{"id":1332,"date":"2012-12-20T21:58:15","date_gmt":"2012-12-20T14:58:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=1332"},"modified":"2013-01-09T21:58:59","modified_gmt":"2013-01-09T14:58:59","slug":"nhung-dinh-huong","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/nhung-dinh-huong\/","title":{"rendered":"NH\u1eeeNG \u0110\u1ecaNH H\u01af\u1edaNG CHO VI\u1ec6C NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U V\u00c0 GI\u1ea2NG D\u1ea0Y H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u1ee6A GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I TRONG VI\u1ec6C \u0110\u00c0O T\u1ea0O LINH M\u1ee4C"},"content":{"rendered":"

(do B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o<\/em> ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 27\/06\/1989)<\/p>\n

M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

1<\/strong>.\u00a0 Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, v\u1ed1n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c[1]<\/a>. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, B\u1ed9 x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 l\u00fac th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0111\u01b0a ra s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f4m nay, gi\u00fap cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng kho t\u00e0ng phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, nh\u1edd th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111ang ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i h\u1ecd. Ng\u00e0y nay, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m phong ph\u00fa nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i) g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II, trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, cho th\u1ea5y, th\u1eadt l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 trong to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp \u00ab\u00a0Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong t\u1eadp \u00ab\u00a0Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u01b0\u1edbng\u00a0\u00bb n\u00e0y, hai thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb (doctrine sociale<\/em>) v\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb (enseignement social<\/em>) c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong m\u1ed7i thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, \u00ab\u00a0h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft\u00a0\u00bb nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n\u00a0\u00bb nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng xen k\u1ebd ch\u00fang trong Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n long tr\u1ecdng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean kia m\u1ecdi xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hay l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 ra, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00ab\u00a0m\u1ed9t gia s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa\u00a0\u00bb, m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00fac l\u1ea5y \u1edf L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gia s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1ch trung th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

2<\/strong>. Ng\u00e0y nay, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, c\u00e1ch c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ki\u00ean tr\u00ec h\u01a1n, mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111ang kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0; b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. N\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1i \u00e1ch h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7\u00a0\u00bb n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em> (Rerum Novarum)[3]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng \u00ab\u00a0\u0111\u1ea1i t\u1ea5n k\u1ecbch\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, b\u1ecb g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00e8m theo \u0111\u00f3, \u00ab\u00a0kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng[4]<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, th\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1eabn \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n nay trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh bi th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to l\u1edbn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng[5]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0ng, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00ab\u00a0\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Tin M\u1eebng[6]<\/a>\u00bb, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang can thi\u1ec7p trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, n\u00ean d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, trong s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y[7]<\/a> v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa trong t\u1eadp \u00ab Nh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u01b0\u1edbng\u00a0\u00bb n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi \u1ee6y Ban T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh \u00ab\u00a0C\u00f4ng L\u00fd v\u00e0 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u0103m ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u00a0: chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00f3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

I. B\u1ea2N CH\u1ea4T C\u1ee6A H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

3<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn, c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m. Cho d\u1ea7u, trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p hay gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta hy v\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef trong \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. D\u00f9 sao, c\u0169ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft lu\u00f4n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch, khai tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady[9]<\/a>\u00a0: gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang n\u1ea3y sinh trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p tr\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111ang ch\u00edn m\u00f9i trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i xuy\u00ean qua vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng xuy\u00ean qua kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khoa mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang l\u1ea1i cho no m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi ti\u00eau ch\u00ed lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Khi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng\u00a0nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb\u00a0\u00bb, n\u00f3 k\u00e9o theo \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean\u00a0\u00bb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn theo nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh (praxis<\/em>) kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

4<\/strong>. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Cho d\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u00e0nh cho nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u0103n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p\u00a0: bi\u1ebft bao y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[10]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i c\u1ee7a \u00ab\u00a0ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[11]<\/a>\u00bb. Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n n\u1eefa, v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng. N\u1ed9i dung, m\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p tri th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[12]<\/a>, ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

5<\/strong>. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

X\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng[13]<\/a>, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, gi\u1eefa Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, trong vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb theo Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o[14]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1edd c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3[15]<\/a>. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t \u00ab\u00a0ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay\u00a0\u00bb, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh loan b\u00e1o Tin m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3[16]<\/a> m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed7i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u1ed3m ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n\u00a0: loan b\u00e1o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

6<\/strong>. Chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n\u00a0: l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u00e0y m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00ab\u00a0chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft\u00a0\u00bb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi, theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn[18]<\/a>. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o cho ch\u00fang[19]<\/a>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 \u00ab\u00a0m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00a0\u00bb, v\u00ec ch\u01b0ng, n\u01a1i n\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ec1u n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 \u00ab\u00a0m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh\u00a0\u00bb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a suy t\u01b0, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh cho ph\u00e9p hay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi[20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

7<\/strong>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng quy n\u1ea1p-di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn m\u00e0, c\u00e1ch chung, t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n xa x\u01b0a h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 h\u01a1n trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (M\u1eb9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes<\/em> v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n trong ba giai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u00a0: nh\u00ecn, ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n <\/em>v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn<\/em> l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0\u00a0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/em> l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bao h\u00e0m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. N\u1eb1m \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n trung gian n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh\u00a0: m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i[21]<\/a>\u00bb. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 trung l\u1eadp, v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo b\u1eadc thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Tin M\u1eebng. N\u1ebfu, gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng b\u1eadc thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd hay th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 phe nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i b\u00ean trong\u00a0: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u1ee9ng tr\u1ef1c, c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng thanh t\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

Khi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho h\u1ecd hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00edn m\u00f9i d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee9a cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 \u00ab\u00a0\u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n[22]<\/a> \u00bb.<\/p>\n

8<\/strong>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng[23]<\/a>. Cho d\u1ea7u vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c ph\u1eadn v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i[24]<\/a>, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1ch quan v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a, theo nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh mang l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong m\u1ed7i tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 gi\u00fap soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00f9ng hay th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu gi\u00fap kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu-Kit\u00f4, cho c\u00e1c con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u1edf nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung t\u00edn kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c t\u1eed h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

9<\/strong>. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i quy n\u1ea1p ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb M\u1ea1c Kh\u1ea3i, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i cho m\u00ecnh \u00ab\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[26]<\/a>\u00bb, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, \u1edf n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb Tin M\u1eebng m\u00e0 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng \u00ab\u00a0nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u\u00a0\u00bb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ab\u00a0nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean hay th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 danh c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb[27]<\/a>. Nh\u01b0ng l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft \u2013 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u1eed h\u1ec7 th\u1ea7n linh, v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh huynh \u0111\u1ec7 m\u1edbi trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc si\u00eau nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n t\u00edn l\u00fd to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb M\u1ea1c Kh\u1ea3i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn, nh\u1eafc nh\u1edb v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd t\u00ednh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed ngay th\u1eb3ng, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn suy t\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u00e2n l\u00fd) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1eeba qua. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0l\u00fd tr\u00ed ngay th\u1eb3ng\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf[28]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc sinh tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u1ee7 quan v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y theo nh\u1eefng c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch hay l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7.<\/p>\n

10<\/strong>. C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng v\u00e0, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u0103m ch\u00fa, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 trung gian tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu\u1ed1c l\u1ea5y nguy hi\u1ec3m nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 cho \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed ngay th\u1eb3ng, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc. D\u1ea7u sao, m\u1ed9t \u00ab\u00a0cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3[29]<\/a>\u00bb gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ng\u0103n tr\u1edf n\u00e0o cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho n\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p b\u1edfi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, l\u1eddi n\u00f3i v\u00e0 m\u1eabu g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh loan b\u00e1o Tin m\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

11<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, do \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh trung gian c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1eefa Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a\u00a0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed[30]<\/a>. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp nhau, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00c2u M\u1ef9 theo sau \u00ab\u00a0cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0\u00bb. Ng\u00e0y nay, \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1eefa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi[31]<\/a>, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra v\u00e0 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. D\u00f9 sao, \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng\u00a0\u00bb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e9p k\u00edn, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 t\u1ecf ra ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 cho c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf m\u1edbi m\u1ebb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t kh\u00e1ch quan c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp nhau \u2013 t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II (v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI) \u2013 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f2n r\u00f5\u00a0 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II.<\/p>\n

12<\/strong>. T\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n<\/em><\/p>\n

D\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n phong m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ghi nh\u1eadn n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nguy h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0103n t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, cho d\u1ea7u m\u1ed7i v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o\u00a0\u00bb m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n\u00a0\u00bb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em> (Rerum Novarum) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, hay l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0\u00bb n\u1eb1m \u1edf tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u1ee9 Th\u1eadp Ni\u00ean<\/em> (Quadragesimo anno) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Ng\u00e0y nay, con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ecf ra l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai m\u00e0, trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i sung t\u00fac, b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e0ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

13<\/strong>. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, trong s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0; v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, theo s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i[32]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Khi xem x\u00e9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00ab\u00a0trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00e1 v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3[33]<\/a>, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i,\u00a0 khi coi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00ab\u00a0con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0, c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c[34]<\/a>\u00bb. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng cho m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c[35]<\/a> v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng, ho\u1eb7c x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m hay giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u1ed1i Quan T\u00e2m X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i<\/em> (Sollicitudo rei socialis) \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, khi ng\u00e0i quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o trong s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Do \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u00ab\u00a0kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang v\u00e0, c\u00f2n \u00edt h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Ch\u00faa[36]<\/a>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u1ede b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc b\u1edfi l\u00fd tr\u00ed ngay th\u1eb3ng[37]<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tin M\u1eebng soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

II. CHI\u1ec0U K\u00cdCH L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec C\u1ee6A H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

14<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u01b0u toan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n gieo r\u1eafc \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 nghi ng\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c\u00a0\u00bb v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, suy di\u1ec5n, t\u0129nh t\u00ednh v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0gia s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 d\u01b0\u1edbi thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i[38]<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb Ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II[39]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed9 ra \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng, qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u1eb7ng th\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

1<\/strong>. Chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y<\/strong><\/p>\n

15<\/strong>. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ch\u00ednh s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu-Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 g\u1eafn v\u1edbi kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong s\u00e1ch Kh\u1edfi Nguy\u00ean, trong s\u00e1ch Xu\u1ea5t H\u00e0nh, trong s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c Ng\u00f4n S\u1ee9 v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh v\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng Th\u01b0[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

16<\/strong>. S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t tinh th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e2n b\u1edfi \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng hay xa l\u1ea1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t[41]<\/a>; Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 tham lam thu l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u00e0u, d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh s\u1ed5 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, khi Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong vinh quang \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t k\u1ebb s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Tin M\u1eebng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00e0o n\u1eafn t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef, d\u00f9 s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, qu\u1ed1c gia hay ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb hay th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c giao ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1ch t\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong Tin M\u1eebng n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n\u00a0: c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf gia \u0111\u00ecnh duy nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly, ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u00a0; nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi trong s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

17<\/strong>. S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, Tin M\u1eebng nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 loan b\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i, Tin M\u1eebng v\u1ec1 N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9[42]<\/a>. \u01a0n g\u1ecdi ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u0103n t\u00ednh s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. B\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa[43]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong Tin M\u1eebng. Khi chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a ch\u00fang trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi. C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 d\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0\u00a0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee9u tr\u1ee3 (c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c c\u00f4 nhi vi\u1ec7n, n\u01a1i n\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e1u cho c\u00e1c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i ki\u1ec1u) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 khai m\u00e0o k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4. Trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian, n\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed5 sung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Tin M\u1eebng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hy sinh v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a lao c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf n\u1ea1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c \u0111an vi\u1ec7n r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois Suarez, c\u1ee7a Fran\u00e7ois de Vitoria v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebft bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tri\u1ebft gia kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt danh ti\u1ebfng, \u0111\u00e3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai m\u00e0o d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch h\u01a1n do nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i lu\u00f4n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[44]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i, ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1eadn c\u0103n, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[45]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2. S\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a gia s\u1ea3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/strong><\/p>\n

18<\/strong>. M\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy t\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, c\u0169ng h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng soi s\u00e1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n[46]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c nhau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, cho ph\u00e9p n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

19<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX \u1edf \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n \u1edf M\u1ef9 Ch\u00e2u theo sau cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u kh\u00e1c nhau, trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0\u00a0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n li\u00ean l\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a Trung C\u1ed5 v\u00e0, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u00fd n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1ed5i r\u00f5 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi nay \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

20<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n\u00a0\u00bb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i n\u01a1i m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em> (1891), m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n can \u0111\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau. Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 d\u1eef x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng trong \u00ab\u00a0th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n[47]<\/a>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang sau khi \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c cho \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n\u00a0\u00bb, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em> l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ngu\u1eddi y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

21<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau, khi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eeb n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung to l\u1edbn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p \u00e1c li\u1ec7t, \u0111\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch h\u01a1n lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd[48]<\/a> \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i. Nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u1ee9 Th\u1eadp Ni\u00ean<\/em> (Quadragesimo anno) c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi m\u1ebb\u00a0: n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t\u00a0; n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf\u00a0; n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0; n\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n to l\u1edbn \u00ab\u00a0do s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang l\u1ea1i[49]<\/a>\u00bb\u00a0; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng do d\u1ef1 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u toan, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1edd h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ecf ra \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c m\u00e0 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng n\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 mong mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

22<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o. Nh\u01b0ng, trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch uy th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t di\u1ec5n v\u0103n phong ph\u00fa. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n v\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p radio m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i r\u00f5, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eafm th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng sau nh\u1eefng t\u00e0n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb, \u0111\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII\u00a0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n h\u00f4 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp ng\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y cho cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m sau\u00a0: c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n\u00a0; ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf\u00a0; s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh\u00a0; kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c\u00a0; l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 sau chi\u1ebfn tranh, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft s\u00e2u xa v\u1edbi L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa, cho nhi\u1ec1u d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c v\u00e0 cho h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00edn h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

Qua th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho \u0111o\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc th\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ngh\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 x\u00ed nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Mong mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em> [51]<\/a>, ng\u00e0i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc. Xuy\u00ean qua ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra tr\u00ean Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n t\u00e1i sinh m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em>, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean tu\u00f4n tr\u00e0n c\u00e1ch nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i[52]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

23<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII<\/em><\/p>\n

Sau cu\u1ed9c Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn Th\u1ee9 Hai, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb, ban \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o giai c\u1ea5p th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, nay ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 bao h\u00e0m m\u1ecdi giai c\u1ea5p, m\u1ecdi n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 bi k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i h\u01a1n. \u00ab\u00a0V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb n\u00e0y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edbi M\u1eb9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y<\/em> (Mater et Magistra, 1961) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan XXIII nh\u1eafm c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh bao h\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu[53]<\/a>. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[54]<\/a>\u00bb, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 v\u00f9ng kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n m\u00e3n v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0, do vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u01a1i Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1edb n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh Tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ecba C\u1ea7u<\/em> (Pacem in terris<\/em>, 1963) v\u00e0o l\u00fac k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch nh\u1eb1m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1 Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n phong v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII trao cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng v\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ecf qua lu\u1eadt li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t tri th\u1ee9c lu\u1eadn\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0 Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111ang l\u1ed9 ra, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc n\u01a1i m\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ed5i tr\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eadn c\u0103n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, \u00ab\u00a0trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf\u00a0\u00bb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u00ab\u00a0x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb[55]<\/a>\u00bb.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n g\u00e2y lo \u00e2u. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp theo sau vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1eadu chi\u1ebfn tranh. \u00d3c l\u1ea1c quan m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y sinh ra \u0111\u00e3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng cho nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ngay nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00fac ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, \u0111ang khi ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecf r\u00f5 lu\u00f4n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111ang ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng khu\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh n\u01a1i m\u00e0, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c m\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. M\u1ea7m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp theo s\u1ebd s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u00ab\u00a0th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng\u00a0\u00bb, m\u00e0 T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u00f4ng khai l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang[56]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

24<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u1eb9 v\u00e0 Th\u1ea7y<\/em>, Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c V\u1ee5 Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng<\/em> (Gaudium et Spes) c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay, \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi. N\u1ebfu, gi\u1eefa hai v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian qu\u00e1 ng\u1eafn \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, th\u00ec th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3i qua v\u1edbi v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 mong \u0111\u1ee3i n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3, trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f2a v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh. Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u01a1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp \u1edf C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Theo ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng<\/em> d\u00e0nh cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 duy nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0: h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n ch\u00ecm b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng bao h\u00e0m kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a hai h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb, quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch k\u00e9p hay t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf nh\u1eafm th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00ab\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nhau c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tri th\u1ee9c, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0\u00bb, do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 r\u1eb1ng \u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Trong Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng<\/em>, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m s\u00e2u xa d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba.<\/p>\n

Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, trong \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2t v\u1eadt ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n long tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf mang l\u1ea1i cho nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u00e2m l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 lu\u00f4n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, trong hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m v\u1eeba qua, m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

25<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n C\u00e1c D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c<\/em> (Populorum progressio, 1967) c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khai tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng<\/em>, d\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 trong th\u1eddi gian ng\u1eafn \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gia tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng nhanh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba. Trong nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00f4ng ph\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u[58]<\/a>, m\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n C\u00e1c D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfu t\u1ecfa, n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u1eafm b\u1eaft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u00a0:\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac xung quanh hai \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y. Mu\u1ed1n thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi[59]<\/a>, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0b\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng \u00edt nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n\u00a0\u00bb, v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u00e1p b\u1ee9c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0, sau c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu tin, c\u1eady v\u00e0 m\u1ebfn[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0B\u01b0\u1edbc chuy\u1ec3n\u00a0\u00bb t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00edt nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n m\u00e0, theo \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, ph\u1ea3i g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng suy t\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 khai m\u1edf cho m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed1n n\u0103m sau th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n C\u00e1c D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 B\u00e1t Th\u1eadp Ni\u00ean<\/em> (Octogesima adveniens, 1971). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m t\u00e1m m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 h\u01a1n qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a, \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eadu-c\u00f4ng-nghi\u1ec7p\u00a0\u00bb, v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch nghi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cho ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 B\u00e1t Th\u1eadp Ni\u00ean<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3 k\u00edch th\u00edch \u00fd th\u1ee9c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

26<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u01b0\u1eddi n\u0103m sau (1981), \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/em> (Laborem exercens). Th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 70 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n cao \u0111\u1ed9 h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec kho\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1eadp ni\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec7u ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y n\u00ean do nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf che gi\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 n\u00e9t b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 d\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ed1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecfi h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 v\u00e0\u00a0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1eb3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. \u0110ang khi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc, khi l\u00e0m vang v\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n chia qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00f3a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng s\u00e2u xa\u00a0; do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i t\u1eadn c\u0103n ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/em>, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 90 n\u0103m th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em>, trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i[61]<\/a>, ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 v\u0103n phong, ho\u1eb7c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch theo sau nh\u1eefng tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ed5 v\u0169 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi thi\u1ec7n \u00edch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng \u00ab\u00a0ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u00ab\u00a0lao c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[62]<\/a>\u00bb, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa \u00ab\u00a0gia s\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Ch\u00ednh kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb lao c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt[63]<\/a>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lao c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh lao c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, h\u1eb3n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hy sinh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb quan tr\u1ecdng, g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn[64]<\/a>. V\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia.<\/p>\n

Ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thay th\u1ebf\u00a0: qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 lao c\u00f4ng, th\u00ec s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 30\/12\/1987, nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n C\u00e1c D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u1ed1i B\u1eadn T\u00e2m V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i<\/em> (Sollicitudo rei socialis), m\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI. Ch\u00ednh d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n xem x\u00e9t, \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00eam n\u1eefa \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Hai \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u1ed1i B\u1eadn T\u00e2m V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i<\/em> l\u00e0\u00a0: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bi th\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba v\u00e0, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129a , nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n thi\u1ebfu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t dai d\u1eb3ng , v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng, gi\u1eefa ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u00eda Nam, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa kh\u1ed1i \u0110\u00f4ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y, do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua v\u0169 trang, mua b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u0103n tr\u1edf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n kh\u1ea9u. Nh\u01b0ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, cho d\u1ea7u ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh, h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng soi s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00f4 t\u1eadn\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1edf h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho s\u1ef1 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u00ab\u00a0h\u1eefu th\u1ec3\u00a0\u00bb nh\u00e2n linh. Theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch KinhTh\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng cho chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 trung th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (\u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\u00a0\u00bb, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, khao kh\u00e1t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c) c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta khuy\u00ean nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean nh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ti\u1ebfp theo sau s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c\u00a0; b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n t\u1eadn c\u0103n.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

27<\/strong>. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y gi\u00fap cho hi\u1ec3u t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa, t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ecf r\u00f5 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c nhau\u00a0: trong m\u1ed7i v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt b\u1eadn t\u00e2m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u1ee3i ra nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho m\u1ed7i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y \u00ab\u00a0do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u2018con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 ba\u2019 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 marx\u00edt, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00edt t\u1eadn c\u0103n h\u01a1n[65]<\/a>\u00bb, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00f4 v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb theo nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian. Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n thay cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng cho ph\u00e9p Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n li\u00ean l\u1ec9 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu. N\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, m\u1edf ra cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111ang xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

28<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u01a1i Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lao c\u00f4ng, v\u1ec1 n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0, v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u01a1 sinh v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n. C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean t\u00ednh nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n Tin m\u1eebng s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Trong tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II[67]<\/a>, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m \u00ab\u00a0b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 b\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t\u00a0\u00bb[68]<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb, s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd thu nh\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch dung h\u00f2a m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn thi\u00eang li\u00eang l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m y\u1ebfu \u0111i t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00eau m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

III. NH\u1eeeNG NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC V\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG GI\u00c1 TR\u1eca TR\u01af\u1edcNG T\u1ed2N<\/strong><\/p>\n

29<\/strong>. Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebfu trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang ta tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c, m\u1ed9t d\u00e0n b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

1. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n<\/strong><\/p>\n

30<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu c\u01a1, trong m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng trong su\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ta thu nh\u1eadp ch\u00fang v\u00e0o trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t[70]<\/a>, \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1o khoa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, c\u00f4ng \u00edch, t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tham gia. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi ch\u00fang v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

31<\/strong>. Nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb<\/em><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean si\u00eau v\u01b0\u1ee3t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n gian. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i[71]<\/a>. \u00ab\u00a0C\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tin \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd cho r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3[72]<\/a>.\u00a0\u00bb Ch\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, trong t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi-nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho ph\u00e9p nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, khai th\u00e1c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u01b0u m\u00f4 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 y h\u1ecdc[73]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

32<\/strong>. Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/p>\n

Theo m\u1ed9t l\u00f4g\u00edc n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, xem nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, theo g\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, \u0110\u1ea5ng lu\u00f4n t\u1ecf ra quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Qua suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bao h\u00e0m ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c thi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a ghi kh\u1eafc trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00f4m qua \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tin M\u1eebng g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng[74]<\/a>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 t\u1eeb suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi m\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i[75]<\/a>. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u0301 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi th\u00e2m s\u00e2u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, \u00ab\u00a0bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c[76]<\/a>\u00bb. Ng\u00e0y nay, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u01b0, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ecf ra li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c tin, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n b\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua.<\/p>\n

33<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. V\u1ec1 sau, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u1edbi Th\u1ebf<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean minh nhi\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u00ab\u00a0ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u1edbi Th\u1ebf<\/em> kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u1ed1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c S\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy h\u01b0\u1edbng theo C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0o trong khung c\u1ea3nh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bao h\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n C\u00e1c D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c<\/em>, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u1ecfi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c l\u00fd tr\u00ed, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c tin bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, n\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh D\u01b0\u1edbi Th\u1ebf<\/em> l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n C\u00e1c D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c <\/em>l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c ngh\u00e8o. V\u1ec1 sau, khi \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u suy t\u01b0 n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II s\u1ebd x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00fac tr\u00ean ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0: tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tr\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, tr\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o trong m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4. S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 n\u00e0y\u00a0; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00edn l\u1eb7ng khi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng hay g\u1eb7p hi\u1ec3m nguy. Qu\u1ea3\u00a0 th\u1ebf, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

34<\/strong>. T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0: t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 do s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n b\u1ea9m sinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 do khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed9c l\u1eabn nhau nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ri\u00eang v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi suy t\u01b0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o[78]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng, do nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, nh\u1edd tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh ho\u1eb7c trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n t\u0103ng th\u00eam lu\u00f4n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn\u00a0; ho\u1eb7c trong nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

35<\/strong>. Do \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u1ecd v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, cho h\u1ecd. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[80]<\/a>. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng kh\u00edt v\u1edbi \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3\u00a0\u00bb, m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia l\u1eabn b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf[81]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

36.<\/strong> T\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch, t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 tham gia, quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh chung cho c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

37<\/strong>. C\u00f4ng \u00edch<\/em><\/p>\n

Khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u00a0\u00bb. Cho d\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng \u00edch, \u00ab\u00a0trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3[82]<\/a>\u00bb, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh[83]<\/a>\u00bb. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, cho d\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng \u00edch n\u00e0y tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang t\u01b0, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, m\u00e0 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf-th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 trong s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u1eadc \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed[84]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, khi xem c\u00f4ng \u00edch nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung m\u1edbi, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111ang l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u00fd ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong t\u00ednh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i k\u00edch th\u00edch nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u xa theo ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

38<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1edbi<\/em><\/p>\n

Li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n ch\u1eb7t v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0, trong s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u1ed1i B\u1eadn T\u00e2m V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i<\/em>, \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, xem n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o[85]<\/a>.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2u l\u1ee5c, tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c sinh ho\u1ea1t kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ecdi quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a[86]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u1edbi, t\u1ee9c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00ab\u00a0c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u trung gian\u00a0\u00bb kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m nguy \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[87]<\/a> v\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u1edf trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c<\/em> x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

39<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i, suy ra l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u2013 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u2013 v\u00e0, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, tr\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i trung gian, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1t nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n, t\u1eeb gia \u0111\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u si\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi qu\u1ed1c gia[88]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

40<\/strong>. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tham d\u1ef1<\/em><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tham d\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c khai tri\u1ec3n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. S\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\u00a0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean nh\u1eafc nh\u1edb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y[89]<\/a>, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng[90]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

41<\/strong>. C\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1, m\u00e0 \u0111e d\u1ecda ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ef1 do x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m \u00ab\u00a0duy k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee7 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. N\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 x\u00e2m chi\u1ebfm m\u1ecdi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u m\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng m\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch[91]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cho l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng m\u00e0 d\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u00a0; tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi tham gia c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 chung[92]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y l\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft lao c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i sinh kh\u00ed cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u trung gian[93]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho ph\u00e9p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ecdi c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay \u1edf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc, m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 nh\u1eafm c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u00fap cho vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

42<\/strong>. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u00ab\u00a0nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i[94]<\/a>, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, \u00ab\u00a0Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea3y d\u1ed3i d\u00e0o c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng minh gi\u1eefa b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1edbi b\u00e1c \u00e1i[95]<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea1m vi trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n do ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u00e1p bu\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/em>, \u00ab\u00a0truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 trong khung c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng\u00a0: quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng chung, v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i[96]<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

2. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

43.<\/strong> Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00e1c g\u00eda tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0: ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i hay t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

S\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung m\u1edbi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch quan tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea7n\u00a0 thi\u1ebft n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

44<\/strong>. H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n. D\u00f9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf[97]<\/a>, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n trong ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb[98]<\/a>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ean k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n tr\u00ean v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t[99]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

45<\/strong>. \u00ab\u00a0S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan\u00a0\u00bb trong d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u01a1i ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eebng hay c\u00e1ch gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp. Trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n gi\u1eef tr\u1ecdn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m trong c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u201cs\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan\u201d \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[100]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

46.<\/strong> Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em><\/p>\n

Khi l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m cho hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn, \u00edt ra trong nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y trong Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c[101]<\/a> v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lao c\u00f4ng[102]<\/a>, m\u00e0 bao h\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

IV. NH\u1eeeNG TI\u00caU CH\u00cd PH\u00c1N \u0110O\u00c1N<\/strong><\/p>\n

47<\/strong>. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec sao Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc suy t\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u0103 h\u1ed9i[103]<\/a>. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, d\u1ef1a theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, v\u00e0 c\u0103n t\u00ednh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c. Cho d\u1ea7u, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf do c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng quy chi\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c \u201cchu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n\u201d r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, theo nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ch\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

48<\/strong>. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan<\/em><\/p>\n

Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00fang v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu. Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft sang th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng trung gia thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng, cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfm, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 ph\u1eadn v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

49<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n<\/em><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m v\u00ed d\u1ee5: Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u00e2n S\u1ef1<\/em> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1i \u201c\u00e1ch\u201d m\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf gi\u00e0u s\u1ee5\u201d[104]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho h\u1ecd; th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p T\u1ee9 Th\u1eadp Ni\u00ean<\/em> nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh[105]<\/a>; khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II<\/em> k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tai h\u1ecda ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[106]<\/a>; th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ph\u00e1t Tri\u1ec3n C\u00e1c D\u00e2n T\u1ed9c<\/em> kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n[107]<\/a>; th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Lao \u0110\u1ed9ng<\/em> n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y nay v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean[108]<\/a>; th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u1ed1i B\u1eadn T\u00e2m V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i<\/em> ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00e0nh hai kh\u1ed1i (\u0110\u00f4ng-T\u00e2y) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1iv\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n[109]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t cho Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i khi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9n g\u00eda nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n to l\u1edbn, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

50<\/strong>. M\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u01a1n v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn cho nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, khi \u0111\u01b0a ra ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u201c\u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc[110]<\/a>\u201d, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[111]<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00e1ch quan c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n: qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh hay v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch marx\u00edt. Nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda cho \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do b\u1edfi lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ra[112]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a; n\u01a1i h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o[113]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1ed1t k\u00edn s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ean trong hai d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u00e0y, v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ecf ra phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u201c xoay chuy\u1ec3n\u201d, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i kit\u00f4-d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i-d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do\u201d theo ngh\u0129a ch\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng xen k\u1ebb m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

51<\/strong>. Ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a<\/em><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4i ng\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb xen k\u1ebb, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1eadn v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ch\u00fang. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c thi \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u201cm\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi ch\u00fang\u201d, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd do Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1[114]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu-Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ed9, bao h\u00e0m hai ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu: m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kia v\u00ec h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Tin m\u1eebng v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 ba[115]<\/a>\u201d, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u201c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do\u201d v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u201cch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d, c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a c\u00e1c quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tu\u00e2n theo b\u1eadc thang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u1ef1 do, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lao c\u00f4ng tr\u00ean t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n lao c\u00f4ng-t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n[116]<\/a>. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i-ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb; ch\u00fang c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u00e0y trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan con ng\u01b0\u1eddi-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i h\u1ee3p l\u01b0u.<\/p>\n

52<\/strong>. C\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng th\u00edch nghi \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac, nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c cho th\u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00fang t\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0, n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00fang, th\u00ec th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y m\u00fac l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u1edf c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t[117]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

53<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f4i khi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao, ng\u00e0y nay, trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, cho d\u1ea7u l\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea1ch ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc. D\u00f9 sao, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb xa v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean nh\u1ee7 trong t\u1eadp \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u01b0\u1edbng\u201d n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V. NH\u1eeeNG CH\u1ec8 D\u1eaaN HO\u1ea0T \u0110\u1ed8NG X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

54<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tri th\u1ee9c (l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft-th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft bao g\u1ed3m l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p[118]<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1ch nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n[119]<\/a>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i r\u00f5 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c, nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn kinh nghi\u1ec7m phong ph\u00fa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, trong khi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Do \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi m\u1ebb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea3y b\u00e9n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u0103m ch\u00fa nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

55<\/strong>. T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u1ed3m trong k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u00e2ng cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng<\/em> d\u1ea1y, s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng t\u00f9y theo nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n: ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9, ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c tin, trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, sinh th\u00e1i, \u2026: t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi, n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

Do s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, n\u00ean ti\u00eau ch\u00ed hay chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em> l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, m\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, s\u1ebd t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng qua b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau (nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n

56<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n s\u00e2u xa x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n than c\u1ee7a h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed. Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt\u00a0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i, b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb v\u0169 kh\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, n\u1ee3 n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi Th\u1ee9 Ba, nh\u1eefng thao t\u00fang di truy\u1ec1n, ma t\u00fay, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u01b0 ho\u1ea1i m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u2026.<\/p>\n

Trong khung c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t l\u1ef1c trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 hai<\/em> l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u1edd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

57<\/strong>. \u0110\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 n\u00e9t b\u1edfi \u201cnh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5[120]<\/a>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng kh\u00e1c r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u[121]<\/a>\u201d so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ed1ng b\u00ean l\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u \u2013 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 ba<\/em> l\u00e0 \u201ccu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 suy lu\u1eadn v\u00ec c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[122]<\/a>\u201d.<\/p>\n

58<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/em><\/p>\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, theo c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u00ecnh li\u00ean l\u1ec9. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn[123]<\/a>. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c t\u1eed ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 cho h\u1ecd \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang[124]<\/a>\u201d. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh sang c\u1ee7a L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 theo m\u1eabu g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 t\u01b0<\/em> l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o h\u1eefu l\u00e0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, trong s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5. Theo nh\u00e3n quan gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1ch kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i\u00a0 tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n b\u1edfi h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1ch b\u1ea9m sinh t\u1eeb h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p R\u1eeda v\u00e0 Th\u00eam S\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng Mu\u00f4n D\u00e2n<\/em> kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ecd, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u1ebf gian[125]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

59<\/strong>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u0103n t\u00ednh gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u trong b\u00ed t\u00edch R\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00eam S\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u00f3a trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 trong s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5, bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9p: kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1eabn nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: b\u00ean n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf b\u00ean kia, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang trong n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa, l\u00e0 Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi, nh\u1edd Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 trong c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, l\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed th\u1ee9 n\u0103m<\/em> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m k\u00e9p: kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, mang l\u1ea1i cho th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn h\u01a1n. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y cho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0 h\u01b0\u1edbng trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ecf ra k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi hay b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n duy b\u1edfi n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

60<\/strong>. M\u1edf ra cho nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111a nguy\u00ean d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n ban cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5\u00a0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, sinh th\u00e1i\u2026. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed7i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u<\/em>: m\u1edf ra cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n trong s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

61<\/strong>. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00dd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[126]<\/a>. Ch\u00fang chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u201cb\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai\u201d.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 c\u00e1c kinh nghi\u1ec7m theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y[127]<\/a>; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i khuy\u00ean th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0i h\u00f2a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng[128]<\/a>; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c[129]<\/a>; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i k\u00e8m b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m[130]<\/a>; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u2013 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u2013 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf[131]<\/a> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m li\u00ean l\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i k\u00eau m\u1eddi h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o \u201c c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau\u201d c\u1ee7a \u201cvi\u1ec7c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[132]<\/a>\u201d. T\u1eeb \u00fd th\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y n\u1ed5i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau ch\u00ed h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng sau c\u00f9ng<\/em> m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y: th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh gi\u1edbi r\u0103n y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0, theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o[133]<\/a>. M\u1ed9t \u01b0u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1edfi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Truy\u1ec1n Th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn\u00a0 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd b\u1edfi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p M\u1ed1i B\u1eadn T\u00e2m V\u1ea5n \u0110\u1ec1 X\u00e3 H\u1ed9i<\/em>. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u201c ng\u00e0y nay, do v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea5y chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u, n\u00ean t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho ch\u00fang ta, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng bao h\u00e0m s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3i kh\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap y t\u1ebf v\u00e0, tr\u00ean h\u1ebft, v\u00f4 v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n: ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi \u2018k\u1ebb vui ch\u01a1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3\u201d l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn Lazar\u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh kh\u1ea5t, n\u1eb1m \u1edf c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng[134]<\/a>\u201d (x. Lc 16, 19-31).<\/p>\n

62<\/strong>. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o <\/em>trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, vi\u1ec7c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c t\u1eed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3. M\u1ed9t l\u1eabn n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trinh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

63<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u201ckhu\u00f4n m\u1eabu\u201d \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d ri\u00eang ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecdn trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c[135]<\/a>, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u2013 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb[136]<\/a>, v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0, khi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c tin, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt, \u2018m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta[137]<\/a>\u201d. Tuy nhi\u00ean, loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng cho to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\u2026, m\u1ed7i quy\u1ec1n trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, n\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u201chai kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb [138]<\/a>\u201d. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u2018ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00f4ng \u00edch, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng, b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u201cloan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng cho tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb\u201d v\u00e0, ch\u00ednh qua \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n. N\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201ckh\u00f4n ngoan\u201d cao c\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, theo ngh\u0129a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1eadp, chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u1eefng bu\u1ed5i tr\u00ecnh di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ph\u1ea3i qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n t\u00f9y theo nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n[139]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eeba t\u00e1c vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u1ebd gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phe nh\u00f3m, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra nh\u1eefng chia r\u1ebd hay l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i, n\u1ebfu trong \u201cnh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u201d[140]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

64.<\/strong> D\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra, m\u1edbi r\u00f5 l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Tin M\u1eebng soi s\u00e1ng, l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng Qu\u1ed1c n\u00e0y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi; x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed, trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u\u00a0 tr\u00fac v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Tin M\u1eebng v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eb1m l\u00f4i k\u00e9o s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb \u2013 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5; sau h\u1ebft, nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mau m\u1eafn v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa soi s\u00e1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

65<\/strong>. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ch\u00fang ta r\u00fat ra x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cgia s\u1ea3n phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p\u201d, \u0111\u1ee7 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft, t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

Qua ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, cho d\u00f9 do kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kinh vi\u1ec7n ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m vi ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng s\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee7, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a quan ni\u1ec7m Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u201d[141]<\/a>. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u00ean l\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, l\u00e0 \u201cmen\u201d, \u201cl\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea5t\u201d, l\u00e0 \u201c h\u1ea1t gi\u1ed1ng\u201d, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i[142]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u2013 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u2013 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, \u0111\u1ec3, nh\u1edd Tin M\u1eebng, soi s\u00e1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chung h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

VI. VI\u1ec6C \u0110\u00c0O T\u1ea0O<\/strong><\/p>\n

66.<\/strong> M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra trong ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u00f4n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

1. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0<\/strong><\/p>\n

67<\/strong>. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/em><\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn t\u1ed1t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u1edbn, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb chu \u0111\u00e1o, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cung c\u1ea5p trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u1edbn lao g\u1edfi m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n khoa c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n cao c\u1ea5p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i chu\u1ea9n nh\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o khoa h\u1ecdc th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ao \u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd, c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 n\u1eafm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed1t[143]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nguy\u00ean ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00edt ra hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00edn l\u00fd, v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c, s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed, s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thi\u00eang li\u00eang[144]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

68.<\/strong> Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y (s\u1ed1 10, 50), h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef v\u1eefng li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u201cnh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t\u201d, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m khai tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang \u201cb\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 ch\u00edn ch\u1eafn d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch canh t\u00e2n[145]<\/a>\u201d. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n mang l\u1ea1i, theo nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0[146]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng[147]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang mang l\u1ea1i khung c\u1ea3nh th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng; ch\u00fang cung \u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cho vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; ch\u00fang gi\u00fap \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 trong m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ta ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh nguy hi\u1ec3m r\u01a1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i b\u1eaby c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 thao t\u00fang c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n hay v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 cao c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

69<\/strong>. Vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng hu\u1ea5n<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n li\u00ean l\u1ec9 v\u00e0 nhanh ch\u00f3ng. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng hu\u1ea5n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u201cvi\u1ec7c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00f3a\u201d (\u201caggiornamento\u201d) li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu li\u00ean l\u1ea1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia, qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

70<\/strong>. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u1ebd l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch cho h\u1ecd. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1eafc b\u00e9n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

2. \u0110\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

71<\/strong>. Ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/em><\/p>\n

Theo tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Lu\u1eadt, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 m\u1ee5c t\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1c m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch linh m\u1ee5c: nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, thi\u00eang li\u00eang, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n cho s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng, cho d\u1ea7u \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9[148]<\/a>, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

72.<\/strong> Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng cho vi\u1ec7c loan b\u00e1o L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa theo nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i kh\u01a1i l\u00ean n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o Lu\u1eadt n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd nh\u1ea1y b\u00e9n v\u1edbi \u201cnh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d thu\u1ed9c ph\u1eadn v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i[149]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

73<\/strong>. Gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Trung T\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1eddi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc t\u00f9y \u00fd \u1edf trong c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c l\u1edbp b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c cho m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Trung T\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c nhau. S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc trong su\u1ed1t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean c\u00f3 l\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y s\u1ebd b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ednh ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec3u t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u01a1i c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau. D\u00f9 sao, trong su\u1ed1t vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean. Vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00fang s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn khung c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

74<\/strong>. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft-th\u1ea7n<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00eam v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft-th\u1ea7n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng\u00a0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d hi\u1ec7n nay, m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 l\u1eabn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n, b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a khi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a xa l\u1ea1 v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

75<\/strong>. S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc-m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00f3i quen l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng, tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi rao gi\u1ea3ng s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 m\u1ecdi sinh ho\u1ea1t th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Tin M\u1eebng[150]<\/a>. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 loan b\u00e1o nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n Tin M\u1eebng: s\u1ef1 loan b\u00e1o m\u00e0, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u1edbn lao cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

D\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0o th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y nay l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 li\u00ean ng\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5. Trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p trong ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, trong Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

76<\/strong>. Nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c. Trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ecbp c\u1ea3 b\u1edfi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t l\u1eabn b\u1edfi hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh) v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lao c\u00f4ng \u2013 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 doanh nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u2013 , v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u00ean l\u1ec1 l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch.<\/p>\n

77.<\/strong> B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n<\/em><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i theo \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o cho h\u1ecd c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi\u00eang li\u00eang l\u1eabn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7t nh\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho h\u1ecd ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u00e2u xa. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, t\u00ednh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ngo\u00e0i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n ra, t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c m\u00e0, \u0111ang khi ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch Tin M\u1eebng, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i[151]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

78. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, khi trao v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, mong mu\u1ed1n r\u1eb1ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ra cho h\u1ecd con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f4m nay, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra trong bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau d\u1ecbp, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ao \u01b0\u1edbc r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 d\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u1eefu tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c ch\u0103m lo b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi c\u00e1ch sao cho \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0110\u1ecbnh H\u01b0\u1edbng<\/em>\u201d n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u1ec7 trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng cho nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng chung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

R\u00f4ma, ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1988<\/em>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3ng y WILLIAM BAUM<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2020 JOS\u00c9 SARAIVA MARTINS<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 k\u00fd<\/em><\/p>\n

Lm. V\u00f5 Xu\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/p>\n

\n
\n
\n

[1]<\/a> X. Ratio fundamentalis institutionis sacerdotalis<\/em> (6 \/1\/1970; t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n: 19 Mars 1985); Th\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u v\u1ec1 L\u2019enseignement de la philosophie dans les s\u00e9minaires<\/em> (20\/1\/1972); Orientations sur l\u2019\u00e9ducation au c\u00e9libat sacerdotal<\/em> (11\/4\/1974); Th\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u v\u1ec1 L\u2019enseignement du Droit Canon pour les aspirants au sacerdoce<\/em> (2\/4\/1975); La formation th\u00e9ologique des futurs pr\u00eatres<\/em> (22\/2\/1976); Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb La formation liturgique dans les s\u00e9minaires<\/em> (3\/6\/1979); Th\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u01b0u v\u1ec1 Quelques aspects plus urgents de la formation spirituelle dans les s\u00e9minaires<\/em> (6\/1\/1980); Orientations pour la formation des futurs pr\u00eatres concernant les instruments de la communication sociale<\/em> (19\/3\/1986).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[2]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 41: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 571.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[3]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> L\u00c9ON XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> (15\/5\/1891): Acta Leonis XIII 11 (1891) 99.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[4]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor hominis<\/em> (4\/3\/1979), 16: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 293.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[5]<\/sup><\/sup><\/a>PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 3-4: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 402 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[6]<\/a> VAT. II,\u00a0 Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 3.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[7]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453-454.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[8]<\/a> PIE XII, Alloc. Animus noster au S\u00e9nat acad\u00e9mique et aux \u00e9l\u00e8ves de l\u2019Universit\u00e9 Pontificale Gr\u00e9gorienne de Rome<\/em> (17\/10\/1953): A.A.S. 45 (1953) 687.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[9]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/ 1986), 72: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 585 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[10]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 3: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 583; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitude rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 41: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 571.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[11]<\/a> ID., Alloc. Esta hora \u00e0 la III\u00e8me<\/sup> Conf\u00e9rence G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Episcopat Latino-am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 Puebla<\/em> (28\/1\/1979), Ph\u1ea7n I, n. 9: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 195.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[12]<\/a> PAUL VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum progressio<\/em> (26\/3\/1967), 13: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 263.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[13]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u00a0Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[14]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii nuntiandi<\/em> (8\/12\/1975), 29.31: A.A.S. 68 (1976) 25. 26.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[15]<\/a> Ibid., 31: A.A.S. 68 (1976) 26.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[16]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 12 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[17]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 1: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 580.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[18]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[19]<\/a> PIE XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (15\/5\/1931): A.A.S. 23 (1931) 190.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[20]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[21]<\/a>PAUL VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum progressio<\/em> (26\/3\/1976), 13: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 264.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[22]<\/a> ID., T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii nuntiandi<\/em> (8\/12\/ 1975), 38: A.A.S. 68 (1976) 29 s.; VAT. II, Lumen gentium<\/em>, 25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[23]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[24]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 1: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 580.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[25]<\/a> ID., S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh 1980<\/em> (8\/12\/1979): A.A.S. 71 (1979) 1572 ss.; PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 4: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 403.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[26]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 8: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 520.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[27]<\/a> ID., Alloc. Esta hora \u00e0 la III\u00e8me<\/sup> Conf\u00e9rence G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Episcopat Latino-am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 Puebla<\/em> (28\/1\/1979), Ph\u1ea7n I, n. 9: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 195. 196.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[28]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 63.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[29]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 40: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 429.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[30]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii nuntiandi<\/em> (8\/12\/1975), 29: A.A.S. 68 (1976) 25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[31]<\/a> ID., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum progressio<\/em> (26\/3\/1967), 3: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 258; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 2: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 582; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitude rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 9: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 520-523.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[32]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 76.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[33]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor hominis<\/em> (4\/3\/1979), 14: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 284.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[34]<\/a> Ibid., pp. 284-285.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[35]<\/a> Mt 28, 19.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[36]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 8: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 520.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[37]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 63.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[38]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Alloc. Esta hora \u00e0 la III\u00e8me<\/sup> Conf\u00e9rence G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Episcopat Latino-am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 Puebla<\/em> (28\/1\/1979), Ph\u1ea7n III, n. 7: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 203.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[39]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453 ss.; PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 4: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 403; T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii nuntiandi<\/em> (8\/12\/1975), 38: A.A.S. 68 (1976) 30; CONC. VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 63. 76.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[40]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (15\/9\/1981), 3: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 583; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 44-51: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 571-575.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[41]<\/a> Mt 11, 28-30.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[42]<\/a> Mc 1, 15.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[43]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 42-44; PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii nuntiandi<\/em> (8\/12\/1975), 31: A.A.S. 68 (1976) 26; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 63-65: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 581 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[44]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Evangelii nuntiandi<\/em> (8\/12\/1975), 14: A.A.S. 68 (1976) 13.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[45]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 72: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 586.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[46]<\/a> Ibid., Chap. V: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 585 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[47]<\/a> L\u00c9ON XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> (15\/5\/1981): Acta Leonis XIII 11 (1891) 98.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[48]<\/a> PIE XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (15\/5\/1931): A.A.S. 23 (1931) 191.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[49]<\/a> Ibid.: A.A.S. 23 (1931) 209 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[50]<\/a> PIE XII, Discours La solennit\u00e0 d\u00e9lla Pentecoste pour le 50\u00e8me<\/sup> anniversaire de l\u2019encyclique \u201cRerum novarum<\/em>\u201d (1\/6\/1941): A.A.S. 33 (1941) 195 ss.; Radiomessages de No\u00ebl: v\u1ec1 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf (<\/em>1939, 1940, 1950, 1951, 1954); v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 (1944); Discours sur les dangers de la conception technologique de la vie sociale et sur l\u2019emprise de l\u2019ordre \u00e9conomique<\/em>, (3\/6\/1950, v\u00e0 9\/9\/1956).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[51]<\/a> PIE XII, Discours La solennit\u00e0 della Pentecoste pour le 50\u00e8me<\/sup> anniversaire de l\u2019encyclique \u201d Rerum novarum<\/em> \u201d (1\/6\/1941): A.A.S. 33 (1941) 204.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[52]<\/a> Ibid.: A.A.S. 33 (1941) 197.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[53]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 412-413.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[54]<\/a> Ibid.: A.A.S. 53 (1961) 431-451.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[55]<\/a> Ibid.: A.A.S. 53 (1961) 412-413.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[56]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis nuntius sur quelques aspects de la \u201d Th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> \u201d (6\/8\/1984): A.A.S. 76 (1984) 876-909; Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986): A.A.S. 79 (1987) 554-599.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[57]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 64-65.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[58]<\/a> PAUL VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum progressio<\/em> (26\/3\/1967), 9: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 261.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[59]<\/a> Ibid.: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 257.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[60]<\/a> Ibid., 20-21: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 267-268.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[61]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 3: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 583.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[62]<\/a> Ibid., 3: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 584.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[63]<\/a> Ibid., 4: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 584.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[64]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 81-91: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 591-595.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[65]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 41: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 571.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[66]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986): A.A.S. 79 (1987) 554-599; \u1ee6y ban T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh \u201d C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh \u201c, Document Au service de la communaut\u00e9 humaine: une approche \u00e9thique de l\u2019endettement international <\/em>(27\/12\/1986): L\u2019Osservatore Romano (28\/1\/1987); Document Que has hecho de tu hermano sin techo? La Iglesia ante la carencia de vivienda<\/em> (27\/12\/1987): L\u2019Osservatore Romano (3\/2\/1988); JEAN-PAUL II, T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris consortio<\/em> (22\/11\/1981): A, A.S. 74 (1982) 81-191; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb\u00a0 Il dono della vita sur le respect de la vie humaine naissante et la dignit\u00e9 de la procr\u00e9ation<\/em> (22\/2\/1987): L\u2019Osservatore Romano (11\/3\/1987); JEAN-PAUL II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Mulieris dignitatem<\/em> (15\/8\/1988): L\u2019Osservatore Romano (1\/10\/1988).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[67]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 91.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[68]<\/a> Ibid., Pr\u00e9liminaire<\/em>, note 1.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[69]<\/a> Cf. JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 454; PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 4: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 403; JEAN-PAUL II, Alloc. Esta hora \u00e0 la III\u00e8me<\/sup> Conf\u00e9rence G\u00e9n\u00e9rale de l\u2019Episcopat Latino-am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 Puebla<\/em> (28\/1\/1979), Ph\u1ea7n III, n. 7: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 203; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 72: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 586.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[70]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[71]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 17.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[72]<\/a> Ibid., 12. L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Gaudium et spes<\/em> ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u t\u00e2m r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u1edf trong gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t trong s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y n\u00f3 nh\u00e2n danh s\u1ef1 \u00edch k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[73]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 73: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 586.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[74]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 41.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[75]<\/a> Ibid., 26. 73. 76.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[76]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p Ng\u00e0y Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh l\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 XXI<\/em> (8\/12\/1987), 1: Enseignements de Jean-Paul II<\/em>, X, 3 (1987) 1334.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[77]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor hominis<\/em> (4\/3\/1979), 17: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 295 ss.; Message L\u2019Eglise catholique aux autorit\u00e9s civiles signataires de l\u2019accord d\u2019Helsinki<\/em> (1975) sur la libert\u00e9 de conscience et de religion<\/em> (1\/9\/1980): A.A.S. 72 (1980) 1252 ss.; JEAN-PAUL II, Alloc. I d\u00e9sire aux Repr\u00e9sentants des Nations Unies<\/em> (2\/10\/1979), 6: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 1146-1147; Alloc. Uma cordialissima sauda\u00e7\u00e2o aux Indiens de l\u2019Amazonie<\/em> (10\/7\/1980): A.A.S. 72 (1980) 960 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[78]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 25.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[79]<\/a> Ibid., 4.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[80]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[81]<\/a> Ibid.: A.A.S. 53 (1961) 415 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[82]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (11\/4\/1963): A.A.S. 55 (1963) 272.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[83]<\/a> ID., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 417; cf. PIE XII, Radiomessage de No\u00ebl Con sempre nuova<\/em> (24\/12\/1942): A.A.S. 35 (1943) 13<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[84]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (11\/4\/1961): A.A.S. 55 (1963) 272.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[85]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 39-40: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 566-569.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[86]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 30-32; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration <\/em>(22\/3\/1986), 73: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 586; JEAN-PAUL II, Discours Je d\u00e9sire \u00e0 la 68\u00e8me<\/sup> Session de la Conf\u00e9rence Internationale du travail<\/em> (15\/6\/1982): A.A.S. 74 (1982) 992 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[87]<\/a> PIE XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (15 Mai 1931): A.A.S. 23 (1931) 203; JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (11 Avril 1963): A.A.S. 55 (1963) 294; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981): A.A.S. 73 (1981) 616; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 73: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 586.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[88]<\/a> PIE XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (15 \/5\/1931): A.A.S. 23 (1931) 203; JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15 \/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 409-410. 413; PAUL VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p\u00a0 Populorum progressio<\/em> (26\/3\/1967), 33: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 273-274; T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 46-47: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 433-437; VAT. II,\u00a0 Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 30-31.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[89]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (11\/4\/1963): A.A.S. 55 (1963) 278; VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 9. 68; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitude rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 44: A.A.S. (1988) 576-577.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[90]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 423; PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 22: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 417; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 15: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 617; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 86: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 593.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[91]<\/a> Pie XII, Radiomessage de No\u00ebl Levate capita vestra<\/em> (24\/12\/1952): A.A.S. 45 (1953) 37.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[92]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 416.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[93]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 14: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 612 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[94]<\/a> Ibid., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30 \/12\/1987), 42: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 573.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[95]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 69.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[96]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 14: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 613.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[97]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 36.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[98]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (11\/4\/1963): A.A.S. 55 (1963) 259.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[99]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor hominis<\/em> (4\/3\/1979), 16: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 290 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[100]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (11\/4\/1963): A.A.S. 55 (1963) 265 s.; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Dives in misericordia <\/em>(30\/11\/1980), 12: A.A.S. 72 (1980) 1215; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22 \/3\/1986), 3. 4. 26. 57: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 556 s. 564. 578.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[101]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986) 89-91: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 594-595; \u1ee6y ban T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh \u00ab\u00a0C\u00f4ng L\u00fd v\u00e0 H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh\u00a0\u00bb, Au service de la communaut\u00e9 humaine: une approche \u00e9thique de l\u2019endettement international<\/em> (27\/12\/1986), Ph\u1ea7n III: L\u2019Osservatore Romano (28\/1\/1987).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[102]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 3. 6. 12. 14: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 583. 589 ss. 605 s. 612 s.; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 81-87: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 591-593.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[103]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 74: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 587.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[104]<\/a> L\u00c9ON XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> (15\/5\/1891): Acta Leonis XIII 11 (1891) 99.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[105]<\/a> PIE XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (15\/5\/1931): A.A.S. 23 (1931) 219 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[106]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 8.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[107]<\/a> PAUL VI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum progressio (26 \/3\/1967), 48-49: A.A.S. 59 (1967) 281.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[108]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 8: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 596.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[109]<\/a> ID., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitude rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 21: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 537-539.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[110]<\/a> VAT. II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Optatam totius<\/em>, 20.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[111]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 1: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 580.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[112]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 34: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 424 s.; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis nuntius sur quelques aspects de la \u201d Th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> \u201d (6\/8\/1984), partie VII, n. 6: A.A.S. 76 (1984) 890 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[113]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 26: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 420.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[114]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (11\/4\/1963): A.A.S. 55 (1963) 300; Document de Puebla, 554-557.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[115]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitude rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 41: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 571.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[116]<\/a> ID., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 12. 14 s.: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 605 s. 612 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[117]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 36: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 425.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[118]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 455 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[119]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n Th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22 Mars 1986), 76: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 588 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[120]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Redemptor hominis<\/em> (4\/3\/1979), 16: A.A.S. 71 (1979) 292-293.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[121]<\/a> ID., Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 8: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 596.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[122]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22 \/3\/1986), 77: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 589; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 20: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 629 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[123]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 43; S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Apostolicam actuositatem<\/em>, 13; B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22 \/3\/1986), 80: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 590 s.; Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis nuntius sur quelques aspects de la \u201d Th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration \u201c<\/em> (6\/8\/1984), 12-14: A.A.S. 76 (1984) 906 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[124]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 43; CONGR. POUR LA DOCTRINE DE LA FOI, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis nuntius sur quelques aspects de la \u201d Th\u00e9ologie de la lib\u00e9ration \u201c<\/em> (6\/8\/1984), 14: A.A.S. 76 (1984) 906 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[125]<\/a> VAT. II, Lumen gentium<\/em>, 33.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[126]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Salvifici doloris<\/em> (11\/2\/ 1984): A.A.S. 76 (1984) 201 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[127]<\/a> L\u00c9ON XIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> (15\/5\/1891): Acta Leonis XIII 11 (1891) 141 ss.; PIE XI, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (15\/5\/1931): A.A.S. 23 (1931) 182.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[128]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15\/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 402.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[129]<\/a> VAT. II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Apostolicam actuositatem<\/em>, 7.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[130]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 48: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 437 s.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[131]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (14\/9\/1981), 2: A.A.S. 73 (1981) 581.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[132]<\/a> ID., II, Alloc. C\u2019est la deuxi\u00e8me aux d\u00e9l\u00e9gu\u00e9s de la \u201d Caritas internationalis<\/em> \u201d (30\/5\/1983): Enseignements de Jean-Paul II, VI, 1 (1983) 1399 ss.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[133]<\/a> B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Libertatis conscientia sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em> (22\/3\/1986), 66-70: A.A.S. 79 (1987) 582-585; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitude rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/D\u00e9cembre 1987), 42: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 572.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[134]<\/a> JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 42: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 573.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[135]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 76; JEAN-PAUL II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (30\/12\/1987), 42: A.A.S. 80 (1988) 571.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[136]<\/a> \u00a0VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 75.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[137]<\/a> Ibid., 43.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[138]<\/a> Ibid., 76; Document de Puebla, 521. 523.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[139]<\/a> C.I.C., can. 227.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[140]<\/a> Document de Puebla, 526-527; C.I.C., can. 287.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[141]<\/a> JEAN XXIII, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em> (15 \/5\/1961): A.A.S. 53 (1961) 453.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[142]<\/a> Mt 5, 13-14; 13, 13. 24.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[143]<\/a> VAT. II, S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Optatam totius<\/em>, 5<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[144]<\/a> Ibid., 8.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[145]<\/a> PAUL VI, T\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (14\/5\/1971), 42: A.A.S. 63 (1971) 431.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[146]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 62; S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Optatam totius<\/em>, 20.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[147]<\/a> ID., Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 43; S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Optatam totius<\/em>, 19.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[148]<\/a> C.I.C., can. 255.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[149]<\/a> Ibid., can. 256.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[150]<\/a> VAT. II, Gaudium et spes<\/em>, 43.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

\n

[151]<\/a> Ibid.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

(do B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y 27\/06\/1989) M\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u 1.\u00a0 Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o D\u1ee5c C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, v\u1ed1n […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1330,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,26,36,43],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1332","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-linh-muc","category-lm-vo-xuan-tien","category-van-kien-giao-hoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1332","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1332"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1332\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1334,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1332\/revisions\/1334"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1330"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1332"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1332"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1332"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}