi Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 (NGO) hay c\u00e1c Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00f2i Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em>\u201d992<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. T\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh <\/strong><\/p>\n

444<\/strong>. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, hay T\u00f4ng To\u00e0923<\/sup>, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 x\u00e9t theo ph\u00e1p l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng hai \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 thi h\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau<\/em>: quy\u1ec1n c\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng hay th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i (ius contrahendi<\/em>) khi k\u00fd k\u1ebft c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc; \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c; quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i trong c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t. Nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 phi \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch n\u00e0o cho m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

445<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ngo\u1ea1i giao c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb x\u01b0a \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eddi gian minh ch\u1ee9ng, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do (libertas Ecclesiae) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb <\/em>c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. \u201cD\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea9m sinh n\u1eb1m ngay trong ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u0169ng g\u1eedi c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u hay \u0111ang c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c gia theo \u0111u\u1ed5i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n b\u1ecb, v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eafm ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng chung l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u01b0\u1edfng \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edd \u01a1n Ch\u00faa gi\u00fap c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d924<\/sup>. \u00cdch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua vi\u1ec7c k\u00fd k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc song ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i l\u00e0 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

IV. S\u1ef0 C\u1ed8NG T\u00c1C QU\u1ed0C T\u1ebe \u0110\u1ec2 GI\u00daP PH\u00c1T TRI\u1ec2N<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. C\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n <\/strong><\/p>\n

446<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00e1 th\u1ec3<\/em>. \u201cC\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i nhau v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi bi\u1ebft g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra, \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau\u201d925<\/sup>. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb h\u1eb3n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y <\/em>kinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d926<\/sup> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\u201d927<\/sup>, v\u1ed1n c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m v\u1eeba m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1eeba c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft, v\u00ec ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i928<\/sup>, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5<\/em>. \u201cC\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 b\u1ed1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1eddi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tham gia, t\u1eeb \u0110\u00f4ng sang T\u00e2y, t\u1eeb B\u1eafc t\u1edbi Nam\u201d929<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc sau \u0111\u00e2y: gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng chung m\u1ed9t v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh; ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

447<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tham gia th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/em>. \u201cNgay trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9ng t\u00e1ch ri\u00eang kh\u1ecfi th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y, nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb tr\u00ec tr\u1ec7 v\u00e0 suy tho\u00e1i, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf li\u00ean k\u1ebft \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ngu\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3\u201d930<\/sup>. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, ngo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tham gia v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc, thi\u1ebfu an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf h\u1ea1 t\u1ea7ng v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu v\u1ec7 sinh, n\u1ea1n tham nh\u0169ng, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 do, thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

448<\/strong>. Tinh th\u1ea7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u01b0 duy \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t<\/em>932<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, v\u00ec ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 cao \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d933<\/sup>. H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o, theo m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d934<\/sup>. T\u1eeb con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c; ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n

b. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i <\/strong><\/p>\n

449<\/strong>. <\/strong>V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu\u201d<\/em>935<\/sup>. Ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea7y k\u1ecbch t\u00ednh v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i mang \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, v\u00ec ch\u01b0a nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u201cquy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ed3i d\u1ef1 \u2018trong b\u00e0n ti\u1ec7c chung\u2019\u201d936<\/sup>. Ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n <\/em>m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u1eb1ng hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cl\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n\u201d937<\/sup> v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n938<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o<\/em>939<\/sup>. Trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi khi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/em>940<\/sup>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/em>, \u0111\u00f2i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh \u201c\u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 <\/em>ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d941<\/sup>. Ngay trong l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111i k\u00e8m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3<\/em>, v\u00ec nh\u1edd nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tinh th\u1ea7n s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn, l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o942<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean coi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u201cnh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d943<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. N\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i <\/strong><\/p>\n

450<\/strong>. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp b\u00e0n t\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia ngh\u00e8o<\/em>944<\/sup>. Nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m trong ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n. \u1ede c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00f4i n\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 h\u1ed1i \u0111o\u00e1i, c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n m\u1edbi trong kinh t\u1ebf; c\u00f2n trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tham nh\u0169ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng k\u00e9m hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sai c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n vay t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 do nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u2013 l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng v\u1eabn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ee3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao kh\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi \u201cquy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9\u201d945<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u01af\u1edcI<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. C\u00c1C KH\u00cdA C\u1ea0NH TH\u00c1NH KINH<\/strong><\/p>\n

451<\/strong>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa<\/em>: \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho vua Phara\u00f4 t\u1ea1i Ai C\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng b\u00e0n tay m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta ra kh\u1ecfi Ai C\u1eadp\u201d (\u0110nl 6,21). \u0110\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra Ch\u00faa \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u1ea5y ngay t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u: \u201cT\u1ed5 ti\u00ean t\u00f4i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Aram phi\u00eau b\u1ea1t\u201d (\u0110nl 26,5); Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cTa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em cha \u00f4ng c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 Abraham t\u1eeb b\u00ean kia s\u00f4ng v\u1ec1\u201d (Gs 24,3). Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hy v\u1ecdng, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a v\u00e0 giao \u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa li\u00ean t\u1ee5c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Israel s\u1ed1ng ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 coi l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch hay m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 x\u1ea5u xa m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa ban, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai v\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Ch\u00faa giao cho h\u1ecd qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb th\u00f9 nguy hi\u1ec3m. Ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, v\u00e0 khi nh\u00ecn t\u1eebng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u201cCh\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p\u201d (x. St 1,4.10.12.18.21.25). V\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean ch\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u201cr\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3\u201d (St 1,31). Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, trong s\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u201ctheo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ng\u00e0i\u201d (St 1,27). Ch\u00faa giao cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, b\u1eaft h\u1ecd ch\u0103m lo sao cho th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (x. St 1,26-30). M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u00fd do gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao c\u1eb7p v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ebf \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

452<\/strong>. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh lai l\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c c\u00f2n s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. Ch\u1ec9 khi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 khu v\u01b0\u1eddn <\/em>Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 trao cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00f4ng coi v\u00e0 canh t\u00e1c (x. St 2,15). Ngay c\u1ea3 khi ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i r\u1ed3i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u1ea5y, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng v\u1edbi bao kh\u1ed5 \u0111au v\u00e0 v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 (x. St 3,17-19).<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e2n Israel ca ng\u1ee3i trong kinh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em>: \u201c\u00d4i l\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh Ng\u00e0i qu\u1ea3 thi\u00ean h\u00ecnh v\u1ea1n tr\u1ea1ng! Ch\u00faa ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4n ngoan\u201d (Tv 104,24). C\u00f2n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng m\u1edbi<\/em>, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m h\u01b0 hao: \u201cTa s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi\u201d (Is 65,17), trong \u0111\u00f3 \u201csa m\u1ea1c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i\u2026 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh [s\u1ebd] \u1edf trong v\u01b0\u1eddn c\u00e2y \u0103n tr\u00e1i \u1ea5y\u2026 R\u1ed3i d\u00e2n Ta s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng an b\u00ecnh\u201d (Is 32,15-18).<\/p>\n

453<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa ban cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng qua Con c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra ngo\u00e0i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ea9y t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 <\/em>(x. 2 Pr 3,10) \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi (x. Is 65,17; 66,22; Kh 21,1), v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i cho \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb\u201d (2 Pr 3,13).<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1eddi gian ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng khai, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n, m\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean n\u1eefa (x. \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu d\u1eb9p y\u00ean b\u00e3o t\u1ed1 trong Mt 14,22-33; Mc 6,45-52; Ga 6,16-21). Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u00ecn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cha an b\u00e0i b\u1ecf r\u01a1i (x. Lc 11,11-13). Thay v\u00ec l\u00e0m n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 <\/em>(x. Lc 16,9-13).<\/p>\n

454<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua; trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch Con Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb khai tr\u1eeb v\u00e0 v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ee5c Sinh <\/em>(x. Mt 27,45.51; 28,2). Khi v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1nh vinh quang m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 khai m\u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. 1 Cr 15,20-28); Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1. \u0110\u00e3 bi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t. \u201cB\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u1edf trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o m\u1edbi; c\u00e1i c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 qua, v\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn\u201d (2 Cr 5,17). Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng trong Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi, th\u00ec c\u0169ng do Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y m\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i \u01a1n b\u00ecnh an (x. Cl 1,15-20).<\/p>\n

455<\/strong>. Kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, m\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c \u2013 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u canh t\u00e2n ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m V\u01b0\u1ee3t Qua c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa<\/em>, d\u00f9 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 n\u00e1t, th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o v\u1eabn r\u00ean r\u1ec9 trong lao nh\u1ecdc (x. Rm 8,19-23) v\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i vi\u1ec7c khai sinh \u201ctr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi\u201d (Kh 21,1), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ef9 m\u00e3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban trong ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf. C\u00f2n t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi l\u00fac n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i t\u1ea7m \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3. D\u00f9 \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng theo Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u1ed3i nh\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u2013 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi \u2013 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7: \u201cd\u00f9\u2026 c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng hay s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u2026 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 anh em, m\u00e0 anh em thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u1ea1i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d (1 Cr 3,22-23).<\/p>\n

II. CON NG\u01af\u1edcI V\u00c0 V\u0168 TR\u1ee4 C\u1ee6A TH\u1ee4 T\u1ea0O<\/strong><\/p>\n

456<\/strong>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh s\u1ebd soi s\u00e1ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/em>. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cc\u00f3 l\u00fd khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1edd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d946<\/sup>. C\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 do s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n trau d\u1ed3i t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua bao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 hay trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 m\u00f4n ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do947<\/sup>. Hi\u1ec7n nay, \u201cnh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa\u201d948<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh chinh ph\u1ee5c tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n; nh\u1edd thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa T\u1ec3 v\u00e0 T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o tay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 danh Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n vinh tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. [C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng] qua bao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn h\u1eefu, \u0111i\u1ec3m sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d949<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

457<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/em>. \u201cCh\u1eb3ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh do t\u00e0i n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ra l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng Ch\u00faa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f2n x\u00e1c t\u00edn nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111ang ban \u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111ang khai tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i\u201d950<\/sup>. C\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u201cquy\u1ec1n uy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng l\u1edbn, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u2013 c\u00e0ng cao\u201d951<\/sup>, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 mong mu\u1ed1n952<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9953<\/sup>, m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n coi \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi n\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u1ea5y\u201d954<\/sup>. V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, \u201cl\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tin v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 do m\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra l\u00e0 \u2018t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p\u2019, ch\u00fang ta vui m\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ra\u201d955<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

458<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00f3i chung \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao \u201cnh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa sinh h\u1ecdc nguy\u00ean t\u1eed, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u00eam c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 di truy\u1ec1n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u201dk956<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00f4 gi\u00e1 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c cao c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd h\u01a1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u201dl957<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p\u201d v\u00ec \u201cch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ph\u1ea1t: v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng\u201d958<\/sup>. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, \u201cc\u1ea7n gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u00fa \u00fd s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc ra b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf <\/em>c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng\u201d959<\/sup>. B\u1edfi v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i \u201ct\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d960<\/sup>, ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u1ea5y tu\u00e2n theo \u201cc\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d961<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

459<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i khi \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i tham chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c<\/em>. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u00fang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u201cph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 <\/em>v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y<\/em> trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t\u201d962<\/sup>. Theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y, ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ec3 s\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111ang g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u lo ng\u1ea1i, trong khi \u201cch\u00fang ta ch\u01b0a \u1edf trong v\u1ecb th\u1ebf s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n trong sinh h\u1ecdc do v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng khoa di truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebfu th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 do ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1eeba b\u00e3i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d963<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u201cb\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1edbi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng sinh th\u00e1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai\u201d964<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

460<\/strong>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u201ckh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00f4ng qua lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u2026 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban cho ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu\u201d965<\/sup>. <\/em>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cs\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch tu\u1ef3 ti\u1ec7n, b\u1eaft n\u00f3 t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban cho t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n khai ra nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i\u201d966<\/sup>. Khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi thay v\u00ec thi h\u00e0nh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh thay th\u1ebf Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m cho thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cai tr\u1ecb thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\u201d967<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng hay ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i cho b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi. Khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb n\u00e0y, nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i b\u00e1m s\u00e1t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00faa t\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o\u201d968<\/sup>. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi vinh d\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

III. KH\u1ee6NG HO\u1ea2NG TRONG QUAN H\u1ec6 GI\u1eeeA CON NG\u01af\u1edcI V\u00c0 M\u00d4I TR\u01af\u1edcNG<\/strong><\/p>\n

461<\/strong>. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m tham kh\u1ea3o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em>969<\/sup>. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng khai th\u00e1c \u201cb\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n\u201d970<\/sup> c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i<\/em>. \u201cK\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p mang t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh chinh ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u1ea5n chi\u1ebfm, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hi\u1ec7n nay n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111e do\u1ea1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u00e2n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng: vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m \u2018t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean\u2019 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang \u0111e do\u1ea1 vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m \u2018n\u01a1i \u0103n ch\u1ed1n \u1edf\u2019 c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng do n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111em l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh, n\u00ean \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c nguy k\u1ecbch\u201d971<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

462<\/strong>. Thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 trong tay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nhanh ch\u00f3ng. Quan ni\u1ec7m \u1ea5y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u2013 m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m \u2013 r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. Quan ni\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo l\u0103ng k\u00ednh m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n theo l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 tha ho\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng972<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 do ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 duy k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd chi ph\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea5y<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ee5c ho\u00e1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u01b0 v\u00f4. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

463<\/strong>. Hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng r\u1eb1ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c tu\u1ef3 \u00fd. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hay tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 phong tr\u00e0o sinh th\u00e1i, \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy ch\u1ebf mang t\u00ednh c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o973<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n sinh h\u1ecdc<\/em>, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u201clo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y sinh quy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u00ecn \u2018ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1\u2019 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng nhau\u201d974<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

464<\/strong>. C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00fat n\u00e0o t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd d\u1eabn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf lu\u00f4n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c g\u00e1n cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t. S\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01a1n, l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u0111i t\u1ef1 trong b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129 cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng qu\u00e1 r\u00f5: \u201cch\u00ednh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao v\u0103n ho\u00e1 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o chung quanh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa ban \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, linh \u0111\u1ea1o Bene\u0111ict\u00f4 v\u00e0 Phanxic\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i th\u00e2n m\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o chung quanh, v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi quanh m\u00ecnh\u201d975<\/sup>. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111ang c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n n\u1eefa t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft gi\u1eefa khoa sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1 cao m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 \u201ckhoa sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1 cao con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d976<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

465<\/strong>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>977<\/sup>. \u201cN\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, th\u00ec ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb cho c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e0m \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea9y r\u1eeda, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu gom v\u00e0o th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i ra cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i khoa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 mai sau\u201d978<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

IV. M\u1ed8T TR\u00c1CH NHI\u1ec6M CHUNG<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 <\/strong><\/p>\n

466<\/strong>. Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 chung v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n chung<\/em>979<\/sup>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt hay lo\u00e0i v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c \u2013 nh\u01b0 th\u00fa v\u1eadt, th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u2013 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh, theo nhu c\u1ea7u kinh t\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d980<\/sup>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng sinh th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 mang ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng sinh th\u00e1i n\u00e0y tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1ed1ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 chung do T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t. \u201cTa c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u1eadt m\u1ed7i lo\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y g\u1ecdi ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u2018v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u2019\u201d981<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y mang t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em> tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i \u0111\u00e3 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng Amazon ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00ec c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n cho s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh tinh\u201d982<\/sup>. R\u1eebng<\/em> ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng983<\/sup>. Ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i r\u1eebng qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng do \u00e1c \u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu suy x\u00e9t c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nhanh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sa m\u1ea1c ho\u00e1, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t nguy hi\u1ec3m cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. M\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 di s\u1ea3n r\u1eebng, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n, ph\u1ea3i x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o r\u1eebng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

467<\/strong>. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u2013 di s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u2013 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/em>. \u201cCh\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf t\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi: ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng sau ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d984<\/sup>. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai<\/em>985<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

468<\/strong>. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng tai n\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. \u201cQu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i kh\u00ed quy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 sinh quy\u1ec3n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7\u2026 [v\u00e0] b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m nguy hi\u1ec3m hay nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i\u201d986<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u201cquy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean an to\u00e0n v\u00e0 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh\u201d987<\/sup> \u0111ang d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, do c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan t\u00e2m l\u00e0m sao ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 theo \u01b0\u1edbc nguy\u1ec7n chung mu\u1ed1n tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y ra \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7988<\/sup>. Song song v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

469<\/strong>. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f4i khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau hay qu\u00e1 \u00edt \u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u1ea5y<\/em>. N\u00f3i th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra cho nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng, \u0111\u00f2i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n cho nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p. Bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00e0y g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, v\u00ec \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9o theo ch\u00fat r\u1ee7i ro n\u00e0o. Nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng c\u00e0ng cho th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c minh b\u1ea1ch.<\/p>\n

470<\/strong>. C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi \u201cnhu c\u1ea7u t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 chu k\u1ef3 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean\u201d989<\/sup>, v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>. Nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 khai th\u00e1c thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng t\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay l\u1eabn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai990<\/sup>. Mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i th\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf m\u1ee9c cao, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch dung ho\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n k\u00e8m theo<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong chi ph\u00ed th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf\u201d991<\/sup>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu<\/em>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo d\u00f5i k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7; n\u00f3 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai tham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00e3y c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh992<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh gi\u1eefa ph\u00ed t\u1ed5n b\u1ecf ra v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn thu v\u00e0o<\/em>. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng993<\/sup>. M\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, do vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 v\u0169.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em>994<\/sup>. C\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 cao v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e1 \u0111ang khai th\u00e1c, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n thay th\u1ebf v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao m\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng khoa h\u1ecdc995<\/sup>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng ra ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u00edch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

471<\/strong>. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd, v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>996<\/sup>. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i l\u1edbn lao v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u2013 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hay v\u00ec ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb ho\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao, n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t hay li\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3997<\/sup>, nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi h\u1ecd998<\/sup>. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng999<\/sup>. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c n\u00e0y cho ta m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t quen thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ea5y l\u00e2u nay1000<\/sup>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u0103c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n di s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111ang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 khai sinh ra h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

b. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

472<\/strong>. Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a khoa c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u0103n nu\u00f4i gia s\u00fac, y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi do c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc di truy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh mang l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n v\u1eeba \u0111em l\u1ea1i hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi v\u1eeba g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 do ch\u00fang g\u00e2y ra cho s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang tr\u00ean m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn g\u1eaft gao. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c. C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1edd \u01a1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u00e2m nguy1001<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

473<\/strong>. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u1ec1 tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/em>1002<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i thi\u00eang li\u00eang hay th\u1ea7n linh m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 ban cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sai tr\u00e1i khi ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m hay t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang do l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1, v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt hay m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n, c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0o gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ca ng\u1ee3i. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc di truy\u1ec1n sao cho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em>: c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cho \u0111\u00fang nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch th\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i r\u1ee7i ro. M\u1ed7i khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u1eb9 d\u1ea1 hay v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

474<\/strong>. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00fang theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb1003<\/sup>. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi<\/em>. C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ho\u00e1 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u1ea5y. Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o sai l\u1ea7m khi tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean h\u00e0nh tinh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

475<\/strong>. Trong tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi<\/em>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng<\/em>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 hay s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u00fat g\u1ecdn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. C\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t huy s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 <\/em>v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

476<\/strong>. Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb<\/em>. Trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y, c\u1ea7n gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang v\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i \u00edch, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, n\u00ean th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng \u00edch b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c r\u1ee7i ro m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

477<\/strong>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e3y l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 ki\u00ean tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb<\/em>. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u2013 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 tri v\u00f4 gi\u00e1c \u2013 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu, \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1 ban cho v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c cho tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 t\u1eeb tr\u1eddi cao ban t\u1eb7ng. Ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1ea5y \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 trung th\u1ef1c1004<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

478<\/strong>. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0m ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1edbi l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch n\u1eefa<\/em>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00fang cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, tr\u1edf n\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c cung c\u1ea5p l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c, thu\u1ed1c men, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ea7y h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o h\u01a1n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i l\u00e0 gia s\u1ea3n chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

479<\/strong>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc<\/em>. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng ai mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c gia hay qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i. Ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n

480<\/strong>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan<\/em>. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi h\u1ecd, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u1ea5y. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o c\u01a1n c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed5i ph\u1ed3ng l\u00ean do qu\u00e1 b\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9t hay do h\u1ed1t ho\u1ea3ng v\u00f4 c\u1edb.<\/p>\n

c. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i <\/strong><\/p>\n

481<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan. Ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i<\/em>. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00edch tr\u1eef c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean: tham lam, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh1005<\/sup>. C\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 mang chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng qua s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

482<\/strong>. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 bi \u0111\u00e1t, m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/em>. Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ang b\u1ecb x\u00f3i m\u00f2n v\u00e0 b\u1ecb sa m\u1ea1c ho\u00e1, ho\u1eb7c \u0111ang b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang hay b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u00e1ch nh\u1eadp c\u01b0, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean tai kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o \u1ea5y \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c khu ngo\u1ea1i \u00f4 b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn, trong c\u00e1c n\u01a1i \u1edf t\u1ea1m hay trong c\u00e1c khu chung c\u01b0 to l\u1edbn (khu nh\u00e0 \u1ed5 chu\u1ed9t, khu ph\u1ed1 th\u00f9ng thi\u1ebfc, khu nh\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o b\u1ecb an ninh theo d\u00f5i, khu favelas) g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u0103n nh\u00e0 \u0111ang xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng an to\u00e0n. M\u1ed7i khi c\u1ea7n t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu h\u1ebft \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111au kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea7n cho h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u01a1i \u0103n \u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb li\u00ean lu\u1ef5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu thua thi\u1ec7t do nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia khan hi\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i g\u00e2y th\u00eam bi \u0111\u00e1t. Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu th\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c c\u1eadt l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

483<\/strong>. Gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m chi\u00eau b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. T\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111ang c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u201cgi\u1ea3m s\u00fat t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 sinh s\u1ea3n, g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 tu\u1ed5i trung b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh h\u1ecdc\u201d1006<\/sup>. \u1ede nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c, v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u1ebd g\u00e2y c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi1007<\/sup>. H\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ai ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ed7i khi b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch d\u00e2n s\u1ed1, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 theo d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u2019. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0o x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi danh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n\u201d1008<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

484<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Kinh coi l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thanh t\u1ea9y <\/em>(x. Tv 51,4; Ga 13,8) v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng <\/em>(x. Ga 3,5; Gl 3,27). <\/em>\u201cL\u00e0 \u01a1n Ch\u00faa ban, n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n t\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d1009<\/sup>. Tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn an sinh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, \u0111au kh\u1ed5, xung \u0111\u1ed9t, ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 <\/strong>c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, \u201cc\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eadp ra nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c tr\u00ean gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1010<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

485<\/strong>. T\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n, v\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng. D\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho khu v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng. Quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>1011<\/sup>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n theo \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o m\u00e0 coi n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng an to\u00e0n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

d. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi <\/strong><\/p>\n

486<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f2i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi<\/em>1012<\/sup>; \u201ctheo nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n, thi\u1ec7n, m\u1ef9 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edch s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng, ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0\u201d1013<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh thanh \u0111\u1ea1m, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eb9p b\u1ecf c\u00e1i logic ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i s\u1ebd g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhi\u1ec1u nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 sinh th\u00e1i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3m ho\u1ea1 \u1ea5y x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh th\u1ed51014<\/sup>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng mang l\u1ea1i; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nhau tr\u00ean ph\u1ea1m vi to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

487<\/strong>. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho l\u1ed1i x\u1eed s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 bi\u1ebft \u01a1n v\u00e0 qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng; th\u1eadt v\u1eady, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o<\/em>. N\u1ebfu g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ra, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ta b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m <\/em>c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y s\u1ebd m\u1edf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u00e0y t\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, an b\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u01af\u1edcI M\u1ed8T <\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ed4 V\u0168 HO\u00c0 B\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

I. C\u00c1C KH\u00cdA C\u1ea0NH TH\u00c1NH KINH<\/strong><\/p>\n

488<\/strong>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi l\u00e0 \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>: \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an\u201d (Tp 6,24). Th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o \u2013 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh vinh quang Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p (x. St 1,4,10.18.21.25.31). Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u1ed9t quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh (x. St 17,1). V\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh do m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, n\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb (x. St 4,1-16) v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (x. St 11,1-9). Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi nhau; n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. 1 Bn 22,8-9).<\/p>\n

489<\/strong>. Theo m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i Th\u00e1nh Kinh, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfn tranh; ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u00f3i l\u00ean cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng sung m\u00e3n <\/em>(x. Mch 2,5). Thay v\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng lao c\u1ee7a b\u00e0n tay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa ban cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh Ch\u00faa ban cho d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i: \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa \u0111o\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 ban cho c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an\u201d (Ds 6,26). Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac (x. Is 48,19), an vui (x. Is 48,18), th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng (x. Is 54,13), h\u1ebft lo s\u1ee3 (x. Lv 26,6) v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui s\u00e2u xa (x. Tv 12,20).<\/p>\n

490<\/strong>. Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 trong vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia: khi m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1n Ch\u00faa, Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd d\u1ea1y h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i b\u00ecnh an \u1ea5y <\/em>(x. Is 2,2-5). M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh bao tr\u00f9m l\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia (x. Is 11,6-9); ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cTh\u00e1i T\u1eed ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d (Is 9,5). N\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u00f3 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u1ea5y d\u00f9 ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa lo s\u1ee3 n\u1eefa (x. Zc 3,13). Ch\u00ednh l\u00fac \u1ea5y, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng: khi nh\u00e0 vua \u0111\u00e3 cai tr\u1ecb theo c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa th\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ebd n\u1edf hoa v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh s\u1ebd lan tr\u00e0n \u201ccho t\u1edbi khi m\u1eb7t tr\u0103ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa\u201d (Tv 72,7). Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111em ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn cho d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i: \u201cNg\u00e0i s\u1ebd n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi d\u00e2n m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u00e3 quay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i t\u1ef1 trong l\u00f2ng\u201d (Tv 85,9). Khi l\u1eafng nghe nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Th\u00e1nh V\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e3 nghe \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u201cT\u00edn ngh\u0129a \u00e2n t\u00ecnh nay h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd giao duy\u00ean\u201d (Tv 85,11).<\/p>\n

491<\/strong>. L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u1ea3i d\u00e0i su\u1ed1t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh tr\u00ean h\u1ebft <\/em>c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia, trong \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u01a1n \u00edch kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. T\u1eeb \u201cshalom<\/em>\u201d (ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh) trong ti\u1ebfng Hipri \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u1ea5y v\u00ec t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1eef n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201csung m\u00e3n<\/em>\u201d (x. Is 9,5tt; Mch 5,1-4). V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh (x. G 25,2; Tv 29,11; 37,11; 72,3.7; 85,9.11; 119; 125,5; 128,6; 147,14; Dc 8,10; Is 26,3.12; 32,17tt; 52,7; 54,10; 57,19; 60,17; 66,12; Ag 2,9; Zc 9,10\u2026). \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00ecnh an c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d (Ep 2,14). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch chia r\u1ebd d\u00e2n ch\u00fang khi ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i h\u1ecd v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa (x. Ep 2,14-16). V\u1edbi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 s\u00e2u xa khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd b\u1eaft tay t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Cha v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1ea5y mang l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7. Trong b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n chia tay \u1ea5y, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u01a0n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng tr\u00ean ch\u00fac th\u01b0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: \u201cTh\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i b\u00ecnh an cho anh em; Th\u1ea7y ban b\u00ecnh an c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7y cho anh em; Th\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ban nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf gian ban t\u1eb7ng anh em\u201d (Ga 14,27). Khi s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i kh\u00e1c: m\u1ed7i khi g\u1eb7p c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u ban cho h\u1ecd l\u1eddi ch\u00e0o v\u00e0 \u01a1n b\u00ecnh an: \u201cCh\u00fac anh em b\u00ecnh an\u201d (Lc 24,36; Ga 20,19.21.26).<\/p>\n

492<\/strong>. Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Cha, s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ho\u00e0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 do th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 u\u1ef7 th\u00e1c cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi l\u1eddi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u00ecnh an<\/em>: \u201cV\u00e0o nh\u00e0 n\u00e0o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean anh em h\u00e3y n\u00f3i \u2018b\u00ecnh an cho nh\u00e0 n\u00e0y\u2019\u201d (Lc 10,5; x. Rm 17). Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 l\u00e0m ho\u00e0 v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em<\/em>, v\u00ec trong kinh \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta \u2013 Kinh L\u1ea1y Cha \u2013 \u01a1n tha th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7u xin n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m cho anh ch\u1ecb em m\u00ecnh: \u201cXin tha n\u1ee3 ch\u00fang con nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang con c\u0169ng tha k\u1ebb m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 ch\u00fang con\u201d (Mt 6,12). Qua s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i hai h\u01b0\u1edbng \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong T\u00e1m M\u1ed1i Ph\u00fac Th\u1eadt: \u201cPh\u00fac cho ai x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00ec h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d (Mt 5,9).<\/p>\n

493<\/strong>. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng, v\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201cTin M\u1eebng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d <\/em>(Cv 10,36; x. Ep 6,15) cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u201cTin M\u1eebng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d (Ep 6,15) n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m th\u1eadp gi\u00e1, v\u00ec ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb hy t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 (x. Is 53,5). \u201cH\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m cho ta n\u00ean tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n; v\u00e0 nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng roi v\u1ecdt \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1eadp l\u00ean Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh\u201d. \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i chia r\u1ebd, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1edd th\u1eadp gi\u00e1, v\u00e0 \u201cdo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch\u201d (Ep 2,16) v\u00e0 \u0111em \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ph\u1ee5c Sinh \u0111\u1ebfn cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

II. HO\u00c0 B\u00ccNH: K\u1ebeT QU\u1ea2 C\u1ee6A C\u00d4NG L\u00dd V\u00c0 B\u00c1C \u00c1I<\/strong><\/p>\n

494<\/strong>. Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb1015<\/sup> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi1016<\/sup> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u201cl\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o t\u1ed1i cao\u201d1017<\/sup>. Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p xu\u1ed1ng t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch nhau c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c1018<\/sup>; m\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang con ng\u01b0\u1eddi1019<\/sup> v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd<\/em>1020<\/sup>, (x. Is 32,17) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay khi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 khi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u00edch. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t huy c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em>. \u201cHo\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, v\u00ec vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n hay nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra. C\u00f2n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d1022<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

495<\/strong>. Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n1023<\/sup> v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 th\u0103ng hoa khi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ai ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>1024<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0103n s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho t\u1edbi khi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec1u tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f31025<\/sup>. Trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n tinh th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y n\u1edf1026<\/sup>, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng khao kh\u00e1t m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n\u201d1027<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5m no c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhau nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d1028<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

496<\/strong>. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng<\/em>. V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cb\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u00f4 h\u00e0o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, t\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1029<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng hay b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf nh\u1ea1o<\/em>1030<\/sup>. \u201cNh\u1eefng ai t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m nh\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i theo Tin M\u1eebng, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 minh ch\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u201d1031<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

III. CHI\u1ebeN TRANH: M\u1ed8T S\u1ef0 TH\u1ea4T B\u1ea0I C\u1ee6A HO\u00c0 B\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

497<\/strong>. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n l\u00ean \u00e1n \u201cs\u1ef1 man r\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d1032<\/sup> v\u00e0 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t chi\u1ebfn tranh theo m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi<\/em>1033<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u201ch\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn tranh nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d1034<\/sup>. Chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cm\u1ed1i ho\u1ea1\u201d1035<\/sup> v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0<\/em>\u201d ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng1036<\/sup>, v\u00ec chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u1edbi c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n1037<\/sup>. Khi chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u201ccu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u201d1038<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t \u201ccu\u1ed9c ra \u0111i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ng\u00e0y v\u1ec1\u201d1039<\/sup>, l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 t\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u201cHo\u00e0 b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, nh\u01b0ng chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3<\/em>\u201d1040<\/sup>. Thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang g\u00e2y ra kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i tinh th\u1ea7n1041<\/sup>. R\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh\u201d1042<\/sup>, \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1043<\/sup>: \u201c\u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd d\u00e2n n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n kia n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd n\u1eefa!\u2026 \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1eebng c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u1eefa!\u201d1044<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

498<\/strong>. Hi\u1ec7n nay, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn tranh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111ang tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p thi\u1ebft v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng<\/em>, v\u00ec \u201cs\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t \u2013 m\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1eeba v\u00e0 nh\u1ecf c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u2013 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n hay h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d1045<\/sup>. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn \u1ea5y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i v\u00e0 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t, \u0111\u00f2i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p s\u00e2u th\u00ec m\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u201cV\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh mang m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>. N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00ec c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n\u201d1046<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

499<\/strong>. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 khu v\u1ef1c<\/em>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, t\u00e1i l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh phi l\u00fd1047<\/sup>. \u201cCh\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng\u2026 r\u1eb1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 chung b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh chung \u1ea5y l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 ra trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i \u00edch\u201d1048<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

a. S\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n

500<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u phi lu\u00e2n. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ed5 ra, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c<\/em>1049<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cs\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i do n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e2m l\u0103ng g\u00e2y ra cho qu\u1ed1c gia hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn; ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft chi\u1ebfn tranh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3; ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac; vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n t\u1ed9i \u00e1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ed7i khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u201cchi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y h\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d1050<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, th\u00ec c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u1eabn c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m h\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u201cb\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d1051<\/sup>. C\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n; nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00ean m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. C\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m l\u1ef1c chi\u1ebfn tranh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1. C\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee9 th\u1ea5y chi\u1ebfn tranh b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean l\u00e2m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ngang nhau\u201d1052<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

501<\/strong>. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh t\u1eeb th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kh\u1ecfi tai ho\u1ea1 chi\u1ebfn tranh, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m chung kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0169 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p do H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ea3o an \u0111\u01b0a ra trong ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m g\u00ecn gi\u1eef ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. <\/em>Nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, khi thi h\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u201cnh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng<\/em>\u201d1053<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, v\u1edbi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 cho n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u1ea5y cho ph\u00e9p x\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong khu v\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u nay v\u1eabn d\u00e0nh cho qu\u1ed1c gia \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

b. B\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh <\/strong><\/p>\n

502<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang, nh\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng ai b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 an ninh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia theo tinh th\u1ea7n \u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>1054<\/sup>. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00e3y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 hy sinh t\u00ednh m\u1ea1ng v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111a qu\u1ed1c gia cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o hay g\u00ecn gi\u1eef ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh do Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng1055<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

503<\/strong>. M\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0169 trang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y<\/em>1056<\/sup>. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y c\u1edb t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu tham gia thi h\u00e0nh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c, v\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c thay th\u1ebf<\/em>. \u201cXem ra r\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 d\u1ef1 tr\u00f9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu c\u1ea7m v\u0169 kh\u00ed, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d1057<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i <\/strong><\/p>\n

504<\/strong>. Quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em>. Trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n nay, th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n ra trong ph\u1ea1m vi qu\u1ed1c gia, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t hay b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, h\u1ecd c\u00f2n b\u1ecb s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t t\u00e0n nh\u1eabn hay b\u1ecb tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd do b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p di t\u1ea3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i \u201cthanh l\u1ecdc ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c\u201d1058<\/sup>, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bi \u0111\u00e1t \u1ea5y, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao cho vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn tay c\u00e1c d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3; ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u00edch l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham gia xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

505<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/em>. \u201cVi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t hay b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n danh nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ebd ra kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t cao h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hi\u1ec7n nay, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n kh\u00f4ng cho t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng\u201d1059<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n<\/em>, do chi\u1ebfn tranh bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i h\u1ecd sinh s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u0103m s\u00f3c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd: \u201cQuan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u\u201d1060<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

506<\/strong>. T\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 qu\u1ed1c gia, ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i; nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng l\u00fd<\/em>1061<\/sup>. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111\u00e3 in \u0111\u1eadm d\u1ea5u t\u00edch bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng kh\u00e1c nhau: t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Arm\u00eani \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ukraina, t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cambodia \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1i ch\u00e2u Phi v\u00e0 b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o Balkan. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3, n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i: \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng \u2018shoah\u2019 (t\u00e0n s\u00e1t) \u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00eam t\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d1062<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u00f3i chung c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p cho c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u1ea5y, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e do\u1ea1 hay v\u00ec c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111ang b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/em>. L\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1edd \u01a1; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ecf ra v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u, \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00ed gi\u1edbi k\u1ebb x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d1063<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia ra l\u00e0m c\u1edb ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p \u1ea5y nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i1064<\/sup>. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u00f3 To\u00e0 \u00e1n H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c x\u00e2m l\u01b0\u1ee3c. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean c\u1ed5 v\u0169 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y khi c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp1065<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

d. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111e do\u1ea1 n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh <\/strong><\/p>\n

507<\/strong>. D\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay quy \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i nh\u1eb1m s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 s\u1ed1ng chung ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n ch\u00fang<\/em>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan do c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1edf ra cho c\u00e1c b\u00ean c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i \u1ea5y l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c<\/em>: kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m cho c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ea3i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i \u1ea5y. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng sau khi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t<\/em>1066<\/sup>. C\u1ea5m v\u1eadn kinh t\u1ebf <\/em>l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong th\u1eddi gian c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng khi g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i b\u1eeba b\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

e. Gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n

508<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u201cgi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, c\u00f3 c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t\u201d1067<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng v\u0169 kh\u00ed m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kinh kh\u1ee7ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111e do\u1ea1 l\u1edbn cho s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 \u2013 theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f2ng th\u1ee7 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia mua v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p v\u0169 kh\u00ed<\/em>1068<\/sup>. B\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 s\u1ef1 t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng hay mua b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y theo nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, mua b\u00e1n v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hay trong n\u01b0\u1edbc1069<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u0103n \u0111e <\/em>v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u201cVi\u1ec7c t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef v\u0169 kh\u00ed <\/em>c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p d\u00f9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 r\u0103n \u0111e c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng kh\u1ecfi g\u00e2y chi\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p r\u0103n \u0111e n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang <\/em>kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Thay v\u00ec lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y n\u00ean chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam\u201d1070<\/sup>. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch r\u0103n \u0111e h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Chi\u1ebfn Tranh L\u1ea1nh, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u b\u00ean.<\/p>\n

509<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c hu\u1ef7 di\u1ec7t h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t \u2013 b\u1eb1ng sinh h\u1ecdc, ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc hay h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n \u2013 \u0111ang l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. Nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang s\u1edf h\u1eefu nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/em>1071<\/sup>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e0ng s\u1edbm c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf1072<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, s\u1ea3n su\u1ea5t, t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ti\u00eau hu\u1ef7 ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac th\u00eam v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eb1m b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y1073<\/sup>, v\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng khai l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang: \u201cB\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh vi chi\u1ebfn tranh n\u00e0o nh\u1eafm ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi d\u00e2n c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u00e0 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft\u201d1074<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

510<\/strong>. Gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb qu\u00e2n b\u1ecb c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed g\u00e2y th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00ecn s\u00e1t th\u01b0\u01a1ng, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed tuy nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c phi nh\u00e2n v\u00ec n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t l\u00e2u sau khi k\u1ebft th\u00fac cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn<\/em>. C\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh tr\u00ec ho\u00e3n vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf h\u1eb3n c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y1075<\/sup>. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 cam k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 m\u00ecn<\/em>, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u2013 k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u2013 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00e1o g\u1ee1 m\u00ecn tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecn.<\/p>\n

511<\/strong>. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n, nh\u1eadp kh\u1ea9u v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9, c\u00e1c qu\u00e2n kh\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i \u0111e do\u1ea1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh: nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 hay trong khu v\u1ef1c; t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng r\u1ee7i ro c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n. C\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1ng n\u1eb7ng tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd hay r\u1ea5t hi\u1ebfm khi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 nh\u1eb9, \u0111\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n kh\u1ea9n tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, t\u00e0ng tr\u1eef, mua b\u00e1n v\u00e0 bu\u00f4n l\u1eadu c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y1076<\/sup>, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u0169 kh\u00ed, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

512<\/strong>. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ebb em v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean l\u00e0m l\u00ednh trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 v\u0169 trang \u2013 b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 tu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng \u2013 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n<\/em>. B\u1ecb b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c tham gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u hay t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung th\u1ee9. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ngay vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00ednh tr\u1ebb em trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng tr\u1ebb em \u0111ang tham gia chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u1ea5y1077<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

f. L\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 <\/strong><\/p>\n

513<\/strong>. Kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u00e0n \u00e1c nh\u1ea5t g\u00e2y kinh ho\u00e0ng cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay; n\u00f3 gieo th\u00f9 h\u1eadn, ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4i th\u00fac b\u00e1o th\u00f9 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u0169a<\/em>1078<\/sup>. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1edd \u00e1m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u k\u1ebft ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 tinh vi, n\u1eafm trong tay ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 v\u0129 m\u00f4, \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n t\u00ecnh c\u1edd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed11079<\/sup>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i sinh ho\u1ea1t h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng khai. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng trong b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfm x\u1ec9a g\u00ec t\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt, m\u00e0 theo \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n lu\u1eadt nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf; \u201cnhi\u1ec1u khi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh\u201d1080<\/sup>. Ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c y\u00eau s\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n gi\u00fap ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh hay ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

514<\/strong>. Ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. Ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khinh r\u1ebb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n<\/em>. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m t\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: \u201cb\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/em>\u201d1081<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o, v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 trong s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb theo lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p1082<\/sup>. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh phe c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i, v\u00ec tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u00e1n gh\u00e9p r\u1ed9ng ra cho t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, qu\u1ed1c gia hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u1edf c\u1ea5p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ea7n, song song v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u1ea9n \u0111\u1eb1ng sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 \u1ea5y<\/em>\u201d1083<\/sup>. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 cam k\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u201ctr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c<\/em>\u201d1084<\/sup> l\u00e0 s\u1ebd can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p bi \u0111\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1: \u201cth\u1eadt v\u1eady, c\u00e1c k\u1ebb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9 h\u01a1n \u1edf n\u01a1i n\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i b\u1ecb ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 l\u00e2u\u201d1085<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

515<\/strong>. Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00e1ng b\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng khi t\u1ef1 x\u01b0ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 k\u1ebb kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n danh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>1086<\/sup>. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c do m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cho l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh n\u1eafm gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa thay v\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1ea5y n\u1eafm gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh. N\u1ebfu g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft do th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d l\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3p m\u00e9o kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n danh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 s\u00e1t h\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o dung t\u00fang s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1, v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u00f4 h\u00e0o kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1<\/em>1087<\/sup>. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh t\u00ecnh h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c1088<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

IV. \u0110\u00d3NG G\u00d3P C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I V\u00c0O HO\u00c0 B\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

516<\/strong>. C\u1ed5 v\u0169 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian<\/em>. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u00ed t\u00edch, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d1089<\/sup>. C\u1ed5 v\u0169 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Ga 14,27). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin \u1ea5y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1edbi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi xung \u0111\u1ed9t; n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c1090<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf1091<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

517<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tha th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i<\/em>1092<\/sup>. Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 tha th\u1ee9 ch\u00fat n\u00e0o khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u00ec b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u201cc\u00f9ng c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 \u0111au\u201d1093<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111au th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ea5y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1c l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt khi m\u1ecdi b\u00ean bi\u1ebft can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt suy ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi n\u01a1i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh l\u1ecdc nh\u1edd s\u00e1m h\u1ed1i \u0103n n\u0103n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u2013 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 khi bi\u1ebft tha th\u1ee9 cho nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a nhau; v\u1eabn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c1094<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

518<\/strong>. Tha th\u1ee9 cho nhau kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i<\/em>. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, r\u1ea5t th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng khi \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn nh\u1eb1m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan ph\u00e1p l\u00fd qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i th\u1ea9m chung v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c t\u1ed1 t\u1ee5ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c bi\u1ebft t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u0169 trang1095<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nhau, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed9i \u00e1c, c\u1ea3 do c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh l\u1eabn do thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f2i b\u1ed3i th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i1096<\/sup>. Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0\u1eddng \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d1097<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

519<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t tr\u1eadn ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh<\/em>. V\u00ec c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n gi\u00fap m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 s\u00e2u xa v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng, qu\u00fd tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng1098<\/sup>. C\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp th\u00eam s\u1ef1 can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u201cnh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d1099<\/sup>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 h\u1ecd sinh s\u1ed1ng. Kinh nguy\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec9nh cao m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i k\u00edn m\u00fac s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh\u201d1100<\/sup>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3, \u201cngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu\u201d1101<\/sup>, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u1ea1n cho m\u1ecdi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef11102<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

520<\/strong>. Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh <\/em>l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd ph\u00fat t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh \u201cnh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong n\u0103m D\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1ecbch\u201d1103<\/sup>. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng d\u1ecbp \u1ea5y l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. \u201cHo\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hy sinh, l\u00f2ng khoan dung, l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1104<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N BA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201cTheo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1n h\u1ebft th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d <\/em>(Centesimus Annus, 57).<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG M\u01af\u1edcI HAI<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I <\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00c0 HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I <\/strong><\/p>\n

I. HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG M\u1ee4C V\u1ee4 TRONG L\u0128NH V\u1ef0C X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u0103n ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng tin<\/strong><\/p>\n

521<\/strong>. <\/strong>Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 canh t\u00e2n nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i 1105<\/sup>, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i qua vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng<\/em>1106<\/sup>. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o ra \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng nh\u00e2n sinh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp<\/em> (corpus) c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gi\u00fap Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1ea5y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan\u201d1107<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum <\/em>(T\u00e2n S\u1ef1) \u201c\u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2018\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n\u2019 nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eabn t\u1eebng l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n\u201d1108<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

522<\/strong>. <\/strong>Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Khoa nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean thu\u1ef7, l\u00e0m to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u201cnh\u1eefng hoa qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n\u201d (Rm 8,23)1109<\/sup>, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cc\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d (x. Rm 8,1-11). Qua Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u201cb\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ph\u1ea7n gia nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u201d (Ep 1,14), to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c\u201d. Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n \u00edch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

523<\/strong>. <\/strong>Nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u0103n ho\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng tin, m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u1ef1 b\u00ean trong \u2013 nh\u1edd s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng \u2013 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1ea9n b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng h\u1ecd \u0111ang r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n theo \u0111\u00f3<\/em>. \u201cV\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng\u201d1110<\/sup>. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 r\u1ea1n n\u1ee9t gi\u1eefa Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1, do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn qu\u00e1 tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u201d1111<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u201cm\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3<\/em> trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi<\/em> trong s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d1112<\/sup>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00ecn m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y: \u201cC\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u2018t\u00e2n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1\u2019, m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay,\u2026 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d1113<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

524<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch soi s\u00e1ng, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 sinh ho\u1ea1t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng l\u00e0 loan b\u00e1o s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb trong s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qua nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00e0 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin soi d\u1eabn cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0: \u201ccu\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft m\u1edf l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh ra cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4\u201d1114<\/sup>. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

525<\/strong>. S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hai chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eeba gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecd s\u1ebd \u0111i theo, v\u1eeba kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho Tin M\u1eebng v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t<\/em> \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>. \u201cNg\u00e0y nay, h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft, L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e8m theo b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 anh ch\u1ecb em m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e1m \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea3 sinh m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d1115<\/sup>. Nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng m\u1edbi m\u1ebb (t\u00e2n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1) gi\u00fap Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u201cng\u00e0y nay, h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft,\u2026 s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn nhi\u1ec7m mau ch\u00f3ng h\u01a1n nh\u1edd v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y\u201d1116<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

526<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tin M\u1eebng, \u0111\u01b0a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0o trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/em>. T\u00e2n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng n\u00e0y: Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4. S\u1ef1 loan b\u00e1o n\u00e0y m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong vi\u1ec7c loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng, chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng duy nh\u1ea5t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, d\u00f9 s\u1edbm hay mu\u1ed9n, \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1nh chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o1117<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

527<\/strong>. Tr\u00ean h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng<\/em> cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho ph\u00e9p ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u1ebfu t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec71118<\/sup>. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m<\/em>1119<\/sup>. Nhu c\u1ea7u th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00fac b\u00e1ch c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do1120<\/sup>. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m sao cho vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y. Theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c trong Tin M\u1eebng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n v\u00f4 t\u1eadn cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

c. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/strong><\/p>\n

528<\/strong>. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tham kh\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu bi\u1ebft h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. <\/em>Khi <\/em>nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o; \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n\u2026 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d1121<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd do \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i khi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec di s\u1ea3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

529<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd<\/em>1122<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eb1m d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n Tin M\u1eebng1123<\/sup>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u201cl\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4\u201d1124<\/sup>. Theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng ban t\u1eb7ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f41125<\/sup>. Nh\u00ecn theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ee9c tin, khoa gi\u00e1o l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua <\/em>m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u201cl\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n cho m\u00ecnh, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 huynh \u0111\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d1126<\/sup>. Mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc ch\u00fang trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, h\u1ea7u l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

530<\/strong>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4i th\u00fac ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n.<\/em> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, qua h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0m h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00fap n\u00f3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, x\u00e9t tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau m\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cs\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, bi\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d1127<\/sup>. Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u201c\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n<\/em> to\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00edt khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y, l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 trung t\u00edn v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt Ch\u00faa, d\u00f9 trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t\u201d1128<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

531<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. <\/em>\u201cNhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t tinh th\u1ea7n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129, t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ed1ng\u201d1129<\/sup>. C\u1ea5p b\u1eadc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0 h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd t\u0103ng th\u00eam \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch1130<\/sup>. C\u1ea5p b\u1eadc th\u1ee9 hai<\/em> li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u201cNh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7t t\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, bi\u1ebft qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec7n nghi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d1131<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

532<\/strong>. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cao qu\u00fd, khi t\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho vi\u1ec7c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 cho cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. <\/em>H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u201cTu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n lu\u00f4n khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o<\/em>. Ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cao cho tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n l\u1ec5<\/em> n\u00e0y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng<\/em> d\u1ecbp nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/em> trong vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

533<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i trau d\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng. <\/em>B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t h\u00e0nh t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c<\/em>1132<\/sup>, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

d. Khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i <\/strong><\/p>\n

534<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. <\/em>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 v\u00e0 vun tr\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u theo c\u00e1c c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng phong ph\u00fa.<\/p>\n

535<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 cho \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft.<\/em> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quy m\u00f4 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay, nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i k\u00e9m v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, n\u1ea1n m\u00f9 ch\u1eef, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 \u1edf. S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111a di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 anh ch\u1ecb em trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

536<\/strong>. Nh\u1edd c\u00f3 chung truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi anh ch\u1ecb em Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111em l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa duy nh\u1ea5t. <\/em>Di s\u1ea3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang chung n\u00e0y nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u1eabn nhau1133<\/sup>, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c khai tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m.<\/em><\/p>\n

537<\/strong>.H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi <\/em>\u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t. T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u00f9ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi1134<\/sup>. Trong tinh th\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ea1i Assisi<\/em>1135<\/sup>, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chia s\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

e<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

538<\/strong>.To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. <\/em>V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean tu\u1ef3 theo n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho Tin M\u1eebng (x. 1 Cr 9,16), trong s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng \u201cho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu\u201d1136<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> n\u00e0y<\/em> v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong \u201cho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m cho gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n\u201d1137<\/sup>. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i hay c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho \u201cm\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m\u201d 1138<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

539<\/strong>.Trong m\u1ed7i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i <\/strong>ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 Ph\u00fac \u00c2m ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, <\/em>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, nam n\u1eef tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ed5 v\u0169 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 cai qu\u1ea3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. <\/em>Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, linh m\u1ee5c n\u00ean ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3i, linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00fap t\u00edn h\u1eefu s\u1ed1ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. Linh m\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong ph\u1ea1m vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Linh m\u1ee5c n\u00e0o thi h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean lo vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

540<\/strong>.C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng <\/strong>bao g\u1ed3m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c <\/strong>th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn tu\u1ef3 theo \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n s\u00e1ng ng\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh r\u1ea5t ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh.<\/em> \u00c2n hu\u1ec7 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 nam n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ti\u00ean tri cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. T\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111ang t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch h\u00f4 h\u00e0o. Trong tinh th\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft t\u1ecbnh, kh\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua kinh nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1edd kinh nguy\u1ec7n, h\u1ecd chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u xin Ch\u00faa m\u1edf l\u00f2ng cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0m n\u00ean nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hy t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

II. H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 D\u1ea4N TH\u00c2N C\u1ee6A T\u00cdN H\u1eeeU GI\u00c1O D\u00c2N<\/strong><\/p>\n

a<\/strong>. T\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n

541<\/strong>.\u0110\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong v\u01b0\u1eddn nho c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa (x. Mt 20,1-16), l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf trong nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c n\u01a1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf. <\/em>\u201cNhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa qua vi\u1ec7c g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea7n gian v\u00e0 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang theo th\u00e1nh \u00fd Ch\u00faa\u201d1139<\/sup>. Qua b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh T\u1ea9y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u201cT\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u2018gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n\u2019 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tu tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn. Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu, qua b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh T\u1ea9y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ri\u00eang, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 t\u01b0 t\u1ebf, ti\u00ean tri v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n d\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d1140<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

542<\/strong>.B\u1ea3n s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi b\u00ed t\u00edch <\/em>Th\u00e1nh T\u1ea9y, <\/em>Th\u00eam S\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3. B\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh T\u1ea9y l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Th\u1ebf. B\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00eam S\u1ee9c l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00ean gi\u1ed1ng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ban s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 cho t\u1eebng h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 qua vi\u1ec7c tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0o Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o hy t\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn cho Ch\u00faa Cha, b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u00e2n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em> Kit\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qua nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o n\u01a1i h\u1ecd, ghi d\u1ea5u n\u01a1i h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, Con c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n linh n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh ra \u201cmunus\u201d (\u00e2n hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng tr\u00e1ch) ba m\u1eb7t, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, l\u00e0 ti\u00ean tri, t\u01b0 t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u1ea3,<\/em> ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

543<\/strong>.B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tin M\u1eebng b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u trong \u0110\u1ee9c<\/em> Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng qua nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf<\/em> nh\u01b0 <\/em>gia \u0111\u00ecnh; s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u; vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf \u2013 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u2013 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i theo Tin M\u1eebng. \u201c\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc n\u1eefa\u201d1141<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

544<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 Ch\u00faa ban, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh1142<\/sup>. <\/em>\u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng khung trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. L\u1ea5y vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1nh chung l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c sinh ho\u1ea1t cao v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf l\u1edbn h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u00fang c\u00f2n k\u00e9m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng mai h\u1eadu, \u201cb\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf; tuy s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d1143<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b<\/strong>. Linh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n <\/strong><\/p>\n

545<\/strong>. T\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi vun tr\u1ed3ng linh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i sinh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1nh ho\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00ecm trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. <\/em>M\u1ed9t linh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi theo Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn xa h\u01a1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh ra kh\u1ecfi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng vun \u0111\u1eafp m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng xa c\u00e1ch anh ch\u1ecb em m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 y\u00eau nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa y\u00eau. Linh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy linh s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm<\/em> v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u00e0 manh m\u00fan. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t linh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u201cth\u00e1nh ho\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, t\u1ef1 b\u00ean trong nh\u01b0 men trong b\u1ed9t, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chu to\u00e0n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u2026 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d1144<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

546<\/strong>.T\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o trong vi\u1ec7c chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/em> Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 trau d\u1ed3i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u2026 V\u00ec v\u1eady, trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 hai cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9 song song v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u2018t\u00e2m linh\u2019 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u2018th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c\u2019, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 trong v\u0103n ho\u00e1\u201d1145<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean k\u1ebft ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/em>: <\/em>Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu; vi\u1ec7c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5; kinh nguy\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u00e2m linh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc; vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

c<\/strong>. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng<\/strong><\/p>\n

547<\/strong>. T\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u1ea7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh l\u00e0m cho ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/em> Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra ba th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t khi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf <\/em>v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh, g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00fac h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y trong suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 tham v\u1ea5n<\/em>, qua \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm t\u00f2i. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1<\/em> khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ea7n x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

548<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi \u00f3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m. <\/em>\u00dd ki\u1ebfn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn coi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ngang h\u00e0ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o s\u1eafc s\u1ea3o, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng toan t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u1ef1 tin ho\u1eb7c v\u1edbi t\u00ednh nh\u00fat nh\u00e1t hay thi\u1ebfu d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i theo v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 can \u0111\u1ea3m<\/em> v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o<\/em> cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh thi\u1ec7n \u00edch nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh thi\u1ec7n \u00edch \u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o1146<\/sup>. Suy cho c\u00f9ng, th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh theo m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn1147<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

d<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n

549<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn cho t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cho nh\u1eefng \u201cti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d<\/em>1148<\/sup>. \u201cC\u00e1c nh\u00f3m, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o<\/em> c\u0169ng c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00f4ng qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u1eafc trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0 nh\u1eadp, l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t\u201d1149<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu to\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00ean vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111ang d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o trong nhi\u1ec1u khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf1150<\/sup>. \u201cS\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111ang l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c chung trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 qua nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh tham gia \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d1151<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

550<\/strong>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/em> Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00edch t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 tham kh\u1ea3o, v\u00ec ch\u00fang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i theo \u0111\u00fang b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang; \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, c\u1ee7a suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, trong t\u1eebng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u201cgi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u2013 khi h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u2013 v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ch\u0103n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n danh Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d1152<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau quy t\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau nh\u00e2n danh thi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n ho\u1eb7c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh.<\/em> V\u00ed d\u1ee5, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o quy t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f9ng nhau nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y h\u1ecdc, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c doanh nh\u00e2n nam n\u1eef, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 thao C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i, v.v\u2026 Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

e<\/strong>. Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong nh\u1eefng khu v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

551<\/strong>.S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/em> Tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n nam n\u1eef di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i khi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c t\u00ednh logic c\u1ee7a n\u00f31153<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ni\u00ean K\u1ef7 Th\u1ee9 Ba c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, qua \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ebd c\u1edfi m\u1edf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai m\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.<\/em> \u201cR\u00fat ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd tin v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Ng\u00e0i c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai; nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u1ea5y c\u00f3 \u00fd gi\u00fap h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, gi\u00fap cho lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 cao qu\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, gi\u00fap ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d1154<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

1<\/strong>. Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/p>\n

552<\/strong>. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u. <\/em>C\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, l\u00e0 \u201cnhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, hi\u1ec3u theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d1155<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, trong \u0111\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong, <\/em>v\u00ec l\u1ecbch s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh phi ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng; s\u1ef1 \u201c\u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u201d1156<\/sup> t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201ctheo t\u00e2m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d1157<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n m\u00e0 n\u1ea3y sinh ra m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 anh ch\u1ecb em m\u00ecnh. <\/em>S\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m n\u00e0y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c con tim \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1eeba c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, trong khi ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

553<\/strong>. <\/strong>C\u1ed5 v\u0169 <\/strong>ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean h\u1ebft ng\u1ee5 \u00fd vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee5 thai cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, <\/em>l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi1158<\/sup>. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. \u201c\u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c \u2018li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin\u2019, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1159<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng di s\u1ea3n cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i1160<\/sup>. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay, nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ea9n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 nhu c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nhu c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a hai th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi1161<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

2<\/strong>. Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

554<\/strong>. V\u0103n ho\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu.<\/em> C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea1c tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta1162<\/sup>. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t l\u00f2ng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng t\u00ecm Ch\u00faa v\u00ec y\u00eau m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 t\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5; d\u00e0nh \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh; ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c truy t\u00ecm h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u trong c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c giao ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn \u0111\u1eb7t ra trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1edd v\u0103n ho\u00e1, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khi \u201cl\u00e0\u201d ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec c\u0169ng l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n\u201d1163<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

555<\/strong>. C\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Tin M\u1eebng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n.<\/em> L\u1ecbch s\u1eed g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n t\u00ednh ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a di s\u1ea3n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u01a1i h\u1ecd. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 tham gia v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 tham gia n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf t\u1eadn c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u1eafng nghe s\u1ef1 suy lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00ec coi l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Khi thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf n\u00ean thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u00e0 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n. M\u1ed9t \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch ng\u00e0y nay c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong nhu c\u1ea7u gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u di s\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 di s\u1ea3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang, tri th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ho\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 \u201cl\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d (Ga 14,6), th\u00fac b\u00e1ch c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ng\u00e0y nay d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Tin M\u1eebng1164<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

556<\/strong>. <\/strong>S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e11165<\/sup>; v\u00ec v\u1eady chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u01b0u ti\u00ean trong sinh ho\u1ea1t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n.<\/em> Kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 l\u00e0m ngh\u00e8o nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. N\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn suy \u0111\u1ed3i khi n\u00f3 \u201cch\u1ec9 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 trao \u0111\u1ed5i hay th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1166<\/sup>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00e0 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u00e0ng l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf, hy sinh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, s\u1ed1ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh c\u00f4ng \u00edch1167<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

557<\/strong>.S\u1ef1 tham gia v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn theo nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u201c<\/em>ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, qu\u1ed1c gia, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d1168<\/sup>. Quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i h\u1ecdc trong c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng mi\u1ec5n ph\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf; t\u1ef1 do ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y; t\u1ef1 do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, chia s\u1ebb t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh ra s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

558<\/strong>.Th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt.<\/em> V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00ec v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u00fd ch\u00ed, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt\u201d1169<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 soi chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 x\u00e1c minh m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh mang t\u00ednh gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt tr\u00ean h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau x\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111i t\u00ecm \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1170<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

559<\/strong>. C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sao cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. <\/em>V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m cao c\u1ea3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1. Khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf th\u00ec n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng b\u1ecb suy \u0111\u1ed3i1171<\/sup>. Chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tri\u1ec3n khai c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i cho c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y. T\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ho\u1eb7c t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng cho n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3. V\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. Khi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, ch\u00ednh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u suy t\u00e0n, \u0111\u00f4i khi bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

560<\/strong>. <\/strong>Trong vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m tra l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/em> Nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kia, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 theo t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c1172<\/sup>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trao t\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan, \u0103n r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u trong M\u1ea1c Kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 trong suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi1173<\/sup>, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh quan tr\u1ecdng cho c\u1ea3 hai \u201cgi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p: m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u2018v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n\u2019, \u0111\u00e3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m linh, v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u00eau b\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d1174<\/sup>. Thay v\u00ec ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ch\u00fang: \u201cN\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 kh\u00f4n ngoan <\/em>c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thu gom nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a\u201d1175<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

561<\/strong>. <\/strong>T\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ebd coi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi: \u201cS\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt, \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d<\/em>1176<\/sup>. <\/em>\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 tham lam v\u00e0 th\u00e8m kh\u00e1t. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m ng\u01a1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c1177<\/sup>. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u <\/strong>v\u00e0 <\/strong>ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201cgi\u00e0u th\u00f4ng tin\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u201cngh\u00e8o th\u00f4ng tin\u201d, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, \u0111\u1ec1u tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin.<\/em> B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

562<\/strong>. <\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1n th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <\/em>B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh, c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 vang l\u00ean m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: \u201cB\u1edfi v\u1eady, h\u00e3y c\u1edfi b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 gian d\u1ed1i, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong anh em h\u00e3y n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nhau\u2026 \u01af\u1edbc g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba n\u00e0o th\u1ed1t ra t\u1eeb m\u00f4i mi\u1ec7ng anh em, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n h\u00e3y n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u00edch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe\u201d (Ep 4,25.29). Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, n\u1eb1m \u1edf ngay trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang1178<\/sup>. Trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb th\u00e1p Babel t\u1edbi ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ed1ng, hay n\u00f3i \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (x. St 11,4-8), m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0o qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (x. Cv 2,5-11), \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i b\u1edfi quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n do Ch\u00faa Con g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

3<\/strong>. Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf<\/strong><\/p>\n

563<\/strong>.\u0110\u1ed1i <\/strong>di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kinh t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y nay, t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1eabn d\u1eaft trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <\/em>Nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y trong ch\u00ednh l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf. Khi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y, tr\u00ean h\u1ebft l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, th\u00ec ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng1179<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u0169ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 t\u00ednh v\u0103n ho\u00e1 m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi<\/em>. Gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt s\u1ebd t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u201d1180<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

564<\/strong>.C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, <\/em>m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o t\u00fang bi th\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d1181<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0i ho\u00e0 h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu trong m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed11182<\/sup>. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111ang mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf \u2013 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

4<\/strong>. Ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n

565<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>1183<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng \u00edch trong tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3i ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ea3i g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec1u bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00e0y. C\u00f2n nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang n\u1eafm gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trong c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 trong b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay trong nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

566<\/strong>. <\/strong>Nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 k\u00e8m theo c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u00e0i ho\u00e0, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 cho vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn, ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. <\/em>Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ea5t h\u1eb3n t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 \u201cc\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\u201d1184<\/sup>. S\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft x\u01b0ng th\u00fa t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trao t\u1eb7ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng qua \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n h\u01a1n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1185<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

567<\/strong>.Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh s\u1ebd n\u1eb1m trong tay h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trao ph\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf theo quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. <\/em>H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u201cbao l\u00e2u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tr\u1ecb v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 quy tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cai tr\u1ecb m\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u00f4n ho\u00e0 khi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u201d1186<\/sup>. H\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c b\u00ed m\u1eadt mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u1eb7c l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch1187<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

568<\/strong>.T\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi nh\u1eadn d\u1ea1ng c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em>1188<\/sup>, \u1edf c\u1ea3 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o xoay quanh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1c; ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trong \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i; sau c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Khi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. D\u00f9 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 xong. \u201cNi\u1ec1m tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ngh\u0129 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u1eef ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u1ee9ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ed5i thay\u201d1189<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

569<\/strong>.M\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 <\/strong>th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y trong sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>1190<\/sup>. Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng tin, c\u1ee7a nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kinh t\u1ebf \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u1eaft khe nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf khi ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t ph\u00e2n ly trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn gia \u0111\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch<\/em>: s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; trong ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, nhu c\u1ea7u quy chi\u1ebfu t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ba lo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em> x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf; c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb si\u00eau nhi\u00ean<\/em> v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 chu to\u00e0n b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong tinh th\u1ea7n Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4.<\/p>\n

570<\/strong>.Khi \u2013 x\u00e9t t\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c hay th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u2013 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u00e1p l\u00fd hay ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu thu\u1eadn cho m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c cho m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d<\/em>1191<\/sup>.<\/em> Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf ho\u1eb7c b\u00e3i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng khai, th\u00ec v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i<\/em> ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1 thai1192<\/sup>. Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, phi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, c\u00f2n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 kho\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hy sinh m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh, t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n danh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>1193<\/sup>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a 20 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 qua, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua, \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin, c\u1ee7a hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng. \u00c2n ph\u00fac t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh, bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e1u m\u00ecnh ra theo \u0111\u00fang gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng: \u201cN\u1ebfu h\u1ea1t l\u00faa m\u00ec r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft \u0111i\u2026 n\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh nhi\u1ec1u b\u00f4ng h\u1ea1t\u201d (Ga 12,24).<\/p>\n

571<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7\u201d c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em>1194<\/sup>. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y \u201cl\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d1195<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: \u201cS\u1ef1 \u2018t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7\u2019 n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean quy chi\u1ebfu t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u201d1196<\/sup>. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u1ef1 do, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u2013 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

Khi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00fang, v\u00ec \u201cHu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c khai tr\u1eeb s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u2013 theo \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng c\u00e1c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd lu\u00f4n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1197<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

572<\/strong>. <\/strong>Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ecdi ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y \u201cb\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t nghi l\u1ec5 t\u00e2m linh, v\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a nguy\u00ean, th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 giao l\u01b0u gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d<\/em>1198<\/sup>. <\/em>Ti\u1ebfc thay, ngay c\u1ea3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t bao dung mang t\u00ednh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t bao dung nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch khai tr\u1eeb ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn xa t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch c\u1ef1c \u0111oan n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh s\u1ebd l\u1ea5n \u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, \u201cvi\u1ec7c g\u1ea1t Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ra b\u00ean l\u1ec1\u2026 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i\u1ec1m hay cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai hay cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c; th\u1ef1c ra, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n \u0111e do\u1ea1 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh\u201d1199<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

573<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda t\u00edn h\u1eefu gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i hay trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c tham gia ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00e2y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay. <\/em>Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, m\u1ed7i l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng \u00edch1200<\/sup>. M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o; vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i hay m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u00ean nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m nguy hi\u1ec3m. C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd mang t\u00ednh \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n; b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac b\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e0ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi1201<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

574<\/strong>.C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u2013 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u1ea5y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gia nh\u1eadp l\u00e0m th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c trong m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, mang t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p \u00edt l\u00e0 trong gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/em>1202<\/sup>. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i, m\u1ed9t li\u00ean minh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ph\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd tuy c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/em> c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u201c\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi l\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi b\u1ea5t di\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0 duy, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d1203<\/sup>. Trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o, \u201ckh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d1204<\/sup>; c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00ean \u201cc\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nhau qua \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh trong tinh th\u1ea7n b\u00e1c \u00e1i h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m lo t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean\u201d1205<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00cc M\u1ed8T N\u1ec0N V\u0102N MINH T\u00ccNH Y\u00caU<\/strong><\/p>\n

a. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay<\/strong><\/p>\n

575<\/strong>. <\/strong>Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi l\u00e0 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a. \u201c<\/em>Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n khao kh\u00e1t mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft \u2013 \u00edt l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 \u2013 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a g\u00ec\u201d1206<\/sup>. Th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 k\u00e9m an to\u00e0n. S\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebft d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 do nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n nhanh h\u01a1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng qu\u1ed1c gia gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111ang nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng sung t\u00fac v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi. Nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng mong m\u1ecfi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o h\u01a1n\u201d1207<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

576<\/strong>. <\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi qua vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, Tin M\u1eebng n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/em> C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ecdi h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u1edf trong Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u201cch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111ang ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ecdng s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trao t\u1eb7ng\u201d1208<\/sup>. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed9i, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p qua vi\u1ec7c m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, Tin M\u1eebng \u201cloan b\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u1edfi b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c do h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i; t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ph\u00e1t huy nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 sau h\u1ebft, Tin M\u1eebng khuy\u00ean d\u1ea1y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhau\u201d1209<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

b. Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4<\/strong><\/p>\n

577<\/strong>. Ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 soi s\u00e1ng cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 an b\u00ecnh, c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ri\u00eang hay chung, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia\u201d<\/em>1210<\/sup>. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00ec \u201cchi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1eabn gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n nay trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d1211<\/sup>. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y r\u1eaby h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n h\u01a1n bao gi\u1edd h\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3<\/em> v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 trung th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f2n d\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 th\u00eam nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay. Tuy v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n cho th\u1ea5y, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, v\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u2018v\u0103n ho\u00e1\u2019, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, t\u1eeb t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u0103n ho\u00e1<\/em>, ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>, m\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e2m r\u1ec5 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u201d1212<\/sup>. V\u1ec1 \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o b\u1edfi \u201cni\u1ec1m mong \u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e2y th\u01a1 r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m m\u00e0 Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0: Th\u1ea7y \u1edf v\u1edbi anh em!<\/em> V\u00ec th\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t \u2018ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi\u2019. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n r\u1ed3i: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 trong Truy\u1ec1n Th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i s\u1ebd nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ec3 trong Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ba Ng\u00f4i, v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i Gi\u00earusalem tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi\u201d1213<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

c. Ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

578<\/strong>. <\/strong>Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1eef, r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban t\u1eb7ng cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n. <\/em>Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gi\u00e1<\/em>\u201d (1 Cr 6,20). \u00dd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i in d\u1ea5u s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. L\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn l\u1ea1i trong ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ra cho N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 \u201cm\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gian \u00e1c \u0111ang ho\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh\u201d (2 Ts 2,7), nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u2018t\u00ednh b\u1ea3n thi\u1ec7n\u2019 (x. St 1,31), v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o Ho\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u2018\u0111\u00e3 g\u1eafn ch\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3\u2019, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n \u2018\u0111ang \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00e0n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t\u2019 (Kn 1,7)1214<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

579<\/strong>. <\/strong>Ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tin v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u201cm\u1ed9t thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng h\u1ea1 gi\u1edbi\u201d<\/em>1215<\/sup>. <\/em>C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i th\u00fac h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u201cs\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng chi\u1ebfu soi tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u1ecd t\u1ef1 c\u01b0 x\u1eed \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi Ch\u00faa h\u1ee9a v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1eddi bu\u1ed5i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i (x. Ep 5,16; Cl 4,5) v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n ch\u00ed ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i vinh quang s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn (x. Rm 8,25). V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1eebng gi\u1ea5u k\u00edn ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng \u1ea5y trong t\u1eadn n\u01a1i th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 ra qua vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u201cch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ed1i t\u0103m n\u00e0y, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n linh qu\u00e1i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1n tr\u1eddi cao\u201d (Ep 6,12)1216<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e0ng sau s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi chia s\u1ebb, nh\u01b0ng l\u00f2ng tin v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c \u1ea5y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed.<\/p>\n

d. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

580<\/strong>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi bao g\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/em> Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho \u201cm\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d1217<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

\u00c1nh s\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfu r\u1ecdi tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, \u201cd\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4\u201d <\/em>(x. Ga 13,35)1218<\/sup>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng \u201clu\u1eadt c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d1219 <\/sup>(x. Mt 22,40; Ga 15,12; Cl 3,14; Gc 2,8). H\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1ebd mang tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong ph\u1ea1m vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng x\u00e1c t\u00edn s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 qua cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd c\u1ea7n ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t (x. 1 Cr 12,31.14,1) \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

581<\/strong>. <\/strong>T\u00ecnh y\u00eau ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong m\u1ecdi quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>1220<\/sup>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u01b0u c\u1ea7u \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd \u201cc\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i, l\u00e0 b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1eef ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i d\u1ea1t d\u00e0o c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i, m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Tin M\u1eebng, l\u00e0 y\u00eau \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hy sinh ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed9c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh ki\u00eau c\u0103ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u00f3i t\u1ef1 \u00e1i v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9\u201d1221<\/sup>. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u00e1c \u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d1222<\/sup> hay \u201cb\u00e1c \u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d1223<\/sup> v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bao tr\u00f9m to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d1224<\/sup>. \u201cT\u00ecnh y\u00eau x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d1225 <\/sup>l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. D\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ec3n c\u1eadn t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean nhau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u00edch k\u1ef7 l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 hi\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1eb1n c\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam n\u1eef kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, ch\u00ednh n\u1ed7i \u00e1m \u1ea3nh \u0111i t\u00ecm c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft ng\u1ea1t v\u00e0 c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng trao ban ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

582<\/strong>.\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1edbi cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 bao g\u1ed3m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u2013 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 cao nh\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u201c<\/em>N\u1ebfu c\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u2018vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e0i\u2019 gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho nhau m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, th\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau t\u1ed1t b\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u2018l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t\u2019, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d1226<\/sup>. C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean do l\u00e0m cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Ng\u00e0i mong \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c cao th\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lan r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o \u201cn\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb th\u00ec nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n\u201d1227<\/sup>. V\u00ec nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady n\u00ean Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00ec t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u201cl\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong tha nh\u00e2n\u201d1228<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

583<\/strong>.Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>1229<\/sup>. <\/em>M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf theo m\u1ed9t linh \u0111\u1ea1o t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi th\u00e2n x\u00e1c1230<\/sup>. Nh\u1eefng ai ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u201cB\u00e1c \u00e1i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u0103n mang t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t. B\u00e1c \u00e1i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. B\u00e1c \u00e1i \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 b\u00e1c \u00e1i m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. B\u00e1c \u00e1i g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho ta m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn: \u2018Ai t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh th\u00ec s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng ai li\u1ec1u m\u1ea5t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1ea5y\u2019 (Lc 17,33)\u201d1231<\/sup>. C\u0169ng v\u1eady, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n ch\u1ec9 trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u201cL\u1ea1y Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0o l\u00fac x\u1ebf b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, con s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi hai b\u00e0n tay tr\u1eafng, v\u00ec con kh\u00f4ng xin Ch\u00faa t\u00ednh s\u1ed5 vi\u1ec7c con l\u00e0m. M\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang con \u0111\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, con c\u1ea7u xin Ch\u00faa b\u1ea3o b\u1ecdc con trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 xin cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh y\u00eau<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa s\u1ef1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu v\u0129nh c\u1eedu l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i\u201d1232<\/sup>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee4C L\u1ee4C CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH<\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Novo Millennio Ineunte<\/em>, 1: AAS 93 (2001), 266.<\/p>\n

2<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Missio,<\/em> 11: AAS 83 (1991), 260.<\/p>\n

3<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2419.<\/p>\n

4<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Novo Millennio Ineunte<\/em>, 50-51: AAS 93 (2001), 303-304.<\/p>\n

5<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80 (1988), 571-572.<\/p>\n

6<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ecclesia in America<\/em>, 54: AAS 91 (1999), 790.<\/p>\n

7<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ecclesia in America<\/em>, 54: AAS 91 (1999), 790; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 24.<\/p>\n

8<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 55: AAS 83 (1991), 860.<\/p>\n

9<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 15: AAS 81 (1989), 414.<\/p>\n

10<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Christus Dominus<\/em>, 12: AAS 58 (1966), 678.<\/p>\n

11<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 31: AAS 57 (1965), 37.<\/p>\n

12<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 4: AAS 63 (1971), 403.<\/p>\n

13<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 92: AAS 58 (1966), 1113-14.<\/p>\n

14<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Dei Verbum<\/em>, 2: AAS 58 (1966), 818.<\/p>\n

15<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 3: AAS 58 (1966), 1026.<\/p>\n

16<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 3: AAS 58 (1966), 1027.<\/p>\n

17<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 10: AAS 58 (1966), 1032.<\/p>\n

18<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u y\u1ebft chung ng\u00e0y 19-10-1983, s\u1ed1 2:<\/p>\n

L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 24-10-1983, tr. 9.<\/p>\n

19<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 44: AAS 58 (1966), 1064.<\/p>\n

20<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 3: AAS 58 (1966), 1026.<\/p>\n

21<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 1: AAS 57 (1965), 5.<\/p>\n

22<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 30: AAS 58 (1966), 1050.<\/p>\n

23<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1789, 1970, 2510.<\/p>\n

24<\/sup> Ibid., 2062.<\/p>\n

25<\/sup> Ibid., 2070.<\/p>\n

26<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 97: AAS 85 (1993), 1209.<\/p>\n

27<\/sup> Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i s\u00e1ch Xh 23, \u0110nl 15 v\u00e0 Lv 25.<\/p>\n

28<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Tertio Millennio Adveniente<\/em>, 13: AAS 87 (1995), 14.<\/p>\n

29<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 13: AAS 58 (1966), 1035.<\/p>\n

30<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Dei Verbum<\/em>, 4: AAS 58 (1966), 819.<\/p>\n

31<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 10: AAS 58 (1966), 1033.<\/p>\n

32<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 9: AAS 57 (1965), 12-14.<\/p>\n

33<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Mulieris Dignitatem<\/em>, 7: AAS 80 (1988), 1666.<\/p>\n

34<\/sup> Ibid., 7: AAS 80 (1988), 1665-1666.<\/p>\n

35<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 40: AAS 80 (1988), 569.<\/p>\n

36<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Mulieris Dignitatem<\/em>, 7: AAS 80 (1988), 1664.<\/p>\n

37<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 24: AAS 58 (1966), 1045.<\/p>\n

38<\/sup> Ibid., 12: AAS 58 (1966), 1034.<\/p>\n

39<\/sup> x. Ibid., 22: AAS 58 (1966), 1043.<\/p>\n

40<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Dei Verbum,<\/em> 5: AAS 58 (1966), 819.<\/p>\n

41<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 22: AAS 58 (1966), 1043.<\/p>\n

42<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

43<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1888.<\/p>\n

44<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 38: AAS 80 (1988), 565-566.<\/p>\n

45<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 28: AAS 58 (1966), 1048.<\/p>\n

46<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1889.<\/p>\n

47<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 37: AAS 58 (1966), 1055.<\/p>\n

48<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 36: AAS 58 (1966), 1054;<\/p>\n

C\u0110 Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Apostolicam Actuositatem<\/em>, 7: AAS 58 (1966), 843-844.<\/p>\n

49<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 36: AAS 58 (1966), 1054.<\/p>\n

50<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2244.<\/p>\n

51<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Dei Verbum<\/em>, 2: AAS 58 (1966), 818.<\/p>\n

52<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 41: AAS 83 (1991), 844.<\/p>\n

53<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 41: AAS 83 (1991), 844-845.<\/p>\n

54<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099.<\/p>\n

55<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 1: AAS 57 (1965), 5.<\/p>\n

56<\/sup> Ibid., 5: AAS 57 (1965), 8.<\/p>\n

57<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Missio<\/em>, 20: AAS 83 (1991), 267.<\/p>\n

58<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099;<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2245.<\/p>\n

59<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099.<\/p>\n

60<\/sup> Ibid., 40: AAS 58 (1966), 1058.<\/p>\n

61<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2244.<\/p>\n

62<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 40: AAS 58 (1966), 1058.<\/p>\n

63<\/sup> Ibid., 11: AAS 58 (1966), 1033.<\/p>\n

64<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 37: AAS 63 (1971), 426-427.<\/p>\n

65<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Hominis<\/em>, 11: AAS 71 (1979), 276: \u201cC\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi nh\u00ecn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0 \u2018c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t\u2019: d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n

66<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 38: AAS 58 (1966), 1055-1056.<\/p>\n

67<\/sup> Ibid., 39: AAS 58 (1966), 1057.<\/p>\n

68<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

69<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 13: AAS 71 (1979), 283-284.<\/p>\n

70<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Novo Millennio Ineunte<\/em>, 16-28: AAS 93 (2001), 276-285.<\/p>\n

71<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Mater<\/em>, 37: AAS 79 (1987), 410.<\/p>\n

72<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 97: AAS 79 (1987), 597.<\/p>\n

73<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 1: AAS 58 (1966), 1025-1026.<\/p>\n

74<\/sup> x. Ibid., 40: AAS 58 (1966), 1057-1059; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 53-54: AAS 83 (1991), 859-860; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 1: AAS 80 (1988), 513-514.<\/p>\n

75<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 32: AAS 58 (1966), 1051.<\/p>\n

76<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 54: AAS 83 (1991), 859.<\/p>\n

77<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 13: AAS 59 (1967), 263.<\/p>\n

78<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 40: AAS 58 (1966), 1057-1059.<\/p>\n

79<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemtor Hominis<\/em>, 14: AAS 71 (1979), 284.<\/p>\n

80<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2419.<\/p>\n

81<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng trong L\u1ec5 Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n Hi\u1ec7n Xu\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m<\/p>\n

100 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em> (19-05-1991): AAS 84 (1992), 282.<\/p>\n

82<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii Nuntiandi<\/em>, 9, 30: AAS 68 (1976),10-11; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i T\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh, Puebla, Mexico (28-01-1979), III\/4-7: AAS 71 (1979), 199-204; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 63-64, 80: AAS 79 (1987), 581-582, 590-591.<\/p>\n

83<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 8: AAS 71 (1979), 270.<\/p>\n

84<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 48: AAS 57 (1965), 53.<\/p>\n

85<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii Nuntiandi<\/em>, 29: AAS 68 (1976), 25.<\/p>\n

86<\/sup> Ibid., 31: AAS 68 (1976), 26.<\/p>\n

87<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 54: AAS 83 (1991), 860.<\/p>\n

88<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80 (1988), 570-572.<\/p>\n

89<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 5: AAS 83 (1991), 799.<\/p>\n

90<\/sup> Ibid., 54: AAS 83 (1991), 860.<\/p>\n

91<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2420.<\/p>\n

92<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 42: AAS 58 (1966), 1060.<\/p>\n

93<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80 (1988), 570-572.<\/p>\n

94<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 54: AAS 83 (1991),860.<\/p>\n

95<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 14: AAS 58 (1966), 940; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 27, 64, 110: AAS 85 (1993), 1154-1155, 1183-1184, 1219-1220.<\/p>\n

96<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n 30 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (02-12-1978): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, I (1978), 261.<\/p>\n

97<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 5: AAS 83 (1991), 799.<\/p>\n

98<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii Nuntiandi<\/em>, 34: AAS 68 (1976), 28.<\/p>\n

99<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o Lu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u 747, 2.<\/p>\n

100<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 3: AAS 73 (1981), 583-584.<\/p>\n

101<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80 (1988), 571.<\/p>\n

102<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

103<\/sup> Ibidem: AAS 80 (1988), 572.<\/p>\n

104<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 59: AAS 83 (1991), 864-865.<\/p>\n

105<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Fides et Ratio<\/em>: AAS 91 (1999), 5-88.<\/p>\n

106<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 14: AAS 58 (1966), 940.<\/p>\n

107<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 13,50,79: AAS 85 (1993), 1143- 1144, 1173-1174, 1197.<\/p>\n

108<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 59: AAS 83 (1991), 864.<\/p>\n

109<\/sup> V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1eadt c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a; trong T\u1ef1 s\u1eafc th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y: \u201cC\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 s\u1eafp k\u1ebft th\u00fac n\u00e0y. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, lu\u00f4n quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 quay sang v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u1ea7u chu to\u00e0n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n\u201d: Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u1ef1 s\u1eafc Socialium Scientiarum<\/em> (01-01-1994): AAS 86 (1994), 209.<\/p>\n

110<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 54: AAS 83 (1991), 860.<\/p>\n

111<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 59: AAS 83 (1991), 864.<\/p>\n

112<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 12: AAS 57 (1965), 16.<\/p>\n

113<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2034.<\/p>\n

114<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 3-5: AAS 63 (1971), 402-405.<\/p>\n

115<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2037.<\/p>\n

116<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Donum Veritatis<\/em>, 16-17, 23: AAS 82 (1990),<\/p>\n

1557-1558, 1559-1560.<\/p>\n

117<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 53: AAS 83 (1991), 859.<\/p>\n

118<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 13: AAS 59 (1967), 264.<\/p>\n

119<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 4: AAS 63 (1971), 403-404; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80 (1988), 570-572; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2423; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 72: AAS 79 (1987), 586.<\/p>\n

120<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 25: AAS 58 (1966), 1045-1046.<\/p>\n

121<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099-1100; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 196-197.<\/p>\n

122<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 190; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: AAS 23<\/p>\n

(1931), 196-197; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 42: AAS 58<\/p>\n

(1966), 1079; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80<\/p>\n

(1988), 570-572; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 53: AAS 83 (1991), 859; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 72: AAS 79 (1987), 585-586.<\/p>\n

123<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 14: AAS 71 (1979), 284; x. Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i T\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh, Puebla, Mexico (28-<\/p>\n

01-1079), III\/2: AAS 71 (1979), 199.<\/p>\n

124<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 42: AAS 59 (1967), 278.<\/p>\n

125<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii Nuntiandi<\/em>, 9: AAS 68 (1976), 10.<\/p>\n

126<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 42: AAS 59 (1967), 278.<\/p>\n

127<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2039.<\/p>\n

128<\/sup> x. 2442.<\/p>\n

129<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Chritifideles Laici<\/em>, 15: AAS 81<\/p>\n

(1989), 413; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium,<\/em> 31: AAS 57 (1965), 37.<\/p>\n

130<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 43: AAS 58 (1966), 1061-<\/p>\n

1064; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 81: AAS 59 (1967), 296-297.<\/p>\n

131<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 453.<\/p>\n

132<\/sup> B\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh danh t\u00ednh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf l\u1eddi th\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea7u Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

133<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 3: AAS 80 (1988), 515; Pi\u00f4 XII, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh (29-04-1945), trong Discorsi e Radiomessaggi di Pio XII<\/em>, vol. VII, 37-38; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum <\/em>\u0111\u1ebfn Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens:<\/em> ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi n\u0103m 2000 (03-04-1982), trong Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II<\/em>, V, I, 1095-1096.<\/p>\n

134<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 3: AAS 80 (1988), 515.<\/p>\n

135<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 72: AAS 79 (1987), 585-586.<\/p>\n

136<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 3: AAS 80 (1988), 515.<\/p>\n

137<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 46: AAS 83 (1991), 850-851.<\/p>\n

138<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 42: AAS 63 (1971), 431.<\/p>\n

139<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 179; Pi\u00f4 XII, trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: AAS 33 (1941), 197, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u201cGi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o\u201d v\u00e0, trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u201cMenti Nostrae\u201d ng\u00e0y 22-09-1950: AAS 42 (1950), 657, c\u00f3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u201cGi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d. Gioan XXIII gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i ki\u1ec3u n\u00f3i \u201cGi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u201d (Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 [1961], 453; T\u0110 Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 [1963], 300-301). Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u201cGi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u201d T\u0110 (Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53[1961], 453) hay \u201cGi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o\u201d T\u0110 (Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 [1961], 454).<\/p>\n

140<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 97-144.<\/p>\n

141<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 3: AAS 73 (1981), 583-584; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 1: AAS 80 (1988), 513-514.<\/p>\n

142<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2421.<\/p>\n

143<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum:<\/em> Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 97-144.<\/p>\n

144<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c, 20, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 24.<\/p>\n

145<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>, 39: AAS 23 (1931),189; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: AAS 33 (1941), 198.<\/p>\n

146<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 5: AAS 83 (1991), 799.<\/p>\n

147<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

148<\/sup> Ibid., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 56: AAS 83 (1991), 862.<\/p>\n

149<\/sup> Ibid., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 60: AAS 83 (1991), 865.<\/p>\n

150<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

151<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 143; x. Gioan<\/p>\n

Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 56: AAS 83 (1991), 862.<\/p>\n

152<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 177-228.<\/p>\n

153<\/sup> Id., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 186-189.<\/p>\n

154<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c, 21, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 24.<\/p>\n

155<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Non Abbiamo Bisogno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 285-312.<\/p>\n

156<\/sup> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1ea3n \u0110\u1ee9c ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong AAS 29 (1937), 145-167.<\/p>\n

157<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c k\u00fd gi\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n thanh n\u01b0\u1edbc B\u1ec9 (06-09-1938), tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i trong Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong Li\u00ean minh Ch\u1ed1ng b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd B\u2019nai B\u2019rith (22-03-1984): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 26-03-1984, tr. 8.11.<\/p>\n

158<\/sup> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm b\u1ea3n La ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c trong AAS 29 (1937), 65-106.<\/p>\n

159<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Divini Redemptoris<\/em>: AAS 29 (1937), 130.<\/p>\n

160<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n thanh d\u1ecbp l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh: v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, n\u0103m 1939, AAS 32 (1940), 5-13; n\u0103m 1940, AAS 33 (1941), 5-14; n\u0103m 1941, AAS 34 (1942), 10-21; n\u0103m 1945, AAS 38 (1946), 15-25; n\u0103m 1946, AAS 39 (1947), 7-17; n\u0103m 1948, AAS 41 (1949), 8-16; n\u0103m 1950, AAS 43 (1951), 49-59; n\u0103m 1951, AAS 44 (1952), 5-15; n\u0103m 1954, AAS 47 (1955), 15-28; n\u0103m 1955, AAS 48 (1956), 26-41; v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, 1942, AAS 35 (1943), 9-24; v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, 1944, AAS 37 (1945), 10-23; v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, 01-09-1944, AAS 36 (1944), 249-258; v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa trong l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong t\u00ecnh anh em, 1947, AAS 40 (1948), 8-16; v\u1ec1 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea1i ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i tha th\u1ee9, 1949, AAS 42 (1950), 121-133; v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, 1952, AAS 45 (1953), 33-46; v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, 1953, AAS 46 (1954), 5-16.<\/p>\n

161<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c, 22, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 25.<\/p>\n

162<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

163<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 267-269, 278-279, 291, 295-296.<\/p>\n

164<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 460-464.<\/p>\n

165<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Ibid. 23, tr. 26.<\/p>\n

166<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra:<\/em> AAS 53 (1961), 415-418.<\/p>\n

167<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 257-304.<\/p>\n

168<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>, T\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: AAS 55 (1963), 257.<\/p>\n

169<\/sup> Ibid. 301.<\/p>\n

170<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 294.<\/p>\n

171<\/sup> x. H\u1ed3ng y Maurice Roy, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI v\u00e0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 10 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris, L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 19-04-1973, tr. 1-8.<\/p>\n

172<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>: AAS 58 (1966), 1025-1120.<\/p>\n

173<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Ibid. 24, tr. 28.<\/p>\n

174<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 1: AAS 58 (1966), 1026.<\/p>\n

175<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 40: AAS 58 (1966), 1058.<\/p>\n

176<\/sup> Ibid. 24, 1045.<\/p>\n

177<\/sup> Ibid. 25, 1045.<\/p>\n

178<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Ibid. 24, tr. 29.<\/p>\n

179<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>: AAS 58 (1966), 929-946.<\/p>\n

180<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 76-80: AAS 59 (1967), 294-296.<\/p>\n

181<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>: AAS 59 (1967), 257-299.<\/p>\n

182<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Ibid. 25, tr. 29.<\/p>\n

183<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 21: AAS 59 (1967), 267.<\/p>\n

184<\/sup> Ibid. 42, 278.<\/p>\n

185<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 90: AAS 58 (1966), 1112.<\/p>\n

186<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>: AAS 63 (1971), 401-441.<\/p>\n

187<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>: AAS 73 (1981), 577-647.<\/p>\n

188<\/sup> x. Idem, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>: AAS 80 (1988), 513-586.<\/p>\n

189<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Ibid. 26, tr. 32.<\/p>\n

190<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

191<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 39: AAS 80 (1988), 568.<\/p>\n

192<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>: AAS 83 (1991), 793-867.<\/p>\n

193<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 10: AAS 83 (1991), 805.<\/p>\n

194<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Ibid. 27, tr. 33.<\/p>\n

195<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 4: AAS 58 (1966), 1028.<\/p>\n

196<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 1: AAS 80 (1988), 514; x. Gi\u00e1o<\/p>\n

l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2422.<\/p>\n

197<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 22: AAS 58 (1966), 1042.<\/p>\n

198<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 14: AAS 71 (1979), 284.<\/p>\n

199<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 1931.<\/p>\n

200<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c, 35, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 39.<\/p>\n

201<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh ng\u00e0y 24-12-1944, 5: AAS 37 (1945), 12.<\/p>\n

202<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 11: AAS 83 (1991), 807.<\/p>\n

203<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 453, 459.<\/p>\n

204<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 357.<\/p>\n

205<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 356, 358.<\/p>\n

206<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, \u0111o\u1ea1n 1, ph\u1ea7n I; x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 12: AAS 58 (1966), 1034; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 34: AAS 87 (1995), 440.<\/p>\n

207<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 34: AAS 87 (1995), 440.<\/p>\n

208<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 12: AAS 58 (1966), 1034.<\/p>\n

209<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 369.<\/p>\n

210<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 35: AAS 87 (1995), 440.<\/p>\n

211<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2334.<\/p>\n

212<\/sup> x. Ibid., 371.<\/p>\n

213<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane<\/em>, 6,8,14,16,19-20: AAS 86 (1994), 873-874, 876-878, 899-903, 910-919.<\/p>\n

214<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 50-51: AAS 58 (1966), 1070-1072.<\/p>\n

215<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae,<\/em> 19: AAS 87 (1995), 421-422.<\/p>\n

216<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2258.<\/p>\n

217<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 27: AAS 58 (1966), 1047-1048; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2259-2261.<\/p>\n

218<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Fides et Ratio<\/em>: AAS 91 (1999), 5.<\/p>\n

219<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 373.<\/p>\n

220<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Viate<\/em>, 34: AAS 87 (1995), 438-440.<\/p>\n

221<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4 Confessions, T\u1ef1 th\u00fa, I, 1: PL 32, 661: \u201cTu excitas, ut laudare te delectet; quia fecisti nos ad te, et inquietum est cor nostrum, donec requiescat in te\u201d.<\/p>\n

222<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1850.<\/p>\n

223<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 404.<\/p>\n

224<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Reconciliatio et Paenitentia<\/em>, 2: AAS 77 (1985), 188; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1849.<\/p>\n

225<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Reconciliatio et Paenitentia,<\/em> 15: AAS 77 (1985), 212-213.<\/p>\n

226<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Reconciliatio et Paenitentia<\/em>, 16: AAS 77 (1985), 214. Ngo\u00e0i ra, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 lu\u1eadt \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng (law of descent), g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng trong t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, theo \u0111\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0m m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng qua t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd k\u00e9o Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c theo c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, k\u00e9o c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xu\u1ed1ng theo; ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt \u0111i l\u00ean (law of ascent) t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea3, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean s\u1ebd n\u00e2ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00ean theo.<\/p>\n

227<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Reconciliatio et Paenitentia<\/em>, 16: AAS 77 (1985), 216.<\/p>\n

228<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1869.<\/p>\n

229<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 36: AAS 80 (1988), 561-563.<\/p>\n

230<\/sup> Ibid., 37: AAS 80 (1988), 563.<\/p>\n

231<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Reconciliatio et Paenitentia<\/em>, 10: AAS 77 (1965), 205.<\/p>\n

232<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 22: AAS 58 (1966), 1042.<\/p>\n

233<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 26-39: AAS 63 (1971), 420-428.<\/p>\n

234<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Summi Pontificatus<\/em>: AAS 31 (1939), 463.<\/p>\n

235<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 13: AAS 83 (1991), 463.<\/p>\n

236<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 27: AAS 63 (1971), 421.<\/p>\n

237<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 14: AAS 71 (1979), 284<\/p>\n

238<\/sup> x. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Chung Lateran\u00f4 IV, ch.1, De fide Catholica<\/em>: DS 800, tr. 259; C\u0110. Vatican I, Dei Filius<\/em>, c. 1: De Deo Rerum omnium Creatore<\/em>: DS 3002, tr. 587; Vatican I, c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n 2, 5: DS 30223, 3025, tr. 592, 593.<\/p>\n

239<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 48: AAS 85 (1993), 1172.<\/p>\n

240<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 14: AAS 58 (1966), 1035; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 364.<\/p>\n

241<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 14: AAS 58 (1966), 1035.<\/p>\n

242 <\/sup>C\u0110.Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 14: AAS 58 (1966), 1036; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 363, 1703.<\/p>\n

243<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 15: AAS 58 (1966), 1036.<\/p>\n

244<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 365.<\/p>\n

245<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Commentum in tertium librum Sententiarum<\/em>, d. 27, q. 1, a. 4: Ex utraque autem parte res immateriales infinitatem habent quo dammodo, quia sunt qudammodo omnia, sive inquantum essentia rei immaterialis est exemplar et similitudo omnium, sicut in Deo accidit, sive quia habet similitudinem omnium vel actu vel potentia, sicut accidit in Angelis et animabus; x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae, (T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc) I,q. 75, a.5: Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Leon. 5, 201-203.<\/p>\n

246<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047.<\/p>\n

247<\/sup> Ibid., 27: AAS 58 (1966), 1047.<\/p>\n

248<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2235.<\/p>\n

249<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 24: AAS 58 (1966), 1045; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 27, 356 v\u00e0 358.<\/p>\n

250<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1706.<\/p>\n

251<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1705.<\/p>\n

252<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 17: AAS 58 (1966), 1037; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1730-732.<\/p>\n

253<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 34: AAS 85 (1993), 1160-1161;<\/p>\n

C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 17: AAS 58 (1966), 1038.<\/p>\n

254<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1733.<\/p>\n

255<\/sup> x. Gregori\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Nyssa, De Vita Moysis<\/em>, II, 2-3: PG 44, 327B-328B: unde fit, ut nos ipsi patres quodammodo simus nostri\u2026 vitii ac virtutis ratione fingentes.<\/p>\n

256<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 13: AAS 83 (1991), 809-810.<\/p>\n

257<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1706.<\/p>\n

258<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 35: AAS 85 (1993), 1161-1162.<\/p>\n

259<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1740.<\/p>\n

260<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 75: AAS 79 (1987), 587.<\/p>\n

261<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1749-1756.<\/p>\n

262<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 86: AAS 85 (1993), 1201.<\/p>\n

263<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 44, 99: AAS 85 (1993), 1168- 1169, 1210-1211.<\/p>\n

264<\/sup> Ibid., 61: AAS 85 (1993), 1181-1182.<\/p>\n

265<\/sup> x. Ibid., 50: AAS 85 (1993), 1173-1174.<\/p>\n

266<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Decem Legis Praecepta Expositio, c. 1: Nunc autem de scientia operandorum intendimus: ad quam tractandan quadruplex lex invenitur. Prima dicitur lex naturae; et haec nihil aliud est nisi lumen intellectus insitum nobis a Deo, per quod cognoscimus quid agendum et quid vitandum. Hoc lumen et hanc legem dedit Deus homini in creatione: Divi Thomae Aquinatis, Doctoris Angelici, Pouscola Theologica, vol. II: De re spirituali, cura et studio P. Fr. Raymundi Spiazzi, o.p., Marietti ed., Taurini \u2013 Romae 1954, p. 245.<\/p>\n

267<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, I-II, q. 91, a.2, c: Ed. Leon. 7, 154: partecipatio legis aeternae in rationali creatura lex naturalis dicitur.<\/p>\n

268<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1955.<\/p>\n

269<\/sup> x. Ibid., 1956.<\/p>\n

270<\/sup> x. Ibid., 1957.<\/p>\n

271<\/sup> Ibid., 1958.<\/p>\n

272<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican I, Dei Filius<\/em>, c. 2: DS 3005, tr. 588; x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humani Generis<\/em>: AAS 42 (1950), 562.<\/p>\n

273<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1960.<\/p>\n

274<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4, Confessions (T\u1ef1 th\u00fa), 2,4,9: PL 32, 678: Furtum certe punit lex tua, Domine, et lex scripta in cordibus hominium, quam ne ipsa quidem delet iniquitas.<\/p>\n

275<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1959.<\/p>\n

276<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 51: AAS 85 (1993), 1175.<\/p>\n

277<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 19-20: AAS 87 (1995), 421-424.<\/p>\n

278<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 13: AAS 58 (1966), 1034-1035.<\/p>\n

279<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1741.<\/p>\n

280<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 87: AAS 85 (1993), 1201-1203.<\/p>\n

281<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1934.<\/p>\n

282<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 29: AAS 58 (1966), 1048-1049.<\/p>\n

283<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 16: AAS 63 (1971), 413.<\/p>\n

284<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>, 47-48: AAS 55 (1963), 279-281; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (04-10-1965), 5: AAS 57 (1965), 881; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 13: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 9-10.<\/p>\n

285<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 84: AAS 58 (1996), 1107-1108.<\/p>\n

286<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, 5: AAS 57 (1965), 881; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 43-44: AAS 59 (1967), 278-279.<\/p>\n

287<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 50: AAS 81 (1989), 489.<\/p>\n

288<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Mulieris Dignitatem<\/em>, 11: AAS 80 (1988), 1678.<\/p>\n

289<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, 8: AAS 87 (1995), 808.<\/p>\n

290<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Kinh Truy\u1ec1n Tin ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt (09-07-1995): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 12-07-1995, tr. 1; x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11 \u0111\u1ebfn 18-08-2004, tr. 5-8.<\/p>\n

291<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 22: AAS 73 (1981), 634.<\/p>\n

292<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens,<\/em> 22: AAS 73 (1981), 634.<\/p>\n

293<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Thi\u1ec3u n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 Tinh th\u1ea7n, 05-01-2004, 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 21-01-2004, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

294<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 12: AAS 58 (1996), 1034; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1879.<\/p>\n

295<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh ng\u00e0y 24-12-1942, 6: AAS 35 (1943), 11-12; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 264-265.<\/p>\n

296<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1880.<\/p>\n

297<\/sup> Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u201ckh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc\u201d hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u201ctho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn\u201d, m\u00e0 b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; r\u1ed3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng tho\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u1ec1 kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc sai l\u1ea7m; b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u2013 v\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u2013 c\u00f3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ec1u phi l\u00fd v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t tai h\u1ea1i: x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, T\u0110. Libertas Praestantissimum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 8 (1889), 226-227.<\/p>\n

298<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 32: AAS 79 (1987), 567.<\/p>\n

299<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 25: AAS 58 (1966), 1045-1046.<\/p>\n

300<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 26: AAS 80 (1988), 544-547;<\/p>\n

C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099- 1100.301<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1882.<\/p>\n

302<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae,<\/em> 1: AAS 58 (1966), 929-930.<\/p>\n

303<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 41: AAS 58 (1966), 1059-1060; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c, 32, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 36-37.<\/p>\n

304<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 34 (02-10-<\/p>\n

1979), 7: AAS 71 (1979), 1147-1148; \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, b\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u201cv\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f4m nay\u201d: Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 2: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 8.<\/p>\n

305<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 27: AAS 58 (1966), 1047-1048; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1930.<\/p>\n

306<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 259; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 22: AAS 58 (1966), 1079.<\/p>\n

307<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 278-279.<\/p>\n

308<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 259.<\/p>\n

309<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 3: AAS 91 (1999), 379.<\/p>\n

310<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ea1i Teheran (15-04-1968): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 02-05-1968, tr. 4.<\/p>\n

311<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 3: AAS 91 (1999), 379.<\/p>\n

312<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

313<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1998, 2: AAS 90 (1998), 149.<\/p>\n

314<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 259-264.<\/p>\n

315<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047.<\/p>\n

316<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (04-10-1965), 10: AAS 57 (1965), 877-885; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tham d\u1ef1 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng (26-10-1974): AAS 66 (1974), 631-639.<\/p>\n

317<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 47: AAS 83 (1991), 851-852; x. Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 34 (02-10-1979), 13: AAS<\/p>\n

71 (1979), 1152-1153.<\/p>\n

318<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 2: AAS 87 (1995), 402<\/p>\n

319<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 27: AAS 58 (1966), 1047-1048; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 80: AAS 85 (1993), 1197-1198; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae,<\/em> 7-28: AAS 87 (1995), 408-433.<\/p>\n

320<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 2: AAS 58 (1966), 930-931.<\/p>\n

321<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptori Hominis<\/em>, 17: AAS 71 (1979), 300.<\/p>\n

322<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 259-264; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047.<\/p>\n

323<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 264.<\/p>\n

324<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

325<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 33: AAS 80 (1988), 557-559; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 21: AAS 83 (1991), 818-819.<\/p>\n

326<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai, 8: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 04-09-1989, tr. 2.<\/p>\n

327<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

328<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (09-01-1988), 7-8: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 25-01-1988, tr. 7.<\/p>\n

329<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c, k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-<\/p>\n

1995), 8: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr.9.<\/p>\n

330<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

331<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 47: AAS 83 (1991), 852.<\/p>\n

332<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 17: AAS 71 (1979), 295-300.<\/p>\n

333<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 23: AAS 63 (1971), 418.<\/p>\n

334<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 54: AAS 83 (1991), 859-860.<\/p>\n

335<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 41: AAS 58 (1966), 1060.<\/p>\n

336<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c Quan ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Th\u1ea9m Roma (17-02-1979), 4: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, II, 1 (1979), 413-414.<\/p>\n

337<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o Lu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u 208-223.<\/p>\n

338<\/sup> x. H\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, 70-90, Vatican City 1975, tr. 45-54.<\/p>\n

339<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80 (1988), 572.<\/p>\n

340<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u1ef1 s\u1eafc Justitiam et Pacem<\/em> (10-12-1976): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 23-12-1976, tr. 10<\/p>\n

341<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a<\/em> Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c<\/em>, 29-42, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 35-43.<\/p>\n

342<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 453.<\/p>\n

343<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 72: AAS 79 (1987), 585.<\/p>\n

344<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 1: AAS 80 (1988), 513-514.<\/p>\n

345<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c<\/em>, 47, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 47.<\/p>\n

346<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 1905-1912; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 417-421; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 272-273; Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 46: AAS 63 (1971), 433-435.<\/p>\n

347<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1912.<\/p>\n

348<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 272.<\/p>\n

349<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1907.<\/p>\n

350<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-1047.<\/p>\n

351<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 421.<\/p>\n

352<\/sup> x. Id., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 417; Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 46: AAS 63 (1971), 433-435; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1913.<\/p>\n

353<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 \u0111\u1eb7t \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c cao nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u201cinclinationes naturales\u201d (c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean) (Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 94, a. 2: Ed. Leon. 7, 170: Secundum igitur ordinem inclinationum naturalium est ordo praeceptorum legis naturae\u2026 Tertio modo inest homini inclinatio ad bonum secundum naturam rationis, quae est sibi propria; sicut homo habet naturalem inclinationem ad hoc quod veritatem cognoscat de Deo, et ad hoc quod in societate vivat).<\/p>\n

354<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 197.<\/p>\n

355<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1910.<\/p>\n

356<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 74: AAS 58 (1966), 1095-<\/p>\n

1097; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis,<\/em> 17: AAS 71 (1979), 295-300.<\/p>\n

357<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum:<\/em> Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 133-135; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum: AAS 33 (1941), 200.<\/p>\n

358<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1908.<\/p>\n

359<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 41: AAS 83 (1991), 843-845.<\/p>\n

360<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 69: AAS 58 (1966), 1090.<\/p>\n

361<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 31: AAS 83 (1991), 831.<\/p>\n

362<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: AAS 33 (1941), 199-200.<\/p>\n

363<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 525.<\/p>\n

364<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 42: AAS 80 (1988), 573.<\/p>\n

365<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: AAS 33 (1941), 199.<\/p>\n

366<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 22: AAS 59 (1967), 268.<\/p>\n

367<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Libertatis conscientia<\/em>, 90: AAS 79 (1987), 594.<\/p>\n

368<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 31: AAS 83 (1991), 832.<\/p>\n

369<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 71: AAS 58 (1966), 1092-1093; x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 103-104; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum: AAS 33 (1941), 199; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh ng\u00e0y 24-12-1942: AAS 35 (1943), 17; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh ng\u00e0y 01-09-1944: AAS 36 (1944), 253; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 428-429.<\/p>\n

370<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 6: AAS 83 (1991), 800-801.<\/p>\n

371<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 102.<\/p>\n

372<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 14: AAS 73 (1981), 613.<\/p>\n

373<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 69: AAS 58 (1966), 1090-1092; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2402-2406.<\/p>\n

374<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892),102.<\/p>\n

375<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 22-23: AAS 59 (1967), 268-269.<\/p>\n

376<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 430-431; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, Puebla, Mexico (28-01-1979), III\/4: AAS 71 (1979), 199-201.<\/p>\n

377<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 191-192, 193-194, 196-197.<\/p>\n

378<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 69: AAS 58 (1966), 1090.<\/p>\n

379<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 32: AAS 83 (1991), 832.<\/p>\n

380<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 837.<\/p>\n

381<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 69: AAS 58 (1966), 1090-1092.<\/p>\n

382<\/sup> x. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t (23-11-1997), 27-31: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1997, tr. 28-31.<\/p>\n

383<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 27-34, 37: AAS 80 (1988),<\/p>\n

547-560; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 41: AAS 83 (1991), 843-845.<\/p>\n

384<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, Puebla, Mexico (28-01-1979), I\/8: AAS 71 (1979), 194-195.<\/p>\n

385<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 42: AAS 80 (1988), 572-573; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 32: AAS 87 (1995), 436-437; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Tertio<\/em> Millennio Adveniente,<\/em> 51: AAS 87 (1995), 36; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Novo Millennio Ineunte<\/em>, 49-50: AAS 93 (2001), 302-303.<\/p>\n

386<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2448.<\/p>\n

387<\/sup> Ibid., 2443.<\/p>\n

388<\/sup> Ibid., 1033.<\/p>\n

389<\/sup> x. Ibid., 2444.<\/p>\n

390<\/sup> Ibid., 2448.<\/p>\n

391<\/sup> Ibid., 2447.<\/p>\n

392<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh Gregori\u00f4 C\u1ea3, Regula Pastoralis,<\/em> 3, 21: PL 77, 87: Nam cum qualibet necessaria indigentibus ministramus, sua illis reddimus, non nostra largimur; justitiae potius debitum soluimus, quam misericordiae opera implemus.<\/p>\n

393<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Apostolicam Actuositatem<\/em>, 8: AAS 58 (1966), 845; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2446.<\/p>\n

394<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2445.<\/p>\n

395<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 101-102,123.<\/p>\n

396<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1882.<\/p>\n

397<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 15: AAS 80 (1988), 529; x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 203; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 91961), 439; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 65: AAS 58 (1966), 1086-1087; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 73, 85-86: AAS 79 (1987), 586, 592-593; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 852-854; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1883-1885.<\/p>\n

398<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 49: AAS 83 (1991), 854-856; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 15: AAS 80 (1988), 528-530.<\/p>\n

399 <\/sup>Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 203; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 852-854<\/p>\n

400<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 854.<\/p>\n

401<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 852-854.<\/p>\n

402<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 22,46: AAS 63 (1971), 417, 433-435; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c<\/em>, 40, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 988, tr. 41-42.<\/p>\n

403<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 75: AAS 58 (1966), 1097-1099.<\/p>\n

404<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1913-1917.<\/p>\n

405<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> AAS 53 (1961), 423-425; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens,<\/em> 14: AAS 73 (1981), 612-616; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 836-838.<\/p>\n

406<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 44-45: AAS 80 (1988), 575-578.<\/p>\n

407<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 278.<\/p>\n

408<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 46: AAS 83 (1991), 850-851.<\/p>\n

409<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1917.<\/p>\n

410 <\/sup>x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 30-31; AAS 58 (1966), 1049-1050; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 47: AAS 83 (1931) 851-852.<\/p>\n

411<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 44-45: AAS 83 (1991), 848-849.<\/p>\n

412<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 15: AAS 80 (1988), 528-530; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh ng\u00e0y 24-12-1952: AAS 45<\/p>\n

(1953), 37; Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens, 47: AAS 63 (1971), 435-437.<\/p>\n

413<\/sup> C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1\u2019 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cl\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c nhau\u201d; ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u2018x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u00e1\u2019 \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o duy\u1ec7t x\u00e9t; x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 415-417; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes, 42: AAS 58 (1966), 1060-1061; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 14-15: AAS 73 (1981), 612-618.<\/p>\n

414<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 11-22: AAS 80 (1988), 525-540.<\/p>\n

415<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1939-1941.<\/p>\n

416<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1942.<\/p>\n

417<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 36, 37: AAS 80 (1988), 561-<\/p>\n

564; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Reconciliatio et Paenitentia,<\/em> 16: AAS 77 (1985), 213-217.<\/p>\n

418<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 38: AAS 80 (1988), 565-566.<\/p>\n

419<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 38: AAS 80 (1988), 566; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laboerem Exercens<\/em>, 8: AAS 73 (1981), 594-598; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 57: AAS 83 (1991), 862-863.<\/p>\n

420<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 17, 39, 45: AAS 80 (1988), 532-533, 566-568, 577-578. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3; ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn tu\u1ef3 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y: x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 83-86: AAS 58 (1966), 1107-1110; Phaol\u00f4 VI. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio,<\/em> 48: AAS 59 (1967), 281; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (27-12-1986), I, 1, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican City 986, tr. 11; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1941, 2438.<\/p>\n

421<\/sup> Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u2013 d\u00f9 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch minh b\u1ea1ch b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u1ea5y \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Rerum Novarum<\/em> (x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 [1961], 407). \u201cC\u00e1i m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00fang ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi\u2026 \u0111\u00e3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII n\u00f3i t\u1edbi khi d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u2018h\u1eefu ngh\u1ecb\u2019, m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI c\u0169ng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y khi d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u2018b\u00e1c \u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u2019. \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI th\u00ec n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u2018v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng\u2019 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m b\u00e1c \u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d (Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 10: AAS 83 [1991], 805). Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia<\/em>, 73: AAS 79 [1987], 586). K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII (x. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Summi Pontificatus<\/em>: AAS 31 [1939], 426-427) thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u2018li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi\u2019 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n v\u00e0 mang \u00fd ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n: t\u1eeb ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 \u2018lu\u1eadt\u2019 trong c\u00f9ng Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u1ea5y \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u2018nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc\u2019 (x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 [1961], 407), hay \u2018ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5\u2019 (x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 17, 48: AAS 59 [1967], 265-266,281) v\u00e0 \u2018gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u2019 (x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 38: AAS 80 [1988], 564-566), cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u2018\u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh\u2019 (x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 38, 40: AAS 80 [1988], 564-566, 568-569).<\/p>\n

422<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c, 38, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 40-41.<\/p>\n

423<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 32: AAS 58 (1966), 1051.<\/p>\n

424<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 40: AAS 80 (1988), 568: Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 nghi g\u00ec n\u1eefa: li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Theo nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i cho t\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1eb7p nhau gi\u1eefa li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u2013 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 (x. Ga 13,35).<\/p>\n

425<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 40: AAS 80 (1988), 569.<\/p>\n

426<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 1886.<\/p>\n

427<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046-<\/p>\n

1047; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 265-266.<\/p>\n

428<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn H\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 Gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh m\u1ee5c, 43, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Roma 1988, tr. 44.<\/p>\n

429<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 36: AAS 58 (1966), 1053-1054.<\/p>\n

430<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 1: AAS 58 (1966), 1025-1026; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 13: AAS 59 (1967), 263-264.<\/p>\n

431<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2467.<\/p>\n

432<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 265-266, 281.<\/p>\n

433<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 61: AAS 58 (1966), 1081-1082; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 35, 40: AAS 59 (1967), 274-275, 277; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 44: AAS 80 (1988), 575-577. Mu\u1ed1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u201cnhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u01b0u ti\u00ean, s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u1eb1m trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d: B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia,<\/em> 99: AAS 79 (1987), 599.<\/p>\n

434<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 16: AAS 58 (1966), 1037; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2464-2487.<\/p>\n

435<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 17: AAS 58 (1966), 1037-1038; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1705, 1730; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 28: AAS 79 (1987), 565.<\/p>\n

436<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1738.<\/p>\n

437<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 26: AAS 79 (1987), 564-565.<\/p>\n

438<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 42: AAS 83 (1991), 846. C\u00e2u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng xem ra c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang n\u1ebfu \u0111em \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

439<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 17: AAS 83 (1991), 814-815.<\/p>\n

440<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 289-290.<\/p>\n

441<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, I-II, q. 6: Ed. Leon. 6,55-63.<\/p>\n

442<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1807; x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 58, a.1: Ed. Leon. 9,9-10: justitia est perpetua et constans voluntas jus suum unicuique tribuendi.<\/p>\n

443<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 282-283.<\/p>\n

444<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2411.<\/p>\n

445<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1928-1942, 2425-2449, 2832; Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Divini Redemptoris<\/em>: AAS 29 (1937), 92.<\/p>\n

446<\/sup> x.Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 2: AAS 73 (1981), 580-583.<\/p>\n

447<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 40: AAS 80 (1988), 568; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1929.<\/p>\n

448<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 10: AAS 96 (2004), 121.<\/p>\n

449<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 39: AAS 80 (1988), 568.<\/p>\n

450<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

451<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 265-267.<\/p>\n

452<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 10: AAS 96<\/p>\n

(2004), 120.<\/p>\n

453<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Dives in Misericordia<\/em>. 14: AAS 72 (1980), 1223.<\/p>\n

454<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Dives in Misericordia<\/em>,12: AAS 72 (1980),1216.<\/p>\n

455<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Dives in Misericordia<\/em>, 14: AAS 72 (1980), 1224; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2212.<\/p>\n

456<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 23, a. 8: Ed. Leon. 8, 72; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1827.<\/p>\n

457<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c L\u01b0\u01a1ng N\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 25 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (16-11-1970): Insegnamenti di Paolo VI, vol. VIII, tr. 1153.<\/p>\n

458<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 12: AAS 58(1966), 1034.<\/p>\n

459<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1605.<\/p>\n

460 <\/sup>Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 40: AAS 81 (1989), 469.<\/p>\n

461<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh Gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu g\u01b0\u01a1ng cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh: \u201c\u01af\u1edbc chi Nazareth s\u1ebd nh\u1eafc cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 g\u00ec, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t linh thi\u00eang v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh; \u01b0\u1edbc chi Nazareth gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c \u00eam \u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; \u01b0\u1edbc chi Nazareth d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u01af\u1edbc chi ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Nazareth\u201d: Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Nazareth (5-1-1964): AAS 56 (1964), 168.<\/p>\n

462<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane <\/em>17: AAS 86 (1994), 906.<\/p>\n

463<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 48: AAS 58 (1966), 1067-1069.<\/p>\n

464<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Apostolicam Actuositatem<\/em> 11: AAS 58 (1966), 848.<\/p>\n

465<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 40: AAS 81(1989), 468.<\/p>\n

466<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 39: AAS 83 (1991), 841.<\/p>\n

467<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 39: AAS 83 (1991), 841.<\/p>\n

468<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane<\/em> 7: AAS 86 (1994), 875; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2206.<\/p>\n

469<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 58 (1966), 1067; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2210.<\/p>\n

470<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2224.<\/p>\n

471<\/sup> x. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, L\u1eddi Phi L\u1ed9, D-E, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef, Vatican 1983, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

472<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 45: AAS 74 (1982), 136-137; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2209.<\/p>\n

473<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 48: AAS 58 (1966), 1067.<\/p>\n

474<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 48: AAS 58 (1966), 1067.<\/p>\n

475<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1603.<\/p>\n

476<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 48: AAS 58 (1966), 1067.<\/p>\n

477<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1639.<\/p>\n

478<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1603.<\/p>\n

479<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 13: AAS 74 (1982), 93-96.<\/p>\n

480<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 19: AAS 74 (1982), 102.<\/p>\n

481<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 48, 50: AAS 58 (1966),<\/p>\n

1067-1069, 1070-1072.<\/p>\n

482<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane<\/em> 11: AAS 86 (1994), 883-886.<\/p>\n

483<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 50: AAS 58 (1966), 1070-1072.<\/p>\n

484<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2379.<\/p>\n

485<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 12: AAS 74 (1982), 93: V\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi tr\u1ecdng y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i, \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i\u201d c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 qua ch\u00ednh l\u1eddi l\u1ebd v\u1eeba s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. D\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho giao \u01b0\u1edbc n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i (x. Os 2,21; Gr 3,6-13; Is 54). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i l\u00e0m h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t trung m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa: th\u1edd ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00e3i d\u00e2m (x. Ez 16,25), b\u1ea5t trung c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ru\u1ed3ng b\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau phu ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t trung c\u1ee7a Israel v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n trung th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra l\u00e0m m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trung t\u00edn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng (x. Os 3)\u201d.<\/p>\n

486<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 13: AAS 74 (1982), 93-94.<\/p>\n

487<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 48: AAS 58 (1966), 1067-1069.<\/p>\n

488<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 47: AAS 74 (1982), 139: tr\u00edch d\u1eabn trong T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em> c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, s\u1ed1 31: AAS 57 (1965), 37.<\/p>\n

489 <\/sup>Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 48: AAS 74 (1982), 140; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1656-1657, 2204.<\/p>\n

490<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 18: AAS 74 (1982), 100-101.<\/p>\n

491<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane<\/em> 11: AAS 86 (1994), 883.<\/p>\n

492<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 43: AAS 74 (1982), 134.<\/p>\n

493<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Ibid.<\/p>\n

494<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea7n 2 v\u1ec1 Tu\u1ed5i gi\u00e0, Madrid (3-4-2002): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 24-4-2002, tr. 6; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 27: AAS 74 (1982), 113-114.<\/p>\n

495<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 48: AAS 58 (1966), 1067-1069; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1644-1651.<\/p>\n

496<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2333.<\/p>\n

497<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2385; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1650-1651, 2384.<\/p>\n

498<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 20: AAS 74 (1982), 104.<\/p>\n

499<\/sup> V\u00ec ph\u1ea3i k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng b\u00ed t\u00edch H\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ch\u0103n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp ra b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nghi th\u1ee9c n\u00e0o cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ly d\u1ecb mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 v\u00ec l\u00fd do g\u00ec v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i g\u00ec, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 20: AAS 74 (1982), 104.<\/p>\n

500<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 77, 84: AAS 74 (1982), 175-178, 184-186.<\/p>\n

501<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane<\/em> 14: AAS 86 (1994), 893-896; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2390.<\/p>\n

502<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2390.<\/p>\n

503<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Th\u01b0 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh Luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i (1-10-1986), 1-2: AAS 79 (1987), 543-544.<\/p>\n

504<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi To\u00e0 \u00e1n T\u1ed1i cao Roma (21-1-1999), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 10-2-1999, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

505<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i Suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 Th\u01b0 Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Kh\u00f4ng Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh Luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i (23-7-1992): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 24-7-1992, tr. 4; x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Persona Humana,<\/em> (29-12-1975), 8: AAS 68 (1976), 84-85.<\/p>\n

506<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2357-2359.<\/p>\n

507<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c T\u00e2y Ban Nha nh\u00e2n chuy\u1ebfn vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m ad limina (19-12-1998), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 11-3-1998, tr. 5; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u2018k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed3i\u2019 (26-7- 2000), 23, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican 2000, tr. 40-43; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i (3-6-2003).<\/p>\n

508<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, ibid., s\u1ed1 8, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican 2003, tr. 9.<\/p>\n

509<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 71: AAS 87 (1995), 483; Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 96, a. 2 \u201cUtrum ad legem humanam pertineat omnia vitia cohibere\u201d: Ed. Leon. 7, 181.<\/p>\n

510<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 81: AAS 74 (1982), 183.<\/p>\n

511<\/sup> To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh (14-11-1983), L\u1eddi Phi L\u1ed9, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef, Vatican 1983, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

512<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1652.<\/p>\n

513<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane 6: AAS 86 (1994), 874; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2366.<\/p>\n

514<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane 11: AAS 86 (1994), 884.<\/p>\n

515<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 39: AAS 83 (1991), 842.<\/p>\n

516<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 92: AAS 87 (1995), 505-507.<\/p>\n

517<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane<\/em> 13: AAS 86 (1994), 891.<\/p>\n

518<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 93: AAS 87 (1995), 507-508.<\/p>\n

519<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 50: AAS 58 (1966): 1070-1072; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2367.<\/p>\n

520<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae<\/em>, 10: AAS 60 (1968), 487; x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 50: AAS 58 (1966), 1070-1072.<\/p>\n

521<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae<\/em>, 14: AAS 60 (1968), 490-491.<\/p>\n

522<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 51: AAS 58 (1966), 1072-<\/p>\n

1073; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2271-2272; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane 21: AAS 86 (1994), 919-920; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 58, 59, 61-62: AAS 87 (1995), 466-468, 470-472.<\/p>\n

523<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane 21: AAS 86 (1994), 919-<\/p>\n

920; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 72, 101: AAS 87 (1995), 484-485, 516-518; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2273.<\/p>\n

524<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 51: AAS 58 (1966), 1072-1073; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae<\/em>, 14: AAS 60 (1968), 490-491; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 32: AAS 74 (1982), 118-120; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o 2370; Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Casti Connubii, (31-12-1930): AAS 22 (1930), 559-561.<\/p>\n

525<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae,<\/em> 7: AAS 60 (1968), 485; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 32: AAS 74 (1982), 118-120.<\/p>\n

526<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Viate<\/em>, 17: AAS 60 (1968), 493-494.<\/p>\n

527<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae<\/em>, 16: AAS 60 (1968), 491-492; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 32: AAS 74 (1982), 118-120; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2370.<\/p>\n

528<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 50: AAS 58 (1966), 1070-1072; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2368; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio,<\/em> 37: AAS 59 (1967), 275-276.<\/p>\n

529<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2372.<\/p>\n

530<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2378.<\/p>\n

531<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Donum Vitae<\/em>, (22-2-1987), II, 2,3,5: AAS 80 (1988), 88-89, 92-94; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2376-2377.<\/p>\n

532<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Donum Vitae<\/em> (22-2-1987), II, 7: AAS 80 (1988), 95-96.<\/p>\n

533 <\/sup>Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2375.<\/p>\n

534<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng (21-2-2004), 2: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 3-3-2004, tr. 7.<\/p>\n

535<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, V\u00e0i suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican 1997; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh cho H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, Vi\u1ec7c K\u1ef3 th\u1ecb Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, Vi\u1ec7c K\u1ef3 th\u1ecb Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 B\u1ea5t khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 Li\u00ean quan, 21, Th\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n X\u00e3 Vatican, Vatican 2001, tr. 22.<\/p>\n

536<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 18 v\u1ec1 H\u1ed9i C\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn (29-8-2000), 8: AAS 92 (2000), 826.<\/p>\n

537<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane 10: AAS 86 (1994), 881.<\/p>\n

538<\/sup> To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 3c, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr. 9. B\u1ea3n Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (10-12-1948) kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7\u201d (\u0111i\u1ec1u 16.3).<\/p>\n

539<\/sup> To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, L\u1eddi Phi L\u1ed9, E, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

540<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Gravissimum Educationis, 3: AAS 58 (1966), 731- 732; Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 52: AAS 58 (1966), 1073-1074: Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 37, 43: AAS 74 (1982), 127-129; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1653, 2228.<\/p>\n

541<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 43: AAS 74 (1982), 134-135.<\/p>\n

542<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Gravissimum Educationis, 3: AAS 58 (1966), 731- 732; Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 61: AAS 58 (1966), 1081-1082; To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 5, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr. 10-11; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2223. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u 793-799 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u 1136 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a cha m\u1eb9.<\/p>\n

543<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 36: AAS 74 (1982), 127.<\/p>\n

544<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 36: AAS 74 (1982), 126; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2221.<\/p>\n

545<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae,<\/em> 5: AAS 58 (1966), 933; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1994, 5: AAS 86 (1994), 159-160.<\/p>\n

546<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 40: AAS 74 (1982), 131.<\/p>\n

547<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Gravissimum Educationis<\/em>, 6: AAS 58 (1966), 733- 734; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2229.<\/p>\n

548<\/sup> To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 5b, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr. 11; x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae,<\/p>\n

5: AAS 58 (1966), 933.<\/p>\n

549<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 94: AAS 79 (1987), 595-596.<\/p>\n

550<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Gravissimum Educationis, 1: AAS 58 (1966), 729.<\/p>\n

551<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 43: AAS 74 (1982), 134-135.<\/p>\n

552<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 52: AAS 58 (1966), 1073-1074.<\/p>\n

553<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 37: AAS 74 (1982), 128; x. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh (8-12-1995), Libreria Editrice Vaticana 1995.<\/p>\n

554<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 26: AAS 74 (1982), 111-112.<\/p>\n

555<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (2-10-1979), 21: AAS 71 (1979), 1159; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Tr\u1ebb em (22-9-1990): AAS 83 (1991), 360.<\/p>\n

556<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb U\u1ef7 ban c\u00e1c K\u00fd gi\u1ea3 ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Tr\u1ebb em (13-1-1979): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 22-1-1979, tr. 5.<\/p>\n

557<\/sup> x. C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Tr\u1ebb em, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c n\u0103m 1990 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

558<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1996, 2-6: AAS 88 (1996), 104-107.<\/p>\n

559<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio,<\/em> 44: AAS 74 (1982), 136; x. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 9, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr. 13.<\/p>\n

560<\/sup> To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 8 ab, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr. 12.<\/p>\n

561<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 10: AAS 73 (1981), 601.<\/p>\n

562<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 104.<\/p>\n

563<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 10: AAS 73 (1981), 600-602.<\/p>\n

564<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 200; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 67: AAS 58 (1966), 1088-1089; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629.<\/p>\n

565<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 105; Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 193-194.<\/p>\n

566<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629; To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh<\/em>, \u0111i\u1ec1u 10 a, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr.14.<\/p>\n

567<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Hu\u1ea5n t\u1eeb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (21- 10-1945): AAS 37 (1945), 284-295; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629; T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 23: AAS 74 (1982), 107-109; To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 10b, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican, Vatican 1983, tr. 14.<\/p>\n

568<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh Gratissimam Sane<\/em> 17: AAS 86 (1994), 903-906.<\/p>\n

569<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629; T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 23: AAS 74 (1982), 107-109.<\/p>\n

570<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 45: AAS 74 (1982), 136.<\/p>\n

571<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2211.<\/p>\n

572<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 46: AAS 74 (1982), 137-139.<\/p>\n

573<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 6: AAS 73 (1981), 591.<\/p>\n

574<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 1: AAS 71 (1979), 257.<\/p>\n

575<\/sup> Ibid., 8: AAS 71 (1979), 270.<\/p>\n

576<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2427; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 27: AAS 73 (1981), 644-647.<\/p>\n

577<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Gioan Kim Kh\u1ea9u, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng v\u1ee5 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, trong Acta Apostolorum Homiliae 35,3: PG 60, 258.<\/p>\n

578<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Basili\u00f4, Regulae Fusius Tractatae 42: PG 31, 1023-1027; Th\u00e1nh Athanasi\u00f4, Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi th\u00e1nh Ant\u00f4n, ch. 3: PG 26, 846.<\/p>\n

579<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Ambrosi\u00f4, De Obitu Valentiniani Consolatio, 62: PL 16, 1438.<\/p>\n

580<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Irene\u00f4, Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o, 5, 32, 2: PL 7, 1210-1211.<\/p>\n

581<\/sup> x. Theodoret th\u00e0nh Cyr, V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Quan ph\u00f2ng, c\u00e1c L\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n 5-7: PG 83, 625-686.<\/p>\n

582<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n trong chuy\u1ebfn kinh l\u00fd m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i Pomezia (14-09-1979), 3: L\u2019osservatore Romano, \u1ea5n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh, 1-10-1979, tr. 4<\/p>\n

583<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 2: AAS 73 (1981), 580-583.<\/p>\n

584<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 1:AAS 73 (1981), 579.<\/p>\n

585<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 3: AAS 73 (1981), 584.<\/p>\n

586<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 6: AAS 73 (1981), 589-590.<\/p>\n

587<\/sup> Ibid., 6: AAS 73 (1981), 590.<\/p>\n

588<\/sup> Ibid.,6:AAS 73 (1981), 592; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2428.<\/p>\n

589<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 31: AAS 83 (1991), 832.<\/p>\n

590<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 200.<\/p>\n

591<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens,<\/em> 16: AAS 73 (1981), 619.<\/p>\n

592<\/sup> Ibid. 4: AAS 73 (1981), 586.<\/p>\n

593<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 12: AAS 73 (1981), 606.<\/p>\n

594<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 12: AAS 73 (1981), 608.<\/p>\n

595<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 13: AAS 73 (1981), 608-612.<\/p>\n

596<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 194-198.<\/p>\n

597<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 111 (1892), 109.<\/p>\n

598<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 195.<\/p>\n

599<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 32: AAS 83 (1991), 833.<\/p>\n

600<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 43: AAS 83 (1991), 847.<\/p>\n

601<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercen<\/em>s, 11: AAS 73 (1981), 604.<\/p>\n

602<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (06-03-1999), 2: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 17-03-1999, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

603<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 41: AAS 83 (1991), 844.<\/p>\n

604<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 14: AAS 73 (1981), 616.<\/p>\n

605<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 9: AAS 58 (1966), 1031-1032.<\/p>\n

606<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 14: AAS 73 (1981), 613.<\/p>\n

607<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 43: AAS 83 (1991), 847.<\/p>\n

608<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 32: AAS 83 (1991), 832-833.<\/p>\n

609<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 9: AAS 83 (1991), 804.<\/p>\n

610<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 67: AAS 58 (1966), 1088-1089.<\/p>\n

611<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2184.<\/p>\n

612<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2185.<\/p>\n

613<\/sup> Ibid. 2186.<\/p>\n

614<\/sup> x. Ibid. 2187.<\/p>\n

615<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Dies Domini<\/em>, 26: AAS 90 (1998), 729: \u201cKhi c\u1eed h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u2018th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t\u2019 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y \u2018th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m\u2019, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi\u201d.<\/p>\n

616<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892),110.<\/p>\n

617<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2188.<\/p>\n

618<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2187.<\/p>\n

619<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 26: AAS 58 (1966), 1046- 1047; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 9, 18:AAS 73 (1981), 598- 600; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (25-04- 1997), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 14-05-1997, tr. 5; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 8: AAS 91 (1999), 382-383.<\/p>\n

620<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 128.<\/p>\n

621<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 10: AAS 73 (1981), 600-602.<\/p>\n

622<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 103; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 14: AAS 73 (1981), 612-616; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 31: AAS 83 (1991), 831-832.<\/p>\n

623<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 16: AAS 73 (1981), 618-620.<\/p>\n

624<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 18: AAS 73 (1981), 623.<\/p>\n

625<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 43: AAS 83 (1991), 848; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2433.<\/p>\n

626<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 17: AAS 73 (1981), 620-622.<\/p>\n

627<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2436.<\/p>\n

628<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 66: AAS 58 (1966), 1087-1088.<\/p>\n

629<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 12: AAS 73 (1981), 605-608.<\/p>\n

630<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 853.<\/p>\n

631 <\/sup>Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y 10-6-1969, 21: AAS 61 (1969), 500; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u00e0y 15-6-1982, 13: AAS 74 (1982), 1004-1005.<\/p>\n

632<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 16: AAS 83 (1991), 813.<\/p>\n

633<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens,<\/em> 10: AAS 73 (1981), 600.<\/p>\n

634<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 10: AAS 73 (1981), 600-602; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 23: AAS 74 (1982), 107-109.<\/p>\n

635<\/sup> x. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 10, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican 1983, tr. 13-14.<\/p>\n

636<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 628.<\/p>\n

637<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, 3: AAS 87 (1995), 804.<\/p>\n

638<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 24: AAS 74 (1982), 109-110.<\/p>\n

639<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1996, 5: AAS 88 (1996), 106-107.<\/p>\n

640<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum:<\/em> Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 129.<\/p>\n

641<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1998, 6: AAS 90 (1998), 153.<\/p>\n

642<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec9nh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 Tr\u1ebb em (22-09-1990): AAS 83 (1991), 360.<\/p>\n

643<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2001, 13: AAS 91 (2001), 241; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u201cCor Unum\u201d \u2013 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Di c\u01b0 v\u00e0 Lang thang, Ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u1ecb n\u1ea1n: m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, 6: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1992, tr. 10.<\/p>\n

644<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2241.<\/p>\n

645<\/sup> x. To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c Quy\u1ec1n Gia \u0111\u00ecnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u 12, Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n \u0110a ng\u1eef Vatican 1983, tr. 14; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 77: AAS 74 (1982), 175-178.<\/p>\n

646<\/sup>x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes, 66: AAS 58 (1966), 1087-1088; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1993, 3: AAS 65 (1993), 431-433.<\/p>\n

647<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 21: AAS 73 (1981), 634.<\/p>\n

648<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 23: AAS 59 (1967), 268-269.<\/p>\n

649<\/sup> H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t (23-11-1997), 13: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1997, tr. 33.<\/p>\n

650<\/sup> Ibid. s\u1ed1 35, tr. 33.<\/p>\n

651<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629.<\/p>\n

652<\/sup> x. Ibid.<\/p>\n

653<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

654<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 15: AAS 83 (1991), 812.<\/p>\n

655<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 18: AAS 73 (1981), 622-625.<\/p>\n

656<\/sup> x. Ibid. s\u1ed1 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629.<\/p>\n

657<\/sup> x. Ibid.<\/p>\n

658<\/sup> x. L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 135; Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 186; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sertum Laetitiae<\/em>: AAS 31 (1939), 643; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 262-263; C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 68: AAS 58 (1966), 1089-1090; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 20: AAS 73 (1981), 629-632; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 7: AAS 83 (1991), 801-802.<\/p>\n

659<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens,<\/em> 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629.<\/p>\n

660<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2434; x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno:<\/p>\n

AAS 23 (1931), 198-202: \u201cL\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\u201d \u2013 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV (s\u1ed1 65-76), ph\u1ea7n II.<\/p>\n

661<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 67: AAS 58 (1966), 1088-1089.<\/p>\n

662<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 131.<\/p>\n

663<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2435.<\/p>\n

664<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 68: AAS 58 (1966), 1089-<\/p>\n

1090; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 20: AAS 73 (1981), 629-632; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2430.<\/p>\n

665<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 20: AAS 73 (1981), 632.<\/p>\n

666<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2435.<\/p>\n

667<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 20: AAS 73 (1981), 629.<\/p>\n

668<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens,<\/em> 20: AAS 73 (1981), 630.<\/p>\n

669<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 20: AAS 73 (1981), 630.<\/p>\n

670<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2430.<\/p>\n

671<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 68: AAS 58 (1966), 1090.<\/p>\n

672<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 20: AAS 73 (1981), 631.<\/p>\n

673<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u C\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n (02-12-1996), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-12-1996, tr. 8.<\/p>\n

674<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 8: AAS 73 (1981), 597.<\/p>\n

675<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (14-09-2001), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 17-10-2001, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

676<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (27-04-2001), 2: AAS 93 (2001), 599.<\/p>\n

677<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 10: AAS 73 (1981), 600-602.<\/p>\n

678<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2427.<\/p>\n

679<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 35: AAS 58 (1966), 1053; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 19: AAS 59 (1967), 266-267: Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 20: AAS 73 (1981), 629-632; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, 28: AAS 80 (1988), 548-550.<\/p>\n

680<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (14-09-2001), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 17-10-2001, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

681<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, L\u1eddi ch\u00e0o sau l\u1ec5 to\u00e0n x\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (01-05-2000), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 10-05-2000, tr. 5<\/p>\n

682<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng trong th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 c\u1ea7u cho n\u0103m to\u00e0n x\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (01-05-2000), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-05-2000, tr. 5.<\/p>\n

683<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 25-27: AAS 73 (1981), 638-647.<\/p>\n

684<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 31: AAS 80 (1988), 554-555.<\/p>\n

685<\/sup> x. M\u1ee5c t\u1eed Hermas, cu\u1ed1n III, \u1ea9n d\u1ee5 I: PG 2, 954.<\/p>\n

686<\/sup> Clement\u00ea th\u00e0nh Alexandria, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng?, 13: PG 9, 618.<\/p>\n

687<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Gioan Kim Kh\u1ea9u, Homiliae XXI de Statuis ad Populum Antiochenum Habitae, 2, 6-8: PG 49, 41-46.<\/p>\n

688<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh Basili\u00f4 C\u1ea3, Homilia in Illud Lucae, Destruam Horrea Mea, 5: PG 31, 271.<\/p>\n

689<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Basili\u00f4 C\u1ea3, ibid.<\/p>\n

690<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh Gregori\u00f4 C\u1ea3, Regula Pastoralis, 3, 21: PL 77, 87. T\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec7t & 21: Quomodo admonendi qui aliena non appetunt, sed sua retinent; et qui sua tribuentes, aliena tamen rapiunt.<\/p>\n

691<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 190-191.<\/p>\n

692<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 63: AAS 58 (1966), 1084.<\/p>\n

693<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2426.<\/p>\n

694<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 40: AAS 80 (1988), 568-569.<\/p>\n

695<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 36: AAS 80 (1988), 561.<\/p>\n

696<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 65: AAS 58 (1966), 1086-1087.<\/p>\n

697<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 32: AAS 80 (1988), 556-557.<\/p>\n

698<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 41: AAS 83 (1991), 844.<\/p>\n

699<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 15-16: AAS 92 (2000), 366-367.<\/p>\n

700<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 28: AAS 80 (1988), 548.<\/p>\n

701<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 42: AAS 83 (1991), 845-846.<\/p>\n

702<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2429; x. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 63: AAS 58 (1966), 1084-1085; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 852-854; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 15: AAS 80 (1988), 528-530; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 17: AAS 73 (1981), 620-622; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 413-415.<\/p>\n

703<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 15: AAS 80 (1988), 529; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2429.<\/p>\n

704<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 16: AAS 83 (1991), 813-814.<\/p>\n

705<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 32: AAS 83 (1991), 833.<\/p>\n

706<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

707<\/sup> x. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 43: AAS 83 (1991), 847.<\/p>\n

708<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 422-423.<\/p>\n

709<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 837.<\/p>\n

710<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2424.<\/p>\n

711<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 837.<\/p>\n

712<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 43: AAS 83 (1991), 846-848.<\/p>\n

713<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 38: AAS 83 (1991), 841.<\/p>\n

714<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2269.<\/p>\n

715<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2438.<\/p>\n

716<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, B\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u y\u1ebft chung (04-02-2004), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-02-2004, p.11.<\/p>\n

717<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 17: AAS 80 (1988), 532.<\/p>\n

718<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 32: AAS 83 (1991), 833.<\/p>\n

719<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2432.<\/p>\n

720<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 837.<\/p>\n

721<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 32: AAS 83 (1991), 832-835.<\/p>\n

722<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em>, 19: AAS 73 (1981), 625-629.<\/p>\n

723<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 36: AAS 83(1991), 838.<\/p>\n

724<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus, 36: AAS 83 (1991), 840.<\/p>\n

725<\/sup> V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu; x. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng IV, Ph\u1ea7n III t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

726<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 34: AAS 83 (1991), 835.<\/p>\n

727 <\/sup>Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 34: AAS 83 (1991), 843.<\/p>\n

728<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 41: AAS 83 (1991), 843-845.<\/p>\n

729<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 41: AAS 63 (1971), 429-430.<\/p>\n

730<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 34: AAS 83 (1991), 835-836.<\/p>\n

731<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 40: AAS 83 (1991), 843; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2425.<\/p>\n

732<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 39: AAS 83 (1991), 843.<\/p>\n

733<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 15: AAS 83 (1991), 811-813.<\/p>\n

734<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 853; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2431.<\/p>\n

735<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 15: AAS 83 (1991), 811.<\/p>\n

736<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 852-853; x.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2431.<\/p>\n

737<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 852-854.<\/p>\n

738<\/sup> x. Ibid.<\/p>\n

739<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 30: AAS 58 (1966), 1049-1050.<\/p>\n

740<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 433-434, 438.<\/p>\n

741<\/sup> x, Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Divini Redemptoris<\/em>: AAS 29 (1966), 103-104.<\/p>\n

742<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum, 21: AAS 33 (1941), 202; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus, 49: AAS 83 (1991), 854-856; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio, 45: AAS 74 (1982), 136-137.<\/p>\n

743<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 40: AAS 83 (1991), 843.<\/p>\n

744<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 839-840.<\/p>\n

745<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

746<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

747<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

748<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 37: AAS 83 (1991), 840.<\/p>\n

749<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ecclesia in America<\/em>, 20: AAS 91 (1999), 756.<\/p>\n

750<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u201cCentesimus Annus\u201d \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng (09-05-1998), 2: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 27-05-1998, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

751<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1998, 3:AAS 90 (1998), 150.<\/p>\n

752<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 61: AAS 59 (1967), 287.<\/p>\n

753<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 43: AAS 80 (1988), 574-575.<\/p>\n

754<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio,<\/em> 57: AAS 59 (1967), 285.<\/p>\n

755<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2003, 5: AAS 95 (2003), 343.<\/p>\n

756<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio,<\/em> 59: AAS 59 (1967), 286.<\/p>\n

757<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (27-04-2001), 4: AAS 93 (2001), 600.<\/p>\n

758<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (11-04-2002), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 24-04-2002, tr. 10.<\/p>\n

759<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00e1c Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Italia (27-04-2002), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 12-06-2002, tr. 11.<\/p>\n

760<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (25-04-1997), 6: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh Ng\u1eef, 14-05-1997, tr. 5.<\/p>\n

761<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 58: AAS 83 (1991), 864.<\/p>\n

762<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 43044: AAS 63 (1971), 431-433.<\/p>\n

763<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2440; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>,<\/p>\n

78: AAS 59 (1967), 295; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollictudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 43: AAS 80 (1988), 574-575.<\/p>\n

764<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 14: AAS 59 (1967), 264.<\/p>\n

765<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2437-2438.<\/p>\n

766<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 13-14: AAS 92 (2000), 365-366.<\/p>\n

767<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 29: AAS 83 (1991), 828-829; x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 40-42: AAS 59 (1967), 277-278.<\/p>\n

768<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u y\u1ebft chung (01-05-1991): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 06-05-1991, tr. 3. X. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 9: AAS 80 (1988), 520-523.<\/p>\n

769<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 14: AAS 80 (1988), 526-527.<\/p>\n

770<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 39: AAS 83 (1991), 842.<\/p>\n

771<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2441.<\/p>\n

772<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 36: AAS 83 (1991), 838-839.<\/p>\n

773<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1884.<\/p>\n

774<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 266-267.<\/p>\n

775<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 25: AAS 58 (1966), 1045-1046; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1881; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ch\u00fa th\u00edch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (24- 11-2002), 3: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 8.<\/p>\n

776<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 25: AAS 58 (1966), 1045.<\/p>\n

777<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 258.<\/p>\n

778<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 450.<\/p>\n

779<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 74: AAS 58 (1966), 1095-97.<\/p>\n

780<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh ng\u00e0y 24-12-1944: AAS 37 (1945), 13.<\/p>\n

781<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

782<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

783<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 266.<\/p>\n

784<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 283.<\/p>\n

785<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1989, 5: AAS 81 (1989), 98.<\/p>\n

786<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1989, 11: AAS 81 (1989), 101.<\/p>\n

787<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 273; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2237; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 6:AAS 92 (2000), 362; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 8.<\/p>\n

788<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 274.<\/p>\n

789<\/sup> x. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 275.<\/p>\n

790<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Sententiae Octavi Libri Ethicorum, VIII, lect. 1; Ed. Leon. 47, 443: \u201cEst enim naturalis amicitia inter eos qui sunt unius gentis ad invicem, inquantum communicant in moribus et convictu. Quartam rationem ponit ibi: Videtur autem et civitates continere amicitia. Et dicit quos per amicitiam videntur conservari civitates. Unde legislatores magis student ad amicitiam conservandam inter cives quam etiam ad justitiam, quam quandoque intermittunt, puta in poenis inferendis, ne dissensio oriatur. Et hoc patet per hoc quod concordia assimilatur amicitiae, quam quidem, scilicet concordiam, legislatores maxime appetunt, contentionemautem civium maxime expellunt, quasi inimicam salutis civitatis. Et quia tota moralis philosophia videtur ordinari ad bonum civile, ut in principio dictum est, pertinet ad moralem considerare de amicitia\u201d.<\/p>\n

791<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2212-2213.<\/p>\n

792<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, De Regno. Ad Regem Cypri, I, 10: Ed. Leon. 42, 461: \u201comnis autem amicitia super aliqua communione firmatur: eos enim qui conueniunt vel per nature originem vel per morum similitudinem vel per cujuscumque commnunionem, uidemus amicitia conjungi\u2026 Non enim conservatur amore, cum parva vel nulla sit amicitia subjecte multitudinis ad tyrannum, ut prehabitis patet\u201d.<\/p>\n

793<\/sup> T\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, huynh \u0111\u1ec7, l\u00e0 kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. \u201cSuy cho c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u201d, Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf trong chuy\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng du \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc Ph\u00e1p: B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Le Bourget (01-06-1980), 5: AAS 72 (1980), 720.<\/p>\n

794<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 99: Ed. Leon. 7, 199-205; Id., Summa Theologiae, II-II, q. 23, ad Ium: Ed. Leon, 8, 168.<\/p>\n

795<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1977: AAS 68 (1976), 709.<\/p>\n

796<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2212.<\/p>\n

797<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 259.<\/p>\n

798<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 73: AAS 58 (1966), 1095.<\/p>\n

799<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 269; L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Immortale Dei<\/em>, trong Acta Leonis XIII, V, 1885,120.<\/p>\n

800<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1898; Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, De Regno. Ad Regem Cypri, I, 1: Ed. Leon. 42, 450: \u201cSi igitue naturale est homini quod in societate multorum vivat, necesse est in omnibus esse qliquid per quod multitudo regatur. Multis enim existentibus hominibus et unoquoque id quod est sibi congruum providente, multitudo I diversa dispergetur nisi etiam esset aliquid de eo quod ad bonum multitudinis pertinet curam habens, sicut et corpus hominis et cujuslibet animalis de flueret nisi esset aliqua vis regitiva communis in corpore, quae ad bonum commune omnium membrorum intenderet. Quod considerans Salomon dixit: \u2018Ubi non est gubernator, dissipabitur populus\u2019\u201d.<\/p>\n

801<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1897; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 279.<\/p>\n

802<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 74: AAS 58 (1966), 1096.<\/p>\n

803<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 46: AAS 83 (1991), 850-851; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 271.<\/p>\n

804<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 74: AAS 58 (1966), 1095-1097.<\/p>\n

805<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 270; x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh 24-12-1944: AAS 37 (1945), 15; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2235.<\/p>\n

806<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra:<\/em> AAS 53 (1961), 449-450.<\/p>\n

807<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

808<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 269-270.<\/p>\n

809<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1902.<\/p>\n

810<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 258-259.<\/p>\n

811<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Summi Pontificatus<\/em>: AAS 31 (1939), 432-433.<\/p>\n

812<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 71: AAS 87 (1995), 483.<\/p>\n

813<\/sup> x. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 70: AAS 87 (1995), 481-483; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 258-259, 279-280.<\/p>\n

814<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Summi Pontificatus<\/em>: AAS 31 (1939), 423.<\/p>\n

815<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 70: AAS 87 (1995), 481-483; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 97, 99: AAS 85 (1993), 1209-1211; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/em>(24-11-2002), 5-6, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 11-14.<\/p>\n

816<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 93,a.3, ad 2um: Ed. Leon., 7, 164: \u201cLex humana intantum habet rationem legis, inquantum est secundum rationem rectam; et secundum hoc manifestum est quod a lege aeterna deruvatur, Inquantum vero a ratione recedit, sic dicitur lex iniqua: et sic non habet rationem legis, sed magis vilolentiae cujusdam\u201d.<\/p>\n

817<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 270.<\/p>\n

818<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1899-1900.<\/p>\n

819<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 74: AAS 58 (1966), 1095-<\/p>\n

1097; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1901.<\/p>\n

820<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2242.<\/p>\n

821<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 73: AAS 87 (1995), 486-487.<\/p>\n

822<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae,<\/em> 74: AAS 87 (1995), 488.<\/p>\n

823<\/sup> Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae, II-II, q. 104, a. 6, ad 3um: Ed. Leon. 9,<\/p>\n

392: \u201cprincipibus saecularibus intantum homo oboedire tenetur, inquantum ordo justitiae requirit\u201d.<\/p>\n

824<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2243.<\/p>\n

825<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 31: AAS 59 (1967), 272.<\/p>\n

826<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis Conscientia<\/em>, 79: AAS 79 (1987), 590.<\/p>\n

827<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2266.<\/p>\n

828<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Italia (31-03-2000), 4: AAS 92 (2000), 633.<\/p>\n

829<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2266.<\/p>\n

830<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i Ch\u1eef th\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecf Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, Geneva (15-06-1982), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 26-07-1982, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

831<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i c\u00e1c Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n Italia (31-03-2000), 4: AAS 92 (2000), 633.<\/p>\n

832<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

833<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 27: AAS 87 (1995), 432.<\/p>\n

834<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2267.<\/p>\n

835<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

836<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 56: AAS 87 (1995), 464; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2001, 19: AAS 93 (2001), 244, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n d\u00f9ng t\u1edbi \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

837<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 46: AAS 83 (1991), 850.<\/p>\n

838<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

839<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 70: AAS 87 (1995), 482.<\/p>\n

840<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 44: AAS 83 (1991), 848.<\/p>\n

841<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2236.<\/p>\n

842<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici,<\/em> 42: AAS 81 (1989), 472-476.<\/p>\n

843<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 44: AAS 80 (1988), 575-577; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 48: AAS 83 (1991), 852-854; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 6: AAS 91 (1991), 381-382.<\/p>\n

844<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1998, 5: AAS 90 (1998), 152.<\/p>\n

845<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 41: AAS 81 (1989), 471-472.<\/p>\n

846<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 75: AAS 58 (1966), 1097-1099.<\/p>\n

848<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Inter Mirifica, 3: AAS 56 (1964), 146; Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii Nuntiandi, 45: AAS 68 (1976), 35-36; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Missio, 37: AAS 83 (1991), 282-286; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Aetatis Novae, 11: AAS 84 (1992), 455-456; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong Qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o (22-02-1997), 4-<\/p>\n

8: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 16-04-1997, tr. I-II.<\/p>\n

849<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2494; x. C\u0110. Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Inter Mirifica, 11: AAS 56 (1964), 148-149.<\/p>\n

850<\/sup> H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (04-07-2000), 20, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2000, tr. 22.<\/p>\n

851<\/sup> x. Ibid. 22, tr. 23-25.<\/p>\n

852<\/sup> x. Ibid. 24, tr. 26-28.<\/p>\n

853<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, 11 (1892), 134.<\/p>\n

854<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1910.<\/p>\n

855<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 203; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1883-1885.<\/p>\n

856<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 49: AAS 83 (1991), 855.<\/p>\n

857<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 1:AAS 58 (1966), 929.<\/p>\n

858<\/sup> x. C\u0110. VaticanII, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae,<\/em> 2: AAS 58 (1966), 930-931; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2106.<\/p>\n

859<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 3: AAS 58(1966), 931-932.<\/p>\n

860<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2108.<\/p>\n

861<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2105.<\/p>\n

862<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 2: AAS 58 (1966), 930-931; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2108.<\/p>\n

863<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 7: AAS 58 (1966), 935; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2109.<\/p>\n

864<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 6: AAS 58 (1966), 933-934; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2107.<\/p>\n

865<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 5: AAS 91 (1999), 380-381.<\/p>\n

866<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Catechesi Tradendae<\/em>, 14: AAS 71 (1979), 1289.<\/p>\n

867<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2245.<\/p>\n

868<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 47: AAS 83 (1991), 852.<\/p>\n

869<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099.<\/p>\n

870<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 1: AAS 58 (1966), 1026.<\/p>\n

871<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o Lu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u 747, 2; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2246.<\/p>\n

872<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 g\u1eedi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c gia K\u00fd k\u1ebft Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u1ea1i Helsinki (01-09-1980), 4: AAS 72 (1980), 1256-1258.<\/p>\n

873<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 1: AAS 57 (1965), 5.<\/p>\n

874<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadt gia C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (06-12-1953), 2: AAS 45 (1953), 795.<\/p>\n

875<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 42: AAS 56 (1966), 1060-1061.<\/p>\n

876<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 40: AAS 80 (1988), 569.<\/p>\n

877<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 12: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 9.<\/p>\n

878<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 12: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 9.<\/p>\n

879<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>, AAS 55 (1963), 292.<\/p>\n

880<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1911.<\/p>\n

881<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nostra Aetate,<\/em> 5: AAS 58 (1966), 743-744; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 268,281; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 63: AAS 59 (1967), 288; Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 16: AAS 63 (1971), 413; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u1ea1n K\u1ef3 th\u1ecb Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh cho H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t Ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, n\u1ea1n b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t khoan dung, 11, Th\u00f4ng T\u1ea5n X\u00e3 Vatican, Vatican City 2001, tr. 15.<\/p>\n

882<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 279-280.<\/p>\n

883<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (04-10-1965), 2: AAS 57 (1965), 879-880.<\/p>\n

884<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Summi Pontificatus<\/em>, 29: AAS 31 (1939), 438-439.<\/p>\n

885<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 292; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 52: AAS 83 (1991), 857-858.<\/p>\n

886<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 284.<\/p>\n

887<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh ch\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (24-12-1939) 5: AAS 32 (1940), 9-11; Pi\u00f4 XII, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c Lu\u1eadt gia C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ecdp b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c (06-12-1953) 2: AAS 45 (1953), 395-396; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 289.<\/p>\n

888<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 9-10: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 9.<\/p>\n

889<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 289-290; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995) 15: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 10.<\/p>\n

890<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 15: AAS 80 (1988), 528-530.<\/p>\n

891<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi UNESCO (02-06-1980), 14: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 23-06-1980, tr.11.<\/p>\n

892<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-<\/p>\n

1995), 14: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 10; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (13-01-2001), 8: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 17-01-2001, tr. 2.<\/p>\n

893<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n V\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 6: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 8.<\/p>\n

894<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh (24-12-1941): AAS 34 (1942), 16.<\/p>\n

895<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c k\u1ef3 h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 50 (05-10-1995), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-10-1995, tr. 8.<\/p>\n

896<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 277.<\/p>\n

897<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Summi Pontificatus<\/em>: AAS 31 (1939), 438-439; Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh (24-12-1941): AAS 34 (1942) 1617; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 290, 292.<\/p>\n

898<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (12-01-1991), 8: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 14-01-1991, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

899<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 5: AAS 96 (2004), 116.<\/p>\n

900<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 5: AAS 96 (2004), 117; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi Vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lateran (21-03-2002), 6: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, 22-03-2002, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

901<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 23: AAS 83 (1991), 820-821.<\/p>\n

902<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 18: AAS 83 (1991), 816.<\/p>\n

903<\/sup> x. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (26-06-1945), \u0111i\u1ec1u 2.4; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 6: AAS 96 (2004), 117.<\/p>\n

904<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh (24-12-1941): AAS 34 (1942), 18.<\/p>\n

905<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh (24-12-1945): AAS 38 (1946), 22; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 287-288.<\/p>\n

906<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi To\u00e0 \u00e1n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, The Hague (13-05-1985), 4: AAS 78 (1986), 520.<\/p>\n

907<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 52: AAS 83 (1991), 858.<\/p>\n

908<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 9: AAS 96 (2004), 120.<\/p>\n

909<\/sup> x. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 7: AAS 96 (2004), 118.<\/p>\n

910<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 426, 439; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i FAO l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 20 (12-11-1979), 6: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 26.11.1979, tr. 6; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi UNESCO (02-06-1980), 5,8: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 23-06-1980, tr. 9-10; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 An ninh v\u00e0 H\u1ee3p t\u00e1c t\u1ea1i \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u (CSDE) (30-11-1993), 3, 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 08-12-1993, tr. 1-2.<\/p>\n

911<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi cho \u00f4ng Nafis Sadik, T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u0103m 1994 v\u1ec1 D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (18-03-1994): AAS 87 (1995), 191-192; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi b\u00e0 Gertrude Mongella, T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c v\u1ec1 Ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef (26-05-1995): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 31-05-1995, tr. 2.<\/p>\n

912<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 84: AAS 58 (1966), 1107-1108.<\/p>\n

913<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 81: AAS 58 (1966), 1105; x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 293; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio, 78: AAS 59 (1967), 295.<\/p>\n

914<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2003, 6: AAS 95 (2003), 344.<\/p>\n

915<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 294-295.<\/p>\n

916<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 51-55 v\u00e0 77-79: AAS 59 (1967), 282-284, 295-296.<\/p>\n

917<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 43: AAS 80 (1988), 575.<\/p>\n

918<\/sup> Ibid.; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 7: AAS 96 (2004), 118.<\/p>\n

919<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 58: AAS 83 (1991), 863-864.<\/p>\n

920<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 33. 39: AAS 80 (1988), 557-559, 566-568.<\/p>\n

921<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 26: AAS 80 (1988), 544-547.<\/p>\n

992<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 7: AAS 96 (2004), 118.<\/p>\n

923<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o Lu\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u 361.<\/p>\n

924<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Sollicitudo Omnium Ecclesiarum<\/em>: AAS 61 (1969), 476.<\/p>\n

925<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 499; x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh (24-12-1945): AAS 38 (1946), 22.<\/p>\n

926<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 16: AAS 80 (1988), 531.<\/p>\n

927<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 36-37, 39: AAS 80 (1988),<\/p>\n

561-564, 567.<\/p>\n

928<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 22: AAS 59 (1967), 268; Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 43: AAS 63 (1971), 431-432; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis, 32-33: AAS 80 (1988), 556-559; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 836-838; x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (10-06-1969), 22: AAS 61 (1969), 500-501; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi cho nh\u1eefng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (20-06-1997), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 23-07-1997, tr. 3; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Li\u00ean \u0111o\u00e0n Kinh doanh v\u00e0 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i Italia (02-05-2000), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 10-05-2000, tr. 5.<\/p>\n

929<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 32: AAS 80 (1988), 556.<\/p>\n

930<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 33: AAS 83 (1991), 835.<\/p>\n

931 <\/sup>x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 56-61: AAS 59 (1967), 285-287.<\/p>\n

932<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 44: AAS 59 (1967), 279.<\/p>\n

933<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 34: AAS 83 (1991), 836.<\/p>\n

934<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 58: AAS 83 91991),863.<\/p>\n

935<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 14: AAS 92<\/p>\n

(2000), 366; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1993, 1: AAS 85 (1993), 429-430.<\/p>\n

936<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 33: AAS 80 (1988) 558; x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 47: AAS 59 (1967), 280.<\/p>\n

937<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 6: AAS 59 (1967), 260; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 28: AAS 80 (1988), 548-550.<\/p>\n

938<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 20-21: AAS 59 (1967), 267-268.<\/p>\n

939<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi cho Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3, Puebla, Mexico (28-01-1979), I\/8: AAS 71 (1979), 194-195.<\/p>\n

940<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 22: AAS 59 (1967), 268.<\/p>\n

941<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 38: AAS 80 (1988), 566.<\/p>\n

942<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 55: AAS 59 (1967), 284; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis,<\/em> 44: AAS 80 (1988), 575-577.<\/p>\n

943<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 14: AAS 92 (2000), 366.<\/p>\n

944<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Tertio Millennio Adveniente<\/em>, 51: AAS 87 (1995), 36; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1998, 4: AAS 90 (1998), 151-152; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Li\u00ean Ngh\u1ecb vi\u1ec7n (30-11-1998): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, XXI, 2 (1998), 1162-1163; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 9: AAS 91 (1999), 383-384.<\/p>\n

945<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus, 35: AAS 83 (1991), 838; x. \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i: m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, do H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n (27-12-1986), Vatican City 1986.<\/p>\n

946<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 15: AAS 58 (1966), 1036.<\/p>\n

947<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 15: AAS 58 (1966), 1036.<\/p>\n

948<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 33: AAS 58 (1966), 1052.<\/p>\n

949<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 34: AAS 58 (1966), 1052.<\/p>\n

950<\/sup> Ibid. 1053.<\/p>\n

951<\/sup> Ibid. 1053.<\/p>\n

952<\/sup> Ibid. 34: AAS 58 (1966), 1053.<\/p>\n

953<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i B\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n M\u1eb9 Nh\u00e2n \u00c1i, Melbourne (28-11-1986): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 09-12-1986, tr. 13.<\/p>\n

954<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, G\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Hiroshima (25-02-1981), 3: AAS 73 (1981), 422.<\/p>\n

955<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, G\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng ty Olivetti t\u1ea1i Ivrea, Italia (19-03-1990), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 26-03-1990, tr. 7.<\/p>\n

956<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (03-10-1981), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 12-10-1981, tr. 4.<\/p>\n

957<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb do H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3, nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (21-09-1982), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 04-10-1982, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

958<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, G\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1i Hiroshima (25-02-1981), 3: AAS 73 (1981), 422.<\/p>\n

959<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, G\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p thu\u1ed9c C\u00f4ng ty Olivetti t\u1ea1i Ivrea, Italia (19-03-1990), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 26-03-1990, tr. 7.<\/p>\n

960<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 t\u1ea1i C\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 \u0110ua xe Victoria, Melbourne (26-11-1986), 11: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, IX, 2 (1986), 1730.<\/p>\n

961<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (23-10-1982), 6: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, V, 3 (1982), 892-893.<\/p>\n

962<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>:, 34: AAS 80 (1988), 559.<\/p>\n

963<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1990, 7: AAS 82 (1990), 151.<\/p>\n

964<\/sup> Ibid. 6: AAS 82 (1990), 150.<\/p>\n

965<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 37: AAS 83 (1991), 840.<\/p>\n

966<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

967<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

968<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi T\u1ed5ng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 35 H\u1ed9i Y khoa Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi (29-10-1983): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 05-12-1986, tr. 11.<\/p>\n

969<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 21: AAS 63 (1971), 416-417.<\/p>\n

970<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 21: AAS 63 (1971), 417.<\/p>\n

971<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 S\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb\u201d (24-03-1997), 2: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 09-04-1997, tr. 2.<\/p>\n

972<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 28: AAS 80 (1988), 548-550.<\/p>\n

973<\/sup> x. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 V\u0103n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i Li\u00ean t\u00f4n, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111em l\u1ea1i N\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1eb1ng S\u1ed1ng. Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb M\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Phong tr\u00e0o \u201cTh\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi\u201d, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2003, tr. 33.<\/p>\n

974<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 S\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb\u201d (24-03-1997), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 09-04-1997, tr. 2<\/p>\n

975<\/sup> Ibid. 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 09-04-1997, tr. 2.<\/p>\n

976<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 38: AAS 83 (1991), 841.<\/p>\n

977<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 34: AAS 80 (1988), 559-560.<\/p>\n

978<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u201cM\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 S\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb\u201d (24-03-1997), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 09-04-1997, tr. 2.<\/p>\n

979<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 40: AAS 83 (1991), 843.<\/p>\n

980<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 34: AAS 80 (1988), 559.<\/p>\n

981<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

982<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Ecclesia in America<\/em>, 25: AAS 91 (1999), 760.<\/p>\n

983<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i Val Visdende nh\u00e2n l\u1ec5 th\u00e1nh Gualberto (12-07-1987): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, X, 3 (1987) 67.<\/p>\n

984<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 17: AAS 59 (1967), 266.<\/p>\n

985<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 37: AAS 83 (1991), 840.<\/p>\n

986<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1990, 9: AAS 82 (1990), 152.<\/p>\n

987<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi U\u1ef7 ban ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 To\u00e0 \u00e1n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, Strasbourg (08-10-1988), 5: AAS 81 (1989), 685; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 10: AAS 91 (1999), 384-385.<\/p>\n

988<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 10:AAS 91(1999), 384-385.<\/p>\n

989<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 26: AAS 80 (1988), 546.<\/p>\n

990<\/sup> Ibid., 34: AAS 80 (1988), 559-560.<\/p>\n

991<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 25 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c FAO (16-11-1989), 8: AAS 82 (1990), 673.<\/p>\n

992<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi nh\u00f3m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (06-11-1987): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, X, 3 (1987), 1018-1020.<\/p>\n

993<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 40: AAS 83 (1991), 843.<\/p>\n

994<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 Phi\u00ean h\u1ecdp Kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (28-10-1994): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, XVII,2 (1994), 567-568.<\/p>\n

995<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 V\u1eadt l\u00fd (18-12-1992): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, V, 3 (1982), 1631-1634.<\/p>\n

996<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00f9ng Amazon, Manaus (10-07-1980): AAS 72 (1980), 960-961.<\/p>\n

997<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng trong bu\u1ed5i c\u1eed h\u00e0nh Ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba thung l\u0169ng Amazon thu\u1ed9c n\u01b0\u1edbc Peru (05-02-1985), 4:AAS 77 (1985), 897-898; x. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb H\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea5t <\/em>(23-11-1997), 11, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1997, tr. 17.<\/p>\n

998<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u01b0\u1edbc Australia (29-11-1986), 4: AAS 79 (1987), 974-975.<\/p>\n

999<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u01b0\u1edbc Guatemala (07-03-1983), 4: AAS 75 (1983), 742-743; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u01b0\u1edbc Canada (18-09-1984), 7-8: AAS 77 (1988), 421-422; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u01b0\u1edbc Ecuador (31-01-1985), II, 1: AAS 77 (1985), 861; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u01b0\u1edbc Australia (29-11-1986), 10: AAS 79 (1987), 976-977.<\/p>\n

1000<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba n\u01b0\u1edbc Australia (29-11-1986), 4: AAS 79 (1987), 974-975; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba (14-09-1987), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 21-09-1987, tr. 21.<\/p>\n

1001<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 sinh h\u1ecdc cho \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt: Nh\u1eefng ranh gi\u1edbi m\u1edbi<\/em> v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m m\u1edbi, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1999.<\/p>\n

1002<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (23-10-1982), 6: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, V, 3 (1982), 892-893.<\/p>\n

1003<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (03-10-1981): AAS 73 (1981), 668-672.<\/p>\n

1004<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (23-10-1982): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, V, 3 (1982), 889-893. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb do H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (21-09-1982): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, V, 3 (1982), 511-515.<\/p>\n

1005<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 69: AAS 58 (1966), 1090-1092; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 22: AAS 59 (1967), 268.<\/p>\n

1006<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 25: AAS 80 (1988), 543; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae<\/em>, 16: AAS 87 (1995), 418.<\/p>\n

1007<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 25: AAS 80 (1988), 543-544.<\/p>\n

1008<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi \u00f4ng Nafis Sadik, T\u1ed5ng Th\u01b0 k\u00fd H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u0103m 1994 v\u1ec1 D\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (18-03-1944), 3: AAS 87 (1995), 191.<\/p>\n

1009<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Geraldo Majella Agnelo nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch huynh \u0111\u1ec7 n\u0103m 2004 c\u1ee7a Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Brazil (19-01-2004): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 17-03-2004, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

1010<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

1011<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2003, 5: AAS 95 (2003), 343; H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb N\u01b0\u1edbc, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i \u0111o\u00e0n To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Di\u1ec5n \u0111\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 3, t\u1ea1i Kyoto, t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y 16 \u0111\u1ebfn 23-03-2003.<\/p>\n

1012<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 36: AAS 83 (1991), 834-840.<\/p>\n

1013<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 36: AAS 83 (1991), 839.<\/p>\n

1014<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Trung t\u00e2m Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u1edf Nairobi, n\u01b0\u1edbc Kenya (18-08-1985), 5: AAS 78 (1986), 92.<\/p>\n

1015<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1986, 1: AAS 78 (1986), 278-279.<\/p>\n

1016<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1969: AAS 60 (1968), 771; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 4: AAS 96 (2004), 116.<\/p>\n

1017<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1982, 4: AAS 74 (1982), 328.<\/p>\n

1018<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 78: AAS 58 (1966), 1101-1102.<\/p>\n

1019<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 51: AAS 83 (1991), 856-857.<\/p>\n

1020<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1972: AAS 63 (1971), 868.<\/p>\n

1021 <\/sup>x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1969: AAS 60 (1968), 772; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 12: AAS 91 (1999), 386-387.<\/p>\n

1022<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ubi Arcano<\/em>: AAS 14 (1922), 686. Trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 29, a.3, ad 3um: Ed. Leon. 8, 238; x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 78: AAS 58 (1966), 1101-1102.<\/p>\n

1023<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 76: AAS 59 (1967), 294-295.<\/p>\n

1024<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1974: AAS 65 (1973), 672.<\/p>\n

1025<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2317.<\/p>\n

1026<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (13-01-1997), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 15-01-1997, tr. 6-7.<\/p>\n

1027<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes, 78: AAS 58 (1966), 1101; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2304.<\/p>\n

1028<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 78: AAS 58 (1966), 1101.<\/p>\n

1029<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Drogheda, Ailen (19-09-1979), 9: AAS 71 (1979), 1081; x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii Nuntiandi<\/em>, 37: AAS 68 (1976), 29.<\/p>\n

1030<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc (12-11-1983), 5: AAS 76 (1984), 398-399.<\/p>\n

1031<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2306.<\/p>\n

1032<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes, 77: AAS 58 (1966), 1100; x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2307-2317.<\/p>\n

1033<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 80: AAS 58 (1966), 1103-1104.<\/p>\n

1034<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 291.<\/p>\n

1035<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed3ng y \u0110o\u00e0n: Acta Leonis XIII, 19 (1899), 270-272.<\/p>\n

1036<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, G\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c Vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o tri\u1ec1u Roma (17-01-1991): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 21-01-1991, tr. 1; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c theo nghi l\u1ec5 Latinh t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o \u1ea2 R\u1eadp (01-10-1990), 4: AAS 83 (1991), 475.<\/p>\n

1037<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c H\u1ed3ng y (24-06-1965): AAS 57 (1965), 643-644.<\/p>\n

1038<\/sup> Benedict\u00f4 XV, L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tham chi\u1ebfn (01-08-1917): AAS 9 (1917), 423.<\/p>\n

1039<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, L\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh trong bu\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u y\u1ebft chung (16-01-1991): Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, XIV, 1 (1991), 121.<\/p>\n

1040<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Truy\u1ec1n thanh (24-08-1939): AAS 31 (1939), 334; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1993, 4: AAS 85 (1993), 433-434; x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 288.<\/p>\n

1041<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 79: AAS 58 (1966), 1102-1103.<\/p>\n

1042<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh 1999, 11: AAS 91 (1999), 385.<\/p>\n

1043<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (13-01-2003), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 15-01-2003, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

1044<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c (04-10-1965), 5: AAS 57 (1965), 881.<\/p>\n

1045<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 51: AAS 83 (1991), 857.<\/p>\n

1046<\/sup> Ibid., 52: AAS 83 (1991), 858.<\/p>\n

1047<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 288-289.<\/p>\n

1048<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 291.<\/p>\n

1049<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2265.<\/p>\n

1050<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2309.<\/p>\n

1051<\/sup> H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc (01-05-1994), ch. I, 6: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1994, tr. 13.<\/p>\n

1052<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 79: AAS 58 (1966), 1103.<\/p>\n

1053<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 6: AAS 96 (2004), 117.<\/p>\n

1054<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 79: AAS 58 (1966), 1102-1103; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2310.<\/p>\n

1055<\/sup> X. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1 (11-03-1994), 4: AAS 87 (1995), 74.<\/p>\n

1056<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 2313.<\/p>\n

1057<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 79: AAS 58 (1966), 1103; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2311.<\/p>\n

1058<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Kinh Truy\u1ec1n Tin ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt (07-03-1993), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 10-03-1993, tr. 1; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng OSCE (30-11-1993), 4: AAS 86 (1994), 751.<\/p>\n

1059<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i tri\u1ec1u y\u1ebft chung (11-08-1999), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 25-08-1999, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

1060<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u00f9a Chay n\u0103m 1990, 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 12-02-1990, tr. 5.<\/p>\n

1061<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 7: AAS 91 (1999), 382; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 7: AAS 92 (2000), 362.<\/p>\n

1062<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i Regina Coeli (18-04-1993), 3: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 21-04-1993, tr. 12; x. U\u1ef7 ban Li\u00ean l\u1ea1c T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi Do Th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n nh\u1edb. M\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c t\u00e0n s\u00e1t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i<\/em> (16-03-1998), Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1998.<\/p>\n

1063<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 11: AAS 92 (2000), 363.<\/p>\n

1064<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (16-01-1993), 13: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 20-01-1993, tr. 9; x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng do FAO v\u00e0 WHO b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 (05.12.1992), 3: AAS 85 (1993), 922-923; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 9: AAS 96 (2004), 120.<\/p>\n

1065<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Kinh Truy\u1ec1n Tin ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt (14-06-1998): L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 17-06-1998, tr.1; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c Ph\u00e1t huy Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (04-07-1998), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 29-07-1998, tr. 8; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m1999, tr. 7: AAS 91 (1999), 382; x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 6 v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 (03-10-1953): AAS 45 (1953), 730-744.<\/p>\n

1066<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (09-01-1995), 7: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 11-01-1995, tr. 6.<\/p>\n

1067<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m n\u0103m th\u1ee9 40 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp (18-10-1985), 6: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 14-11-1985, tr. 4.<\/p>\n

1068<\/sup> x. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, Vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc (01-05-1994), ch. 1,9-11, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vaticna City 1994, tr. 14.<\/p>\n

1069<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2316; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, Verona, Italia (17-04-1988), 6: Insegnamenti di Giovanni Paolo II, XI, 1 (1988), 940.<\/p>\n

1070<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2315.<\/p>\n

1071<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 80: AAS 58 (1966), 1104;<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2314; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1986, 2: AAS 78 (1986), 280.<\/p>\n

1072<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (13-01-1996), 7: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 17-01-1996, tr. 2.<\/p>\n

1073<\/sup> To\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n, sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ho\u00e1 h\u1ecdc h\u1ea7u h\u1eadu thu\u1eabn c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

1074<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 80: AAS 58 (1966), 1104.<\/p>\n

1075<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 11: AAS 91 (1999), 385-386.<\/p>\n

1076<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 11: AAS 91 (1999), 385-386.<\/p>\n

1077<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

1078<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2297.<\/p>\n

1079<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2002, 4: AAS 94 (2002), 134.<\/p>\n

1080<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 79: AAS 58 (1966), 1102.<\/p>\n

1081<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2002, 5: AAS 94 (2002), 134.<\/p>\n

1082<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 8: AAS 96 (2004), 119.<\/p>\n

1083<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

1084<\/sup> Ibid.<\/p>\n

1085<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2002, 5: AAS 94 (2002), 134.<\/p>\n

1086<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi V\u0103n ho\u00e1, Ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Khoa h\u1ecdc, Astana, Kazakhstan (24-09-2001), 5: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 26-09-2001, tr. 7.<\/p>\n

1087<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2002, 7: AAS 95 (2002), 135-136.<\/p>\n

1088<\/sup> x. \u201cTh\u1eadp \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Assisi cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh\u201d, I, tr\u00edch trong th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II g\u1eedi c\u00e1c Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7 Qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ng\u00e0y 24-02-2002: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 06-03-2002, tr.12.<\/p>\n

1089<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 20: AAS 92 (2000), 369.<\/p>\n

1090<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1988, 3: AAS 80 (1988), 282-284.<\/p>\n

1091<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 9: AAS 96 (2004), 120.<\/p>\n

1092<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2002, 9: AAS 94 (2002), 136-137; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 10: AAS 96 (2004), 121.<\/p>\n

1093<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u01b0 nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 50 n\u0103m b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 cu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai (27-08-1989), 2: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 04-09-1989, tr. 1.<\/p>\n

1094<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1997, 3 v\u00e0 4: AAS 89 (1997), 193.<\/p>\n

1095<\/sup> x. Pi\u00f4 XII, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 6 v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 (03-10-1953): AAS 65 (1953), 730-744; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (13-01- 1997), 4: L\u2019Osservatore Romano, b\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 15-01-1997, tr. 7; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 7: AAS 91 (1999), 382.<\/p>\n

1096<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1997, 3,4,6: AAS 89 (1997), 193,196-197.<\/p>\n

1097<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1999, 11: AAS 91 (1999), 385.<\/p>\n

1098<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1992, 4: AAS 84 (1992), 323-324.<\/p>\n

1099<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1968: AAS 59 (1967), 1098.<\/p>\n

1100<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Sacrosanctum Concilium<\/em>, 10: AAS 56 (1964), 102.<\/p>\n

1101<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 11: AAS 57 (1965), 15.<\/p>\n

1102<\/sup> Cu\u1ed9c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ch\u00e0o b\u00ecnh an, l\u1eddi ch\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7. Kinh \u201cVinh Danh\u201d c\u0169ng l\u00e0 kinh c\u1ea7u cho d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an. Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n cho ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua kinh nguy\u1ec7n Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 trong th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5: k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y, ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. Trong nghi th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7p l\u1ec5, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7u xin Ch\u00faa \u201cban cho ch\u00fang con b\u00ecnh an\u201d v\u00e0 khi nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 ban ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7u xin \u201ccho N\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t\u201d. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trao cho nhau d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u b\u00ecnh an v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u xin Chi\u00ean Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 xo\u00e1 t\u1ed9i tr\u1ea7n gian, h\u00e3y \u201cban b\u00ecnh an cho ch\u00fang con\u201d. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1eed h\u00e0nh Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n trong b\u00ecnh an c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ea7u xin cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh. Trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n \u1ea5y, c\u00f3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta li\u00ean k\u1ebft ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 trong l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ec5 ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt VIII M\u00f9a Th\u01b0\u1eddng Ni\u00ean ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n: Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7u xin Ch\u00faa h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn sao cho c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00fang theo \u00fd Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

1103<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1968: AAS 59 (1967), 1100.<\/p>\n

1104<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 1976: AAS 67 (1975), 671.<\/p>\n

1105<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o s\u0129, General Directory for Catechesis,<\/em> 18, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1997, tr. 24.<\/p>\n

1106<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Missio<\/em>, 11: AAS 83 (1991), 259-260.<\/p>\n

1107<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 5: AAS 83 (1991), 799.<\/p>\n

1108<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 5: AAS 83 (1991), 799.<\/p>\n

1109<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 22: AAS 58 (1966), 1043.<\/p>\n

1110<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Missio<\/em>, 52: AAS 83 (1991), 300; x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii Nuntiandi<\/em>, 20: AAS 68 (1976), 18-19.<\/p>\n

1111<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Missio<\/em>, 11: AAS 83 (1991), 259-260.<\/p>\n

1112<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici, 35: AAS 81 (1989), 458.<\/p>\n

1113<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 5: AAS 83 (1991), 800.<\/p>\n

1114<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Missio<\/em>, 11: AAS 83 (1991), 259.<\/p>\n

1115<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 51: AAS 63 (1971), 440.<\/p>\n

1116<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 57: AAS 83 (1991), 862.<\/p>\n

1117<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 48: AAS 80 (1988), 583-584.<\/p>\n

1118<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099-1100.<\/p>\n

1119<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra:<\/em> AAS 53 (1961), 453; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 54: AAS 83 (1991), 859, 860.<\/p>\n

1120<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>: AAS 55 (1963), 265-266.<\/p>\n

1121<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 60: AAS 81 (1989), 511.<\/p>\n

1122<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o s\u0129, General Directory for Catechesis<\/em>, 30, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1997, tr. 33.<\/p>\n

1123<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Cathechesi Tradendae<\/em>, 18: AAS 71 (1979), 1291-1292.<\/p>\n

1124<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Cathechesi Tradendae<\/em>, 5: AAS 71 (1979), 1281.<\/p>\n

1125<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o s\u0129, General Directory for Catechesis<\/em>, 54, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1997, tr. 56.<\/p>\n

1126<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Cathechesi Tradendae<\/em>, 29: AAS 71 (1979), 1301-1302; c\u0169ng xem B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o s\u0129, General Directory for Catechesis<\/em>, 17, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 1997, tr. 23.<\/p>\n

1127<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis Humanae<\/em>, 8: AAS 58 (1966), 935.<\/p>\n

1128<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 107: AAS 85 (1993), 1217.<\/p>\n

1129<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em>, 81: AAS 59 (1967), 296-297.<\/p>\n

1130<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 75: AAS 58 (1966), 1097-1098.<\/p>\n

1131<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 75: AAS 58 (1966), 1098.<\/p>\n

1132<\/sup> 30 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1988, Vatican Polyglot Press, Roma 1988.<\/p>\n

1133<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Nostra Aetate<\/em>, 4: AAS 58 (1966), 742-743.<\/p>\n

1134<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 32: AAS 80 (1988), 556-557.<\/p>\n

1135<\/sup> 27 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1986; 24 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 2002.<\/p>\n

1136<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptoris Missio<\/em>, 2:AAS 83 (1991), 250.<\/p>\n

1137<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 3: AAS 83 (1991), 795.<\/p>\n

1138<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus,<\/em> 3: AAS 83 (1991), 796.<\/p>\n

1139<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium,<\/em> 31: AAS 57 (1965), 37.<\/p>\n

1140<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 31: AAS 57 (1965), 37.<\/p>\n

1141<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici,<\/em> 15: AAS 81 (1989), 415.<\/p>\n

1142<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici, 24: AAS 81 (1989),433, 435.<\/p>\n

1143<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes, 76: AAS 58 (1965), 1099.<\/p>\n

1144<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium, 31: AAS 57 (1965), 37-38.<\/p>\n

1145<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici, 59: AAS 81 (1989), 509.<\/p>\n

1146<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o,<\/em> 1806.<\/p>\n

1147<\/sup> Vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n t\u00ednh th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1eb1m thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft: \u201ctr\u00ed nh\u1edb\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1edb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch quan, kh\u00f4ng xuy\u00ean t\u1ea1c (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 49, a. 1: Ed. Leon. 8, 367); \u201ct\u00ednh d\u1ec5 d\u1ea1y\u201d cho ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae, <\/em>II-II, q. 49, a. 1: Ed. Leon. 8, 368-369); \u201cs\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean c\u1ea7n\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t tr\u1eafc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch quan nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho thi\u1ec7n \u00edch, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 49, a. 1: Ed. Leon. 8, 369-370). Nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i: \u201cs\u1ef1 lo xa\u201d l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 49, a. 6: Ed. Leon. 8, 367) v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng\u201d ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 49, a. 7: Ed. Leon. 8, 372). Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00ednh th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 d\u01b0\u1edbi hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c: th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u201ctri\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u00edch nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 50, a. 1: Ed. Leon. 8, 374), v\u00e0 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng \u201cch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, q. 50, a. 2: Ed. Leon. 8, 375), m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Summa Theologiae<\/em>, II-II, qq. 47-56: Ed. Leon. 8, 348-406).<\/p>\n

1148<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici, 30: AAS 81 (1989), 446-448.<\/p>\n

1149<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 62: AAS 81 (1989), 516-517.<\/p>\n

1150<\/sup> x. Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961) 455.<\/p>\n

1151<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 29: AAS 81 (1989), 443.<\/p>\n

1152<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099.<\/p>\n

1153<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961) 454; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 57: AAS 83 (1991), 862-863.<\/p>\n

1154<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 91: AAS 58 (1966), 1113.<\/p>\n

1155<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 37: AAS 81 (1989), 460.<\/p>\n

1156<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno:<\/em> AAS 23 (1931), 218.<\/p>\n

1157<\/sup> Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23 (1931), 218.<\/p>\n

1158<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Donum Vitae<\/em>, (22-02-1987): AAS 80 (1988) 70-102.<\/p>\n

1159<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 39: AAS 81 (1989), 466.<\/p>\n

1160<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 39: AAS 81 (1989), 466.<\/p>\n

1161 <\/sup>x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Familiaris Consortio<\/em>, 42-48: AAS74 (1982), 134, 140.<\/p>\n

1162<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 43: AAS 58 (1966), 1062.<\/p>\n

1163<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, G\u1eedi cho UNESCO (23-06-1980), 7: L\u2019Observatore Romano, B\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 23-06-1980, tr. 9.<\/p>\n

1164<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (24-11-2002), 7: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 15.<\/p>\n

1165<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 59: AAS 58 (1966), 1079-1080.<\/p>\n

1166<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 50: AAS 83 (1991), 856.<\/p>\n

1167<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, G\u1eedi cho UNESCO (02-06-1980), 7: L\u2019Observatore Romano, B\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 23-06-1980, tr. 10.<\/p>\n

1168<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 60: AAS 58 (1966), 1081.<\/p>\n

1169<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 61: AAS 58 (1966), 1082.<\/p>\n

1170<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 24: AAS 83 (1991), 822.<\/p>\n

1171<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 24: AAS 83 (1991), 821-822.<\/p>\n

1172<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Inter Mirifica,<\/em> 4: AAS 56 (1964), 146.<\/p>\n

1173<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Fides et Ratio,<\/em> 36-48: AAS 91 (1999), 33-34.<\/p>\n

1174<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 55: AAS 83 (1991), 861.<\/p>\n

1175<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u0103m 1999, 3: L\u2019Observatore Romano, B\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 03-02-1999, tr. 1-2.<\/p>\n

1176<\/sup> Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2495.<\/p>\n

1177<\/sup> x. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (4-6-2000), 14, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 14-16.<\/p>\n

1178<\/sup> x. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong Truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng (4-6-2000), 33, Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 40.<\/p>\n

1179<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/em>(24-11-2002), 3: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 8.<\/p>\n

1180<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 41: AAS 80 (1988), 570.<\/p>\n

1181<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 14: AAS 92 (2000), 366.<\/p>\n

1182<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2000, 17: AAS 92 (2000), 367-368.<\/p>\n

1183<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens,<\/em> 46: AAS 63 (1971), 433-436.<\/p>\n

1184<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 36: AAS 80 (1988), 561-563.<\/p>\n

1185<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb (24-11-2002), 6: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 13.<\/p>\n

1186<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 46: AAS 83 (1991), 850.<\/p>\n

1187<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 74: AAS 58 (1966), 1095-1097.<\/p>\n

1188<\/sup> x. B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, H\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o Linh M\u1ee5c<\/em>, 8, Vatican Polyglot Press, Roma 1988, tr. 13-14.<\/p>\n

1189<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> (24-11-2002), 7: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 15-16.<\/p>\n

1190<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 46: AAS 83 (1991), 850-851<\/p>\n

1191<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> (24-11-2002), 4: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 9.<\/p>\n

1192<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae,<\/em> 73: AAS 87 (1995), 486-487.<\/p>\n

1193<\/sup> x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici, 39: AAS 81 (1989), 466-468.<\/p>\n

1194<\/sup> x. C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 76: AAS 58 (1966), 1099-1100.<\/p>\n

1195<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> (24-11-2002), 6: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 11.<\/p>\n

1196<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> (24-11-2002), 6: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr.12.<\/p>\n

1197<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> (24-11-2002), 6: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 12-13.<\/p>\n

1198<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi Ngo\u1ea1i giao \u0110o\u00e0n (12-01-2004), 3: L\u2019Observatore Romano, B\u1ea3n Anh ng\u1eef, 21-01-2004, tr. 3.<\/p>\n

1199<\/sup> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c tin, Ghi ch\u00fa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb <\/em>(24-11-2002, 6: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, Vatican City 2002, tr. 14.<\/p>\n

1200<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 46: AAS 63 (1971), 433-435.<\/p>\n

1201<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 46: AAS 63 (1971), 433-435.<\/p>\n

1202<\/sup> x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 50: AAS 63 (1971), 439-440.<\/p>\n

1203<\/sup> Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 46: AAS 63 (1971), 403-404.<\/p>\n

1204<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes,<\/em> 43: AAS 58 (1966), 1063.<\/p>\n

1205 <\/sup>C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 43: AAS 58 (1966), 1063.<\/p>\n

1206<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 41: AAS 58 (1966), 1059.<\/p>\n

1207<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 451.<\/p>\n

1208<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 41: AAS 58 (1966), 1059.<\/p>\n

1209<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 41: AAS 58 (1966), 1059.<\/p>\n

1210<\/sup> \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Summi Pontificatus<\/em>: AAS 31 (1939), 425.<\/p>\n

1211<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 55: AAS 83 (1991), 860-861.<\/p>\n

1212<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, 98: AAS 83 (1993), 1210; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 24: AAS 83 (1991), 821-822.<\/p>\n

1213<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Novo Millennio Ineunte<\/em>, 29: AAS 93 (2001), 285.<\/p>\n

1214<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 47: AAS 80 (1988), 580.<\/p>\n

1215<\/sup> Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53 (1961), 541.<\/p>\n

1216<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 35: AAS 57 (1965), 40.<\/p>\n

1217<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 10: AAS 83 (1991), 805-806.<\/p>\n

1218<\/sup> Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo Rei Socialis<\/em>, 40: AAS 80 (1988), 568.<\/p>\n

1219<\/sup> C\u0110. Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em>, 38: AAS 58 (1966), 1055-1056; Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf T\u00edn l\u00fd Lumen Gentium<\/em>, 42: AAS 57 (1965), 47-48; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 826.<\/p>\n

1220<\/sup> x. Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1889.<\/p>\n

1221<\/sup> L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em>: Acta Leonis XIII, II (1892), 143; B\u00ean\u00eadict\u00f4<\/p>\n

XV, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem Dei<\/em>: AAS 12 (1920), 215.<\/p>\n

1222<\/sup> x. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, QD De Caritate, a.9,c; Pi\u00f4 XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em>: AAS 23(1931), 206-207; Gioan XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>: AAS 53(1961) 410; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i FAO (16-11-1970), 11: AAS 62. (1970), 837-838; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Di\u1ec5n v\u0103n g\u1eedi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh (9-02-1980), 7: AAS 72 (1980), 187.<\/p>\n

1223 <\/sup>x. Phaol\u00f4 VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima Adveniens<\/em>, 46: AAS 63 (1971), 433-435.<\/p>\n

1224 <\/sup>C\u0110. Vatican II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Apostilicam Actuositatem<\/em>, 8:AAS 58 (1966), 844-845; Phaol\u00f4 VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio, 44: AAS 59 (1967), 279; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n H\u1eadu Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Christifideles Laici<\/em>, 42: AAS 81 (1989), 472-476; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1939.<\/p>\n

1225 <\/sup>Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor Hominis<\/em>, 15: AAS 71 (1979), 288.<\/p>\n

1226 <\/sup>Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Dives in Misericordia<\/em>, 14: AAS 72 (1980), 1223.<\/p>\n

1227 <\/sup>Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi Ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh n\u0103m 2004, 10: AAS 96 (2004), 121; Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Dives in Misericordia<\/em>, 14: AAS 72 (1980), 1224; Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 2212.<\/p>\n

1228 <\/sup>Th\u00e1nh Gioan Chrysostom, Homilia De Perfecta Caritate, 1, 2: PG 56, 281-282.<\/p>\n

1229 <\/sup>x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Novo Millennio Ineunte<\/em>, 49-51: AAS 93 (2001), 302-304.<\/p>\n

1230 <\/sup>x. Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus<\/em>, 5: AAS 83 (1991), 798-800.<\/p>\n

1231 <\/sup>Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, 1889.<\/p>\n

1232 <\/sup>Th\u00e1nh T\u00ear\u00easa H\u00e0i \u0110\u1ed3ng Gi\u00easu, H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u00e2ng hi\u1ebfn trong Truy\u1ec7n M\u1ed9t T\u00e2m H\u1ed3n, tr. Jonh Clarke (Washington D.C.: ICS 1981, tr. 277) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi trong Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, 2011.<\/p>\n

\n

Ngu\u1ed3n: Vatican.va<\/a><\/p>\n

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* Nguy\u00ean t\u00e1c: Compendium of the Social Doctrine of the Church<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1330,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1329","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-van-kien-giao-hoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1329","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1329"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1329\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1331,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1329\/revisions\/1331"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1329"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1329"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1329"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}