{"id":1345,"date":"2013-01-09T23:02:30","date_gmt":"2013-01-09T16:02:30","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=1345"},"modified":"2013-01-09T23:02:30","modified_gmt":"2013-01-09T16:02:30","slug":"de-doc-veritatis-splendor","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/de-doc-veritatis-splendor\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ec2 \u0110\u1eccC TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P VERITATIS SPLENDOR"},"content":{"rendered":"

LTS<\/em>: V\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis splendor<\/em>,\u00a0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef cu\u1ed1n \u201cPour une lecture de Veritatis splendor<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a cha Servais Th. Pinckaers, O.P., \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng canh t\u00e2n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi\u201d (thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (proportionnalisme)) \u0111ang th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 50, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ng\u00e0y nay, m\u00e0 cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c D\u00f2ng T\u00ean, cha Peter Knauer. S\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u ch\u1ea5m h\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng do d\u1ef1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u00fac, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Cha Pinckaers, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1ea5t am hi\u1ec3u t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u, suy ngh\u0129, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Cu\u1ed1n \u201c\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis plendor<\/em>\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Lm. Ph\u00ear\u00f4 V\u00f5 Xu\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec2 \u0110\u1eccC TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P VERITATIS SPLENDOR<\/em> <\/strong><\/p>\n

Servais Pinckaers<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT N\u1ed8I DUNG<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A: M\u1ed8T TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI.<\/p>\n

D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP: \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u01a0 V\u00c0 B\u01af\u1edaC CHU\u1ea8N B\u1eca TH\u00d4NG\u00a0\u0110I\u1ec6P<\/p>\n

1. LU\u00c2N L\u00dd V\u00c0 TIN M\u1eeaNG. S\u00c1U \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG H\u01af\u1edaNG CANH T\u00c2N C\u1ee6A LU\u00c2N L\u00dd C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O.<\/p>\n

I. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh<\/p>\n

II. V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Th\u01b0a Th\u1ea7y, con ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

III. T\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

IV. T\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0o trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

VI. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

VII. Tranh lu\u1eadn xung quanh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De re morali\u00a0\u00bb \u1edf C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II.<\/p>\n

2. GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 VI\u1ec6C PH\u00c2N \u0110\u1ecaNH M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 KHUYNH H\u01af\u1edaNG C\u1ee6A TH\u1ea6N H\u1eccC LU\u00c2N L\u00dd HI\u1ec6N H\u00c0NH.<\/p>\n

I. T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

II. C\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u00ab\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

3. S\u1ee8 M\u1ec6NH C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C TH\u1ea6N H\u1eccC GIA LU\u00c2N L\u00dd V\u00c0 C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C GI\u00c1M M\u1ee4C.<\/p>\n

\n

L\u1edcI T\u1ef0A<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed8T TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P T\u01af\u01a0NG LAI<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em> (\u201cCh\u00e2n L\u00fd R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi\u201d (2), VS) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t,\u00a0theo sau\u00a0s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o (GLGHCG).\u00a0 \"\"<\/a>N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3\u00a0kh\u01a1i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n\u00a0\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c nhau n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed,\u00a0n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng\u00a0\u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng. L\u00e0n s\u00f3ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec3m s\u00e1ch\u00a0\u0111ang tr\u00f4i qua; th\u1eddi gian cho m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0\u00a0\u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u h\u01a1n d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3\u00a0\u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i,\u00a0VS l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. N\u00f3\u00a0ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd sinh hoa tr\u00e1i khi th\u1eddi gian Quan Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec7p\u00a0\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 giao ph\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 l\u00e0m tr\u1ed5 sinh hoa tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u0169ng ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o d\u00e2n Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi s\u1ed1ng theo nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean Tin M\u1eebng (TM), nh\u1edd \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. VS nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, t\u00edn h\u1eefu, linh m\u1ee5c, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chung: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u00f4m nay Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y mai trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i mau m\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i che gi\u1ea5u, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. Khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp n\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m quen. C\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf khoan dung v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 r\u00fat ra \u00edch l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

L\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Giac\u00f4b\u00ea t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: \u201c H\u00e3y mau m\u1eafn l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 ch\u1eadm n\u00f3i\u201d (1, 19). Kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 khi l\u01b0\u1edbt qua m\u1ed9t t\u1edd b\u00e1o; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n h\u01a1n c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c trong ng\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

\u00dd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p canh t\u00e2n h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng; n\u00f3 v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1nh t\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u201cc\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn\u201d m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta xem l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn hay qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP: \u0110\u1ed8NG C\u01a0 V\u00c0 B\u01af\u1edaC CHU\u1ea8N B\u1eca TH\u00d4NG\u00a0\u0110I\u1ec6P.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 theo n\u00f3 t\u1eebng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Hai \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean: n\u01a1i \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c loan b\u00e1o t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1987 trong T\u00f4ng Th\u01b0 \u201cSpiritus Domini<\/em>\u201d nh\u00e2n k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 200 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh quan th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Alphonse de Ligouri? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 do c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng? Nhi\u1ec1u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf r\u01a1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean (loi naturelle) m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. C\u00e1c b\u1eadc cha m\u1eb9 than phi\u1ec1n r\u1eb1ng Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y cho c\u00e1c con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eefa trong c\u00e1c l\u1edbp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, c\u0169ng th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb lung lay, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ea1m b\u1ee3 theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng theo nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng cho th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n: \u201cs\u1ef1 l\u1ea1c \u0111i\u1ec7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a GH v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn ngay c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1eadc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i (GH) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu\u201d (s\u1ed1 4). \u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u00a0c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch n\u00e0y. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh n\u00f3 v\u00ec\u00a0ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta\u00a0\u00a0c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1edbt qua m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn. Tu\u00e2n theo khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01a1n b\u1edfi Th\u00e1nh Kinh (x. S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u201cOptatam totius\u201d v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c, s\u1ed1.16), \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 TM<\/em>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: t\u00e1i l\u1eadp m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch linh h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 L\u1eddi v\u00e0 Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. N\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch TM cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Hai \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a TM, v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng kia c\u00f3 t\u00ednh tranh lu\u1eadn h\u01a1n, s\u1ebd b\u1ed5 t\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1eabn nhau, nh\u01b0 hai c\u1ed9t tr\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua ph\u1ea7n kia.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u0169ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn tho\u00e1ng qua v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110TC Phaol\u00f4 VI ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ng\u1eeba thai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u201cHumanae Vitae<\/em>\u201d, n\u0103m 1968, \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia. V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u01a1i d\u1eady m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t m\u00e0, t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u1eeba thai, \u0111\u00e3 lan r\u1ed9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1eadu C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em> s\u1ebd nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi du\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng \u201cthuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng<\/em>\u201d (proportionnalisme) v\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3<\/em>\u201d (cons\u00e9quentialisme).<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u hai xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, cho th\u1ea5y status quaestionis<\/em> (hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1) tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf R\u00f4ma, n\u0103m 1981; n\u00f3 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u201ccanh t\u00e2n\u201d c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cho nh\u00f3m n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng Anh b\u1edfi cha W. Kerber d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cSittliche Normen. Zum Problem ihrer allgemeinen und unwandelbaren Geltung<\/em>\u201d (D\u00fcsseldorf, Patmos, 1982), v\u00e0, cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, b\u1edfi cha J.-C Pinto de Oliveira v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i trong Universalit\u00e9 et Permanence des Lois morales<\/em> (Fribourg, Editions universitaires, 1986).<\/p>\n

Trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: li\u00ean k\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u201cm\u1edbi\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

D\u00e0n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Universalit\u00e9 et Permanence des Lois morales<\/em> cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai<\/em>. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00a0: n\u00f3 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Augustin v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Basile, r\u1ed3i n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean\u00a0; ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u1eadu Trent\u00f4, r\u1ed3i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u01a1i Newman, v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t n\u01a1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh\u00a0 cho nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt Tin M\u1eebng. Cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u00ab\u00a0Ce qu\u2019on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrins\u00e8quement mauvais. Histoire et discussion<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (Fribourg, Editions universitaires, 1986) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p sau nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quy chi\u1ebfu l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft; v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp m\u00f4n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n sau C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4. S\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, quy\u1ebft \u0111inh vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd trong v\u00f2ng ba th\u1ebf k\u1ef7. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca<\/em> (casuistique). Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc m\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n th\u1eddi n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p canh t\u00e2n c\u00e1c vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh, l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u1ee3p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, trong s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u201ct\u00e2n ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu ph\u00e9p R\u1eeda.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m so s\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u201ccanh t\u00e2n\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh: \u00a0th\u1ef1c ra, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u00fd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3<\/em> c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y quan ni\u1ec7m th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua:<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh hai ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn: lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n g\u1ed3m 4 chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

–\u00a0Lu\u1eadt<\/em>, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi. Lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 do. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a TC.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0L\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2m<\/em>, ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 v\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0H\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh,<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 danh x\u01b0ng casuistique.<\/p>\n

–\u00a0T\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/em>, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a B\u00ed t\u00edch S\u00e1m H\u1ed1i, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1eadu C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u chi ti\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t m\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u1edf m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n, r\u1ed3i th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a TC. Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y. V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 t\u00fac b\u1edfi b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt h\u00ecnh s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Th\u00eam v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc<\/em> (asc\u00e9tique) v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed h\u1ecdc<\/em> (mystique), m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 linh \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> (spiritualit\u00e9). Tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed h\u1ecdc b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi chung c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u01b0u tuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129.<\/p>\n

Tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n qua n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a \u01a1n th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ee7ng, \u0111ang khi m\u00e0 khoa th\u1ea7n b\u00ed gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. D\u00f9 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (TC) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i cao, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y v\u1eabn l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd. N\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u00f9ng d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Kant, hay trong nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n sang khoa ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 (par\u00e9n\u00e8se) g\u1eafn v\u1edbi tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u01a1n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 \u00edt ch\u00fa t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n. S\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 xa r\u1eddi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec3nh m\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c (3).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1eefu \u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ghi nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1edbi s\u00e1ch GLGHCG. Hai b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0ng ph\u00eda th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch GLGHCG xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00ec s\u00e1ch GL c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 bao qu\u00e1t h\u01a1n: cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Kinh Tin K\u00ednh, c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00ec n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e0n m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Trong \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n quy chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 s\u00e1ch GLGHCG nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n v\u0103n quy chi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\u201d (s\u1ed1 5).<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a GH \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1edbi uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/em> (s\u1ed1 115). Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 can thi\u1ec7p trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0o l\u00fac x\u1ea3y ra cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1i nhi\u00ean lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (probabilisme), GH \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebft \u00e1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f3ng t\u00fang d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng \u201cm\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p s\u0129, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5u tay \u0111\u00f4i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00ec s\u1ee3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t\u201d (Denz s\u1ed1 1102), ho\u1eb7c cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 hay gi\u00e1o s\u0129 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111e d\u1ecda gieo r\u1eafc s\u1ef1 vu kh\u1ed1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng cho h\u1ecd hay D\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 (x. Denz s\u1ed1 117). Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2y m\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 : c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 (probable) (v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng) m\u1ed9t b\u00e0o thai kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 linh h\u1ed3n c\u00f3 l\u00fd t\u00ednh bao l\u00e2u n\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f2n trong d\u1ea1 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra. Do \u0111\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 pham t\u1ed9i s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n trong b\u1ea5t k\u00fd vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai n\u00e0o (x.Denz s\u1ed1 1185). Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh \u1edf m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ed1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1edf chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

D\u00e0n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 3 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em>:<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I<\/em> : \u201cCh\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 suy ni\u1ec7m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t suy ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n KT ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e1u c\u00f3 (Mt 19). Ch\u00ednh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra b\u1edfi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201cth\u01b0a th\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u2026\u201d m\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II<\/em>: \u201cGi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III<\/em>: \u201cS\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d. Ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1edfi nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i: c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

1. LU\u00c2N L\u00dd V\u00c0 TIN M\u1eeaNG. S\u00c1U \u0110\u01af\u1edcNG H\u01af\u1edaNG CANH T\u00c2N C\u1ee6A LU\u00c2N L\u00dd C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O. <\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t; v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung\u00a0thi\u00eang li\u00eang\u00a0c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m chung nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc; nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, n\u00f3i chung, sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ed3 h\u1edfi g\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. B\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, h\u1ecd xem ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy ni\u1ec7m thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t; m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea5u cho th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u xa m\u00e0 r\u00f5 rang ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u01a1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng. D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Tin M\u1eebng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 khoa tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a VS \u00edt ra c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, v\u00ec n\u00f3 v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi cho vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o qua vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng, \u0111i\u1ec1u s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n Kinh Th\u00e1nh m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch GLGHCG \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2: quay l\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e2n TM qua vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u1ecfi M\u1ea1c Kh\u1ea3i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 6 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng canh t\u00e2n Tin M\u1eebng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd <\/em>n\u01a1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i. Ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 rang khi \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n chia \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9.<\/p>\n

I. C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo u\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00a0li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ec9 gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1edbi TM. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi 3 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sau\u00a0:<\/p>\n

a.<\/strong> Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0 xuy\u00ean. Nh\u01b0 trong s\u00e1ch GLGHCG, Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn phong ph\u00fa h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng KT trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n TM \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0\u00a0; ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam, nh\u1eefng \u00ab\u00a0confirmatur\u00a0\u00bb (ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng) cho nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd. B\u1ea3n m\u1ee5c l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m xuy\u1ebfn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn KT. Ch\u00fang ta th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eefng hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n KT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng , m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i Kinh Th\u00e1nh cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. \u0110TC \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc KT nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khai th\u00e1c KT c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc\u00a0: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb KT m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0? L\u00e0m sao m\u00fac l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb KT s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 tan bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng\u00a0? Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. N\u00f3 v\u1ea1ch ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng TM ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00f3i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 , v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

b.<\/strong> \u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a TM l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu<\/em>. C\u00f2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ghi nh\u1eadn mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao\u00a0: lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb TM t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a CK. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, KT kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch nh\u01b0 bao cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng L\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u1edbi CK trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a TM quy v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a CK. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n. N\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u00ab\u00a0g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a CG\u00a0\u00bb b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0B\u01b0\u1edbc theo CK l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a luan l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u00a0\u00bb. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (n\u00b0 19). B\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau huynh \u0111\u1ec7, l\u00e0 n\u00e9t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (s\u1ed1 20).<\/p>\n

c<\/strong>. Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u1edbi ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/em> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, theo sau \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb ( theo c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Mt19,16). CG tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh TC l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1t L\u00e0nh, r\u1ed3i truy\u1ec1n cho anh ta tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean ch\u01b0a c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, n\u00ean CG \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a anh ta \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho anh con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n\u00a0: t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 theo Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c suy ni\u1ec7m \u0111o\u1ea1n KT n\u00e0y v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng suy ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u00a0; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n trong m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1i khung qua m\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang ta n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, qua vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t ch\u00fang ta, n\u00f3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, trong cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu suy t\u01b0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng TM.<\/p>\n

II. V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Th\u01b0a Th\u1ea7y, con ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac.<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c \u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta qua c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00a0v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eeb v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0t\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eadn ra \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u01a1i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, d\u00f9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c hay l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng\u00a0; n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ngh\u0129a\u00a0tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y trao ban cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef. N\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng S\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 t\u1ecf cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u00ab\u00a0\u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb TC, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u00bb. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi CK (s\u1ed1 7).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca<\/em> (la casuistique). Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n trong nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. T\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c n\u00e0y\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t\u00a0v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n\u00a0v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>, theo c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma. S\u00e1ch GLGHCG ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a TC v\u1edbi \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac TM (n\u00b0 1716-1729).<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 quy lu\u1eadt do l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u1edf\u00a0 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u00a0\u00bb, kh\u00e1t khao h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp\u00a0 t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, \u00ab\u00a0ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh TC c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n H\u1ea3o\u00a0\u00bb, theo nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a CG\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb TC\u00a0\u00bb. Qua \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t n\u00e0y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c cho lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau TC, \u0110\u1ea5ng l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0\u2026l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh\u00a0\u00bb (c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 8-9). Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1eb7t ra n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 cho vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, xoay quanh \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

III. T\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ean v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi. Theo c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo th\u00f3i quen, trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c, nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n, l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m m\u00e0 TC \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ecfi mang t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a ghi kh\u1eafc trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 (Rm 2,15), th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c, theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ngu\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a TC T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a \u0111ang h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u01a1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c TC ph\u00fa b\u1ea9m n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta\u00a0\u00bb, theo m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma nh\u1eb1m s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c duy \u00fd ch\u00ed ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf\u00a0; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i L\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Giao \u01b0\u1edbc gi\u1eefa TC v\u00e0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a KT. Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a TC<\/em>, \u00ab\u00a0thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Giao \u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u00e2n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c th\u00e1nh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a TC<\/em> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea5t Th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecf cho Moise v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a TC \u00ab\u00a0ch\u1ec9 ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed112). Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1eefa, n\u00f3 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn N\u01b0\u1edbc TC.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t \u00ab\u00a0l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u00a0\u00bb, theo l\u1ec7nh truy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ec7 Nh\u1ecb Lu\u1eadt\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0H\u00e3y nghe \u0111\u00e2y, h\u1ee1i Israel\u00a0! TC, Ch\u00faa ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 TC duy nh\u1ea5t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e3y y\u00eau m\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 TC c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ebft t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u2026(6,4-5)\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed110). Theo k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 n\u00e0y mang m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u00e9p\u00a0: y\u00eau m\u1ebfn TC v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn tha nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u00e1t \u1edf l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta n\u00e0y. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 g\u00f3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0\u00a0truy\u1ec1n khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau hay s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5\u00a0? Trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng chung chung h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c\u00a0; \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf. Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i cho th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y\u00a0: n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi TC v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, thu\u1ed9c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n\u00a0: C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn do b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng\u00a0? N\u1ebfu lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c, th\u00ec c\u1ea5n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi. N\u00f3 m\u1ea1nh d\u1ea1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Tin m\u1eebng v\u1ec1 Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u00a0: Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00edch m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0m cho tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n, hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 do tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n m\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u00a0?\u2026nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ai nghi ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef\u00a0? Th\u1ef1c ra, ai kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n\u00a0\u00bb (n\u00b0.22). B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecdc m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n, m\u00e0 s\u00e1ch GLGHCG c\u0169ng cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

Hai h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0Hai gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a L\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt\u00a0\u00bb, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u00e9p cho l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, n\u00f3 d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecnh y\u00eau TC \u00ab\u00a0h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5m bia \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn TC nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0 Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u00a0\u00bb trong s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n th\u1edd, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c, th\u1ef1c thi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0ong x\u00f3t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a L\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt\u00a0\u00bb m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh (s\u1ed1 11), hay l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec3m trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 13).<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u01a1i \u00ab\u00a0t\u1ea5m bia th\u1ee9 hai\u00a0\u00bb m\u00e0 gi\u1edbi r\u0103n \u00ab\u00a0ng\u01b0\u01a1i h\u00e3y y\u00eau m\u1ebfn tha nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u00a0\u00bb t\u00f3m k\u1ebft. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II\u00a0: t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi TC, tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb (n\u00b0.13).<\/p>\n

L\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m qu\u00e1 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1eadu Trent\u00f4, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u00e1n cho Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Th\u00e1nh Augustin x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n n\u00eau l\u00ean, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u2026\u00a0; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o\u00a0\u00bb (n\u00b0.13).<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u1ebft th\u00fac suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai gi\u1edbi r\u0103n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Ch\u00fang n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft s\u00e2u xa v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp l\u1eabn nhau\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0; ng\u1eeboi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi ch\u00fang (s\u1ed1 14). Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n kh\u1ecfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u00a0; t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 duy nh\u1ea5t mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. \u0110i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, b\u1ecb ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u1edfi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, m\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n chi\u1ec1u ngang. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Gioan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Tin M\u1eebng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3m\u00a0; trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc. C\u00e1m d\u1ed7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ef1oc g\u1eb7p ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i n\u1ea3y sinh gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u00ab\u00a0theo chi\u1ec1u ngang\u00a0\u00bb, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 tha nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng x\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ecbt, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Tin m\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

IV. T\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0o trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u1edf c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 12, 15-16, 24,45, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, trong m\u1ed1i tu\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, qua \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i cho anh ta th\u1ea5y con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Sau l\u1ea7n\u00a0so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o\u00a0\u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u00a0trong cu\u1ed1n Somme Franciscaine<\/em> c\u1ee7a Alexandre de Hal\u00e8s,\u00a0h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi\u00a0\u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb\u00a0th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0(Prima Secundae qu.106-108). N\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o tu \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13 n\u01a1i Th\u00e1nh Phanxico Assisi v\u00e0 \u0110aminh. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Lu\u1eadt Tin M\u1eebng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/em>.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00ear\u00eamia v\u1ec1 Giao \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi, lu\u1eadt d\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n (31,31), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0 Do Th\u00e1i l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 (8, 6-13). N\u00f3 c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Phaol\u00f4 g\u1edfi cho t\u00edn h\u1eefu R\u00f4ma n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 v\u00e0 8), d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e1nh Augustin trong ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 trong t\u1eadp s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0De l\u2019esprit et de la lettre\u00a0\u00bb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu.<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i chung, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kinh Th\u00e1nh<\/em> v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i. Theo ng\u00e0i, Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi hay Lu\u1eadt Tin M\u1eebng l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/em> b\u1edfi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c (\u00e9nergie) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa TT \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn nh\u1edd ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o CK, \u0111\u1ea5ng c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh h\u00f3a, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a\u00a0<\/em>\u00bb (elle est la gr\u00e2ce m\u00eame du Saint Esprit re\u00e7ue par la foi au Christ qui justifie et op\u00e9rant par la charit\u00e9 qui sanctifie). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u0169ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/em> h\u01a1n, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a CTT \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng trong ch\u00fang ta. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0\u00a0: b\u1ea3n v\u0103n KT, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong B\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi trong Lu\u1eadt c\u0169, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n cho ch\u00fang ta \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 (Prima Secundae qu.106, a.1 v\u00e0 108, a.1.). \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n (qu.107). N\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u00ab\u00a0t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n\u00a0\u00bb n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, \u0111ang khi m\u00e0 Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi nh\u1eafm tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (qu.108, a.3).<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y d\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa TT v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n<\/em> trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu. N\u00f3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch TM c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf qua b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u1ebfp theo sau s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a duy danh thuy\u1ebft (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIV), m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i hay gi\u00e1o l\u00fd sau C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn ra \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u gi\u1eefa TM v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma nh\u01b0 Cajetan (1469-1526) v\u00e0 Billuart (1685-1757) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi\u00a0: Billuart th\u00fa nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi trong s\u00e1ch GLGHCG<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i KT v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. V\u00e0 s\u00e1ch GLGHCG \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng hoa tr\u00e1i n\u00e0y (c\u00e1c s\u1ed11965-1986). B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u00e1ch GLGHCG sau khi b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt M\u00f4ise, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi hay Lu\u1eadt TM\u00a0\u00bb. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, trong m\u1ed1i li\u1ebfn k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng (s\u1ed1 1965-1974). S\u00e1ch GL c\u1ee7a GH tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1ch GL ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau huynh \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Gioan (13,24). N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i\u00a0; lu\u1eadt \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng trao ban nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft\u00a0; lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a CK ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1edb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean TM v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

Sau h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd (s\u1ed1 1971), r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y (s\u1ed1 26), \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u00ab\u00a0gi\u00e1o l\u00fd lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3\u00a0\u00bb, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean r\u0103n<\/em> (paracl\u00e8se) (theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch d\u00f9ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n<\/em> (par\u00e9n\u00e8se), v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, n\u01a1i vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (4)) c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u01b0 l\u1edbn di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3\u00a0: Rm 12-15\u00a0; 1Co 12-13\u00a0; Gal 5\u00a0; Eph 4-5\u00a0; Ph 2, 1-17 v\u00e0 3, 1- 4, 9\u00a0; Col 3-4\u00a0; 1 Th 4-5\u00a0; Jc\u00a0; 1P\u00a0; 1 Ga. B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp\u00a0; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eadp trung \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0o trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9. N\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t cho vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u00a0t\u00e2n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m h\u00f3a\u00a0\u00bb m\u00e0 \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1n Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi \u0111\u01b0a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng. M\u1ee5c tham kh\u1ea3o theo ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u00dd, kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai, cho d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho n\u00f3 (c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 1967-1970) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c tham kh\u1ea3o m\u1edbi; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u00ab\u00a0Bergpredigt\u00a0\u00bb (B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai)\u00a0; b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh v\u1eeba ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu tham kh\u1ea3o m\u1ee5c tham kh\u1ea3o Kinh th\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 139 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5 \u0111\u1ebfn 7 c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng Matth\u00eau.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c, n\u01a1i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c. Ch\u00ednh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u0169ng ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3: ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xem c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n \u00ab\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang m\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m (linh h\u1ed3n, b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng \u00dd) l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 15). N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang ta chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u0129nh (kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m\u2026) sang m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 li\u00ean l\u1ec9.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111i trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y; gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i. N\u00f3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp n\u1eefa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n theo sau \u0111\u00f3. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, qua c\u00e1c l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i. T\u1ef1 s\u00e2u xa, ch\u00fang tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho ch\u00fang ta \u00ab m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u ch\u00e2n dung t\u1ef1 h\u1ecda c\u1ee7a CK\u00a0\u00bb, m\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta theo Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i (s\u1ed1 16). Th\u1ef1c ra, trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u1ee7a khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 ra.<\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n hai, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u1eadn c\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t. N\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i CG s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n L\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, v\u1ecb Th\u1ea7y l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ban cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 cho Ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng qua c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta (s\u1ed115).<\/p>\n

V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (la magna carta) c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd TM. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Quy lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c D\u00f2ng tu v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng TM. Ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt\u00a0?<\/p>\n

Xa h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat \u1edf s\u1ed1 45 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a T\u00f4ma v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt M\u1edbi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n ghi kh\u1eafc trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma v\u1ec1 th\u01b0 g\u1edfi t\u00edn h\u1eefu T\u00f4ma m\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y\u00a0: n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 n\u01a1i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngay th\u1eb3ng\u00a0; ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u01a1i l\u00ean (s\u1ed1 24); ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh canh t\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa, v\u00ec qua trung gian c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, n\u00f3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay t\u0129nh, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n hay ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt. Theo ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n ngu\u1ed3n s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a CTT.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi canh t\u00e2n thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi TM. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c b\u1edfi B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c canh t\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch trong ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5, qua tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi b\u1edfi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u00edch l\u1edbn lao cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u1ed1n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. L\u00e0 hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n thi\u00eang li\u00eang l\u1edbn lao c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t trong l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem n\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc<\/em>, lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00e0o nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Ba Ng\u00f4i nh\u1edd Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n th\u00f4ng ban cho ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Cha (Ph\u1ea7n I), v\u00e0 v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng b\u00ed t\u00edch (Ph\u1ea7n III).<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf th\u1eadt x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1ec1 Tin M\u1eebng m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u00e1nh H\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u00ab\u00a0con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1eddi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t t\u1eed nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh\u00a0\u00bb (\u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Ph\u1ea7n III).<\/p>\n

V. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u1edf b\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n TM ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n th\u00f4i th\u00fac anh ta m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a anh, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho anh ta c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Lu\u1eadt c\u0169, ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, sang Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0lu\u00e2n l\u00fd k\u00e9p\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

\u0110o\u1ea1n TM ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng minh h\u1ecda cho s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Trong c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng c\u00e2u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n: \u00ab\u00a0n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n\u2026\u00a0\u00bb, ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng cao h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho nh\u1eefng ai d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111o\u1ea1n KT n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng TM cho vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean hai b\u1eadc s\u1ed1ng hay hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i: \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ch\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c; ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean Ph\u00fac \u00e2m m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 sau, c\u00e1ch chung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tu s\u0129. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Tin l\u00e0nh n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd k\u00e9p trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o: m\u1ed9t c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p quanh Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed h\u1ecdc b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u01b0u tuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng; v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 chia c\u1eaft d\u00e2n kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u1ecfi l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n n\u00ean th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n tu\u00e2n theo m\u1ed9t t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch GLGHCG v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00e1ch GLGHCG r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u00e0y qua vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u00ab\u00a0Lumen Gentium<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean th\u00e1nh:<\/p>\n

\u00ab\u00a0L\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y nh\u1eefng ai tin v\u00e0o CK, d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u00a0\u00bb. S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai: \u00ab\u00a0H\u00e3y n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 Cha anh em tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 2013).<\/p>\n

N\u00f3 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ea7n b\u00ed: \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 thi\u00eang li\u00eang lu\u00f4n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p c\u00e0ng th\u00e2n m\u1eadt h\u01a1n v\u1edbi CK\u00a0\u00bb. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0th\u1ea7n b\u00ed<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a CK qua c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch-c\u00e1c\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m th\u00e1nh\u00a0\u00bb \u2013 v\u00e0 trong Ng\u00e0i, tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa k\u00eau g\u1ecdi h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang ta t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p th\u00e2n m\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i. \u00ab\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng k\u1ebft hi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y v\u1edbi CK nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng hay nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 ngo\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n b\u00ed n\u00e0y\u2026ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 2014).<\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o \u00ab\u00a0m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ghi d\u1ea5u th\u00e1nh n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh Phanxico Assisi ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. C\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n b\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong c\u00e1i th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a CTT.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n tu \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c cha Saudreau, Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1edfi cha Arintero, \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha, cha Garrigou-Lagrange, \u1edf R\u00f4ma, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi bi\u1ebft bao ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu qua vi\u1ec7c tham d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch, qua ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e2n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0o trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n TM ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3<\/em>. Theo n\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi hay \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nhau c\u1ee7a CG, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u00e2u xa d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u00a0\u00bb, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (\u00e9tapes), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i hai b\u1eadc s\u1ed1ng (\u00e9tats) t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi, trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i duy nh\u1ea5t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e1nh Augustin, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap b\u1edfi Lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (s\u1ed1 17), th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9\u00a0: vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, t\u1ef1 do, trong s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y, n\u1eafm l\u1ea5y \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt Ch\u00faa trong s\u1ef1 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi (s\u1ed1 18).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u.<\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n manh nha c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng \u00ab\u01a1n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u00bb, nh\u01b0ng m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh TC l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u00a0\u00bb (n\u00b0.18). Theo gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c k\u00e9p: t\u1eadn c\u0103n h\u00f3a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau TC b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu.<\/p>\n

R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i nhi\u1ec1u t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c \u01a1n g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi TM, \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00ab\u00a0t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n\u00a0\u00bb: v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft y\u00eau ai, th\u00edch ai h\u01a1n v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn \u0111i theo. C\u00e2u \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u01a1i mu\u1ed1n n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n\u2026\u00a0\u00bb kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo hay t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng. Khi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean theo Ng\u00e0i, theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o, Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u01a1i t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a anh ta v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho anh ra ra kh\u1ecfi t\u1ed5 k\u00e9n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n.<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc theo v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a TM v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p mang l\u1ea1i cho lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft hai di\u1ec5n ng\u1eef b\u01b0\u1edbc theo v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi Luther \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc, r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng trong linh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 Luther bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed7 cho n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Tin M\u1eebng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e3m, k\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ng\u00e0i trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u1edf Galil\u00ea v\u00e0 \u1edf Giu\u0111\u00eaa. Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc\u00a0\u00bb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong hai th\u01b0 g\u1edfi t\u00edn h\u1eefu Th\u00easalonica (1 Th 1,6\u00a0; 2 Th, 3,7\u00a0; xem th\u00eam Ph 2,5\u00a0; 1P 2, 21) v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu m\u00e0, sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 Th\u0103ng Thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ng\u00e0i c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 l\u00fd n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau.<\/p>\n

B\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo<\/em> c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/em>, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4<\/em>. Th\u00e1nh Augustin di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong\u00a0m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 th\u00e1nh Gioan\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0N\u1ebfu ai ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 Ta, th\u00ec h\u00e3y b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ta\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0H\u00e3y b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ta\u00a0\u00bb mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u00a0: h\u00e3y b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Ta\u00a0? V\u00ec nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u00ab\u00a0Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1eabu g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta b\u01b0\u1edbc theo d\u1ea5u ch\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i\u00a0\u00bb\u2026V\u00ec hoa tr\u00e1i n\u00e0o, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 n\u00e0o, v\u00ec thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i n\u00e0o\u00a0? \u00ab\u00a0V\u00e0, Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, Ta \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u th\u00ec t\u00f4i t\u1edb ta c\u0169ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f9ng \u1edf v\u1edbi n\u00f3\u00a0\u00bb (B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng 51, 11).<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111inh h\u01b0\u1edbng vi\u1ec7c b\u01b0\u1edbc theo v\u00e0 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau huynh \u0111\u1ec7. Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu trong tr\u00ecnh thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1eeda ch\u00e2n, kh\u00fac d\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 Th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3, v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi r\u0103n m\u1edbi\u00a0:\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1c con h\u00e3y y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng nhau nh\u01b0<\/em> Th\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c con\u00a0\u00bb (Ga 15,12). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, \u00ab\u00a0h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh quy lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 20).<\/p>\n

VI. C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng. <\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, r\u1ed3i cho h\u1ebft c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7, n\u01a1i Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, kh\u01a1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi quan tr\u1ecdng\u00a0: c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n cao v\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng<\/em>\u00a0?<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi r\u1ed3i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a TM, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u00e1n cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1edbn lao m\u00e0 khoa ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i KT v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai. B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1i b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3, tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0?<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c\u00a0; trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c n\u1eb7ng nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng cho c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe Ng\u00e0i, theo nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Mt 5, 1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0u tuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ph\u00fac \u00e2m.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u00ecnh, Luther ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean TM. \u00d4ng g\u00e1n cho B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a M\u00f4ise. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u00ab\u00a0c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean\u00a0\u00bb, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c tin thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, Ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh CK \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1edd trung gian c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb n\u00e0y tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, hay l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd anh h\u00f9ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu tin v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1ng l\u00e2m s\u1eafp \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i (5).<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Tin m\u1eebng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi n\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n r\u1ea5t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5\u00a0: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em>\u00a0; \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y, l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m\u00a0: n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ra c\u1ea7u xin, \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n (s\u1ed1 23).<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt: \u00ab\u00a0lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng\u00a0; \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt\u00a0\u00bb (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0\u00a0: nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p d\u1ecbch). Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0: cho d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, Ch\u00faa v\u1eabn lu\u00f4n ban cho ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c trao ban \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (s\u1ed1 102-103). Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u0169ng chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a TC v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady trong ch\u00fang ta \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 qua l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c b\u1ed5 t\u00fac th\u00eam, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n s\u1ea3n sinh n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a kinh L\u1ea1y Cha n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi h\u1ee9a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o\u00a0: lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/em> b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, theo Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ea1y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu\u00a0; kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m sao \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong kinh nguy\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t. CTT nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a kinh nguy\u1ec7n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng linh h\u1ee9ng cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u li\u00ean quan v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0: n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Kinh Th\u00e1nh, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 xem l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb ch\u00fang ta t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u1ea1ch ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng d\u00e2n kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, tu\u00e2n theo ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00ean th\u00e1nh.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u01a1n g\u1ecdi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. May thay \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta\u00a0; ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

\u1ede trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n c\u00e1c vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng. Qua s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1eeba kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u1eeba nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i khai tri\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Tin m\u1eebng. Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma cung \u1ee9ng, tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 Tin m\u1eebng m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y. Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0; ph\u1ea7n c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y\u00a0; c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

VII. Tranh lu\u1eadn xung quanh l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De re morali\u00a0\u00bb \u1edf C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1edfi s\u00e1ch GLGHCG v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p VS trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, vi\u1ec7c xem qua c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Vatican II m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd kh\u00e1 soi s\u00e1ng (cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng\u00a0 trong m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De re morali\u00a0\u00bb (\u00ab\u00a0V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0\u00bb)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t \u00edt v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch minh nhi\u00ean. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t v\u1eafn t\u1eaft trong S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh \u00ab\u00a0Optatam totius\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m ch\u00fa ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng h\u01a1n n\u1eefa b\u1edfi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu-Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c sinh hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 16).<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt ra, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII. M\u1ed9t \u1ee7y ban \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ph\u00e2n khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng canh t\u00e2n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban, sau nhi\u1ec1u trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t d\u1ef1 th\u1ea3o c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0Constitutio de ordine morali<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1961. Cha H\u00fcrth, d\u00f2ng T\u00ean, l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

Xem qua d\u00e0n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u00a0: lu\u1eadt, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. N\u00f3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i. N\u00f3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u1edf n\u01a1i TC, l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, b\u00e1o tr\u1ea3 (vengeur), v\u00e0, c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, \u1edf n\u01a1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea7n linh, ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (c\u00e1c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean \u0111\u1eafc \u0111i\u1ec3m duy \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y). \u00dd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7aThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u01a1i lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft b\u1edfi l\u00fd tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, n\u01a1i Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi v\u1ea1ch r\u00f5 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean\u00a0; ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u01a1i Lu\u1eadt TM, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o n\u00f3 (s\u1ed1 4). Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 danh m\u1ee5c c\u00e1c sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean. Lu\u1eadt TM ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y b\u1edfi uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110HY D\u00f6pfner<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt Tin m\u1eebng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 hai ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1eafp ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng Y D\u00f6pfner trong kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdp th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y Ban Trung \u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1962.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn d\u00e0i v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u0110HY gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn M\u00fcnich \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch Kinh th\u00e1nh h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0\u00bb \u2013 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Kinh Th\u00e1nh \u2013 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh KT h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u00ab\u00a0ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a TC trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ghi kh\u1eafc trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0110HY ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi. C\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed, Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c TC \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho n\u00f3 t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i th\u00eam lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean\u00a0\u00bb. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u0110HY \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc v\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ban nh\u1edd ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4\u00a0; Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0110HY tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c TC ban trong C\u01af v\u00e0 T\u01af. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i, \u00ab\u00a0\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft lu\u1eadt \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng\u00a0\u00bb ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00ab\u00a0\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u00a0\u00bb. \u0110HY \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb d\u00f9ng di\u1ec5n ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0lu\u1eadt \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng\u00a0\u00bb thay cho\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi\u00a0\u00bb. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi\u00a0: Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng.<\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a \u0110HY, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u01a1i m\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng canh t\u00e2n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u01b0a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n KT v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Cha Le Guillou<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i tham lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 hai li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De ordini morali<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (\u00ab\u00a0V\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0\u00bb) l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Cha Le Guillou, d\u00f2ng \u0110a minh. N\u00f3 h\u01a1i mu\u1ed9n m\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 03\/04\/1963, l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a cha Le Guillou r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0\u0110\u1ecdc l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De ordini morali christiano\u00a0\u00bb c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng\u00a0: b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u00fd kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m (rationnalisme conceptualiste), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111i s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o\u2026C\u00e1c th\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u sai t\u1eadn c\u0103n\u00a0\u00bb.\u00a0 Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00f3i r\u00f5\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa TT trao ban v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i\u00a0\u00bb. \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m CK theo cha Le Guillou\u00a0? \u00ab\u00a0Trong nh\u00e3n quan v\u1ec1 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m CK, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a C\u01af, lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m (lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi) nh\u01b0 ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a CK, v\u00e0o m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong vinh quang. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo ki\u1ec3u n\u00e0y m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n\u2026\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi\u00a0? \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n, v\u00ec \u00ab\u00a0Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi\u00a0\u00bb, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m (christocentrique), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0\u00bb.Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u00ab\u00a0l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u2013 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u2013 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb n\u00f3\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0S\u1ef1 h\u00e0m h\u1ed3 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a (univoque). \u00a0\u00cdt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n linh n\u01a1i lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u01a1i lu\u1eadt si\u00eau nhi\u00ean\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m duy \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 duy ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. T\u00ednh ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u1edf h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh h\u00f3a\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, cha Le Guillou nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi\u00a0; nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft n\u00f3 v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean\u00a0? Theo ng\u00e0i, lu\u1eadt th\u1ea7n linh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa k\u00eau g\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i chia s\u1ebb cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3 trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean. Ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ban cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 (ordination), m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0th\u1ea7n linh\u00a0\u00bb v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t danh hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0l\u1ecbch s\u1eed\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u00a0\u00bb. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh si\u00eau nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn n\u00f3, x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Cha Le Guillou \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De ordine morali\u00a0\u00bb\u00a0: ng\u00e0i ch\u00fa t\u00e2m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean \u0111ang khi m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u00e0i mong mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean Kinh Th\u00e1nh. Suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi. T\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chuy\u1ec3n sang m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng hay c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n. N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 cha Le Guillou \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u01a1i l\u00ean trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 (ordination) \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 trung t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Hai b\u1ea3n b\u00e1o c\u00e1o ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111ang \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft canh t\u00e2n l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch Tin m\u1eebng, qua vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma v\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, cho d\u1ea7u ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0 De re morali\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De re morali\u00a0\u00bb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110HY D\u00f6pfner v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Cha Le Guillou kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe. B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 sau m\u00e0 \u0110HY Dani\u00e9lou trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 tham lu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ed3 \u00ab\u00a0De re morali\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ngh\u1ecb Ph\u1ee5. M\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1eafng th\u1ebf\u00a0; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c d\u1eb9p sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. B\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 v\u1ebb kh\u00f4ng ch\u00edn m\u00f9i\u00a0; c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 thinh l\u1eb7ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Vatican v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a VS n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n \u0111ang \u0111i (aile marchante), n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1nh qu\u00e2n ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 (aile proph\u00e9tique) c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi mang t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1eb1m canh t\u00e2n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Tin m\u1eebng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng (proportionnalistes) m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t mong \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

2. GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 VI\u1ec6C PH\u00c2N \u0110\u1ecaNH M\u1ed8T S\u1ed0 KHUYNH H\u01af\u1edaNG C\u1ee6A TH\u1ea6N H\u1eccC LU\u00c2N L\u00dd HI\u1ec6N H\u00c0NH. <\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng kh\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch\u00a0th\u00f4ng\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec7p\u00a0v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia \u0111ang c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u01a1n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef qu\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean th\u00edch d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00f3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111\u00edch danh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1ch uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 thanh th\u1ea3n. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cu\u1ed9c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i b\u1edfi\u00a0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi ti\u1ebft k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n\u00a0; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu. \u0110\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0169ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c qua c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, ng\u1eeboi ta l\u1eadp \u0111i l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o, hay h\u00e2u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3, nh\u1eadn ra m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y\u00a0; nh\u01b0ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau\u00a0: c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t (universelles) v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn (immuables), tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n (permanentes)\u00a0 xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng\u00a0? Hay n\u00f3i r\u00f5 h\u01a1n\u00a0: ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt tr\u1eeb, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i (intrins\u00e8quement mauvais), m\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i hay ph\u00e1 thai\u00a0?<\/p>\n

Hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u00a0kh\u00f4ng? Nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn, s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. N\u1ebfu n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng lung lay, th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5. V\u00e0 l\u1ea5y g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay cho n\u00f3\u00a0? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ednh nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo 4 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u00a0: t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt (I)\u00a0; l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (II)\u00a0; ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (III)\u00a0; h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0m n\u00ean ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (IV).<\/p>\n

I. T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb (autonomie) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a thong \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd. M\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, m\u00e0, trong ti\u1ebfng Latinh, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cch\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d n\u1eb1m \u1edf v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1eeb t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng nhau h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u00a0: \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0, do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\u00a0? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, theo nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3? Kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ef1 do, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 do v\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. N\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c (s\u1ed1 34).<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n trong s\u00e1ch GLGHCG: \u00ab\u00a0T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u trong l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0m hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m, \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc. Nh\u1edd t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ch\u00ed, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o. T\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n khi n\u00f3 quy v\u1ec1 TC, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u2026<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 1731). \u00ab\u00a0C\u00e0ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 do\u00a0: ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c (khi) ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c hay s\u1ef1 d\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 1733).<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb th\u00e0nh n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nhau, gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do trung l\u1eadp (libert\u00e9 d\u2019indiff\u00e9rence), nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t hay tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o (libert\u00e9 de qualit\u00e9 ou d\u2019excellence), v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh (6). Do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u00ab\u00a0t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf ra ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u1ebfu tha nh\u00e2n\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1.86)<\/p>\n

Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0110TC Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, th\u00ec theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn theo kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u \u201ckh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i\u201d, kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd d\u00ednh v\u00e0o trong v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn Nga. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00f2ng trung t\u00edn v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do; s\u1ef1 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 nh\u1ecf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. S\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, th\u1eadt th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i th\u01a1 le Manifeste humain (B\u1ea3n tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi)<\/em> c\u1ee7a Galanskov \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 \u1edf qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng Moscou v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi V. Boukovsky trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng Et le vent reprend ses tours<\/em>.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u01b0\u1edbc ra<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ebfn qu\u1ea3ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3,<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i nh\u1ecf v\u1edbi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1,<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i s\u1ebd c\u1ea5t l\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n

ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau<\/em><\/p>\n

c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng.<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh t\u00f4i,<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c cho ch\u00e2n l\u00fd-c\u00f4ng l\u00fd<\/em><\/p>\n

Cho s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i d\u1eady\u00a0!<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u00f4i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n\u00a0n\u00f4 d\u1ecbch\u00a0n\u1eefa<\/em><\/p>\n

\u2026.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0 t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u00f3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i t\u00f4i<\/em><\/p>\n

b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh.<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u00f4ng \u00c2u. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc T\u00e2y \u00c2u d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb h\u01a1n: ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n danh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m hay l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang t\u01b0. M\u1ed9t khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 b\u1edfi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u1eabn l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i v\u00e0 t\u1ecf ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u00f4i k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang hay c\u1ee7a m\u00e3nh l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f4 l\u1ec7. Ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd m\u1edbi l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ee7 ngh\u1ecb l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ee7 can \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

Tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n

Khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 hai v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n ng\u1ea7m \u1ea9n trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y\u00a0: \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ?<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00f3 v\u00ec ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, v\u00e0 g\u00e1n cho n\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 bi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: s\u1ebd l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0m l\u1ee3i cho t\u1ef1 do; c\u00f2n x\u1ea5u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u hay tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, theo ngh\u0129a m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb<\/em> (autonomie\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0nomos\u00a0\u00bb c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt, quy lu\u1eadt; auto-nome\u00a0c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m quy lu\u1eadt cho m\u00ecnh, t\u1ef1 m\u00ecnh ban lu\u1eadt cho m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe \u00f4t\u00f4, m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc xe h\u01a1i t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3) v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecb tr\u1ecb<\/em> (h\u00e9t\u00e9ronomie\u00a0<\/em>: \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ban lu\u1eadt cho, h\u00e9t\u00e9ros\u00a0: nh\u1eadn l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00ab\u00a0th\u00e9onomie\u00a0\u00bb (th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n\/th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt)\u00a0: nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (\u00ab\u00a0theos\u00a0\u00bb) (s\u1ed1.36). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb l\u00e2u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 (7). Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i hay \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb tr\u00ean, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n (autorit\u00e9 divine). \u0110\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u00ab\u00a0s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o\u00a0\u00bb v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (s\u1ed1 54). Ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 hay chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c chung, nh\u01b0ng \u00ab\u00a0l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chung cu\u1ed9c s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1.56). L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1\u00a0 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u1edbi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 quan.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do, xem t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. B\u1edfi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, x\u00e9t cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 v\u1ecb th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef. Khi \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i so v\u1edbi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 quan. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f2n cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt tr\u1eeb t\u00f9y theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 do r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn n\u01a1i c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 hai c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau: l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c. T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t nhau nh\u01b0 hai ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu tranh ch\u1ea5p l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng thanh n\u00f3i: \u00ab\u00a0Lu\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y, t\u1ef1 do s\u1edf h\u1eefu h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c\u00a0\u00bb. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, lu\u1eadt s\u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt c\u1ea5m l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n tay, \u0111ang khi t\u1ef1 do s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c trong tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 do. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ch\u1ec9 cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0m sao \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, trong m\u1ed9t \u00ab\u00a0n\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2\u00a0: c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia t\u1eeb nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1edb c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do, cung \u1ee9ng cho t\u1ef1 do nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn chung chung m\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn theo ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1eadt ra, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do trung l\u1eadp hay d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng, ng\u1ea7m \u1ea9n n\u01a1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca (gi\u1ea3i nghi h\u1ecdc), g\u00e1n cho duy ch\u1ec9 \u00fd ch\u00ed n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hay ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf (t\u1ef1 do). Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do qu\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, v\u00ec c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f4 g\u1eafng cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec7u ki\u1ec7n chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1ef1 do.<\/em><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng quy gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do, lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Kinh Th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a TC n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn TC, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 ban cho n\u00f3, noi g\u01b0\u01a1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat b\u1edfi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tham d\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a TC, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u00e0o Ng\u00e0i. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i TC \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadt (loi divine) hay lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi (loi \u00e9ternelle) -, nh\u01b0ng lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c TC ghi kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean (loi naturelle). Lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y \u1edf b\u00ean trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi TC trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (s\u1ed1.42-43).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a TC. D\u00f9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y, theo ch\u00e2n C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1eabn th\u00edch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00ab\u00a0tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o<\/em> th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n<\/em>\u00bb (th\u00e9onomie particip\u00e9e), \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u1edf n\u01a1i TC (s\u1ed1 41). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn, r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thu\u1eadn theo \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a TC, \u0110\u1ea5ng chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng t\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1ch n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m\u00a0: t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, \u01a1n g\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, theo l\u1eddi th\u00e1nh v\u1ecbnh 4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00edch d\u1eabn theo ch\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean\u00a0\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f3i\u00a0: ai s\u1ebd cho ta th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac\u00a0?\u00a0 Xin chi\u1ebfu t\u1ecfa \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nhan Ng\u00e0i tr\u00ean ch\u00fang con\u00a0\u00bb. \u00ab\u00a0Tr\u00ean ch\u00fang con\u00a0\u00bb, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng n\u01a1i ch\u00fang con, \u1edf s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang con Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ghi kh\u1eafc l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a TC n\u00f3i v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp. C\u00f2n theo quan ni\u1ec7m ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb TC \u00ab\u00a0\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef\u00a0\u00bb, n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tia s\u00e1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u201cscintilla animae\u201d). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh vi\u1ec7n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cl\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103ng\u201d<\/em> (\u201csynd\u00e9r\u00e8se\u201d). Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u00a0ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a TC. Nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cao c\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e2m. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00ec th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3\u00a0\u00bb, \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u01a1i lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, \u00ab\u00a0chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 59-60).<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y th\u00f4i th\u00fac n\u00f3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n li\u00ean l\u1ec9 trong s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n <\/em>(s\u1ed1 60-64).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a TC, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau, v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn, ch\u00fang \u00ab\u00a0\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111an quy\u1ec7n v\u00e0o nhau\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 41). T\u1ef1 do c\u1ea7n l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a TC nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00f4 ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1; v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng th\u00e2m s\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m theo J.H. Newman<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0 \u0110HY Newman nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a \u201c Th\u01b0 g\u1edfi cho Qu\u1eadn C\u00f4ng Norfolk<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1edfi s\u00e1ch GLGHCG (s\u1ed1 1778): \u00ab\u00a0l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta, t\u1ea1o ra cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh. N\u00f3 n\u00eau l\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa b\u1ea9m t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00f3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m chung cho c\u1ea3 Tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i, l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng, thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 l\u01b0ong thi\u1ec7n, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a hay v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hay \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u00edch k\u1ef7 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9 gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta sau b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n, ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00fang ta qua nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n, trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a CK. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 t\u1ecf cho ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1ecb vua ban cho ta nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh, v\u1ecb t\u01b0 t\u1ebf ra v\u1ea1 tuy\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 ch\u00fac l\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang ta. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1ea5t \u0111i, th\u00ec c\u0103n nguy\u00ean (principe) c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u1ebf s\u1ebd s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t sau s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m.\u00a0\u00bb<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, Newman m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\u00a0?\u2026Khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u01a1i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ng\u00e0i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u00a0; h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft l\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn hay s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m ch\u00fat n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a TC. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 ph\u1ea3i theo lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh; quy\u1ec1n tin theo s\u1edf th\u00edch v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ai; quy\u1ec1n coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ee5c s\u01b0, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft hay c\u1ee7a v\u0103n s\u0129 m\u00e0 d\u00e1m ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 ti\u00eau vong n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n (c\u1ee7a n\u00f3), \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, n\u01a1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m mi\u1ec5n chu\u1ea9n cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ea5ng L\u1eadp Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m\u2026Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t. V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho m\u1ed9t c\u1edb gi\u1ea3 d\u1ed1i m\u00e0 trong v\u00f2ng m\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1m th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nghe n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb l\u1eeba n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3: quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m theo \u00fd m\u00ecnh (8). B\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 ?<\/p>\n

HY Newman ch\u1ec9 ra cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1eefa l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc TC, \u0111ang t\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u00ab\u00a0xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ee9c m\u00e0n\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh, ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft, ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. N\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u2013 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1eafc nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1eafn ch\u1eafn \u2013 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta \u0111i l\u00ean t\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa qua con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb9p. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta theo n\u00f3, th\u00ec l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m\u00a0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1eadt lu\u00f4n mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh an n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, ni\u1ec1m vui ngay gi\u1eefa th\u1eed th\u00e1ch v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u thi\u00eang li\u00eang, ngay c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ef1 b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i. M\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u00ab\u00a0trong n\u01a1i k\u00edn \u1ea9n m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Cha nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta\u00a0\u00bb, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch thanh th\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn hay quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh tr\u00ec n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00ec n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a TC.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ee7a \u00fd mu\u1ed1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00f3, k\u00e8m theo b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, d\u01b0\u1edbi gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m th\u1ea9m ph\u00e1n s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef, u\u1ed1n n\u1eafn l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ngay c\u1ea3 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 TC theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i kh\u1ecfi TC quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u00e0 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Nh\u01b0ng khi t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh c\u00e1i v\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1eabn y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m trong s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c ho\u1eb7c truy\u1ec1n thong, v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng m\u00e0 theo b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng n\u00f3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 d\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi Ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u00f4i k\u00e9o v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i n\u01a1i m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch huy\u00ean n\u00e1o n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd, h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u00a0cho th\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft (s\u1ed1 64). N\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c trong ch\u00fang ta, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n vui t\u01b0\u01a1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u1edbn l\u00ean n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a L\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0169ng c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m, trong s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1\u00a0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ebfn, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong\u00a0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4n ngoan. Qua vi\u1ec7c ngoan ngo\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ghi kh\u1eafc v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u201cV\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4\u201d.<\/p>\n

II. C\u00e1m d\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt: h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u00ab\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u00bb (proportionnaliste). <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o, c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang bao g\u1ed3m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00f9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 logic. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 g\u1ed9p ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u201cThuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng<\/em>\u201d (proportionnalisme) v\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3<\/em>\u201d (cons\u00e9quentialisme) m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00f3i t\u1edbi l\u00e0 g\u00ec? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng am hi\u1ec3u, th\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a \u201ch\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng<\/em>\u201d, m\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3<\/em>\u201d ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, theo sau th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u201cHumanae Vitae\u201d, th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a Kant \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebu xu\u1ea5t kinh vi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 t\u00edn l\u00fd hay ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1ea7n m\u00f2 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o vi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh s\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, theo nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f3 l\u00f2ng l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 quen v\u1edbi th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, s\u1ef1 m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 logic n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Th\u1ef1c ra, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u00ab\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u00bb l\u00e0 h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 \u01b0u th\u1ebf d\u00e0nh cho c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 hay c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Kant. N\u00f3i chung, ch\u00fang ta can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u201cthuy\u1ebft c\u00e1i nhi\u00ean\u201d \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung \u0111\u1ed9ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u00ab\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u00bb, theo ch\u00e2n c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n phong c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, trong b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e1ng khen th\u00edch nghi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00f3 cung \u1ee9ng \u0111u\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng hay l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 ch\u1eb3ng b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t b\u00ean c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh v\u00e0 kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c n\u1ed1 (l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m), nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u00ab\u00a0thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u00bb. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u00f3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cung c\u1ea5p, d\u00f9 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia k\u00e9p trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t (transcendantal) v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (cat\u00e9gorial); ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (pr\u00e9-moral) v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (moral).<\/p>\n

A. B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ngay gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia Karl Rahner, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o (9). Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, tha nh\u00e2n. \u00ab\u00a0\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i c\u01b0 x\u1eed nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ebfn, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u00ed t\u00edch, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc CK\u2026\u00a0\u00bb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9\u00a0\u00bb (l\u2019ordre du salut) (s\u1ed1 37). Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n KT tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh, trung t\u00edn, trong s\u1ea1ch, ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt\u2026Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn cho m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi; lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed. D\u1eef ki\u1ec7n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, ch\u1ec9 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i hay ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i ph\u1ee5 th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc k\u1ef9 c\u00e0ng. Th\u1eadt ra, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m, s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong vi\u1ec7c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft \u0111\u00e3 n\u00ean c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn l\u00fd tr\u00ed chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf, v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm h\u01a1n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u00ab\u00a0lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ly nh\u1eafm \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ca t\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n danh l\u00fd tr\u00ed, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean M\u1ea1c Kh\u1ea3i. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111ang khi mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n danh khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho nhi\u1ec1u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia b\u1ecf r\u01a1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, x\u00e9t theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, v\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed khoa h\u1ecdc, m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng mong manh v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1ea1t b\u1ecf tham v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n danh lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 co h\u1eb9p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo h\u01b0\u1edbng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111ang n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 TM q\u00faa l\u1ecfng l\u1ebbo trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca. TM v\u1eabn \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, cho d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho r\u1eb1ng TM kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ri\u00eang tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

B. B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00ec n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00ab\u00a0lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia m\u1edbi\u00a0\u00bb, nh\u01b0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd, s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. M\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t 2 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u1edf b\u00ean trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch ra: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5t (physique) hay hi\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 (ontique); v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (10).<\/p>\n

H\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua: h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh t\u1eeb h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c (11). Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00eam s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia v\u00e0 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed trong \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta l\u1ea1i can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ly m\u1edbi: S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u1edf c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc d\u00e0n x\u1ebfp h\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00dd ch\u00ed ch\u1ec9 can thi\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfp theo sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp r\u1ed3i. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a: mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u r\u1ed3i. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

Trong m\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u01b0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t: \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00fang\/\u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn (ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c: richtig, ti\u1ebfng Anh\u00a0: right\u00a0; Ph\u00e1p\u00a0: correct\/juste), \u0111ang khi \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ecd s\u1ebd n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t (bon\/gut\/good) (s\u1ed1 65\u00a0; 75).<\/p>\n

C. Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi\u00a0b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c\u00a0hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 (effets)\u00a0hay h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 (cons\u00e9quences).<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng (lu\u00e2n l\u00fd) m\u1edbi. Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi t\u1eeb nay n\u1eb1m \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00f3?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y\u00a0: N\u00f3 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n song hi\u1ec7u (cause \u00e0 double effet), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca, \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, khi m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi (vd\u00a0: ph\u1eabu thu\u1eadt hay vi\u1ec7c cho thu\u1ed1c) t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t (effet bon) nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh n\u1eb7ng cho m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u (effet mauvais), c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai.<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n song hi\u1ec7u cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, do \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Trong h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian, ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 hay nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi ph\u1ea1m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0non sunt facienda mala ut eveniant bona\u00a0\u00bb (Rm3,8), kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t (x.s\u1ed1 79). Trong quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 theo \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 l\u00fd do t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng (selon l\u2019exigence d\u2019une raison proportionnelle d\u2019agir), v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t th\u1eafng th\u1ebf, th\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p lu\u1eadt, \u0111\u00fang, t\u1ed1t (12).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp h\u00f3a. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u. Thu\u1ed1c u\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 nguy h\u1ea1i. X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t khu li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed3n vinh nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y nguy\u00ean t\u1eed t\u1ea1o ra th\u1ea3m h\u1ecda sinh th\u00e1i ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u01a1n g\u1ecdi linh m\u1ee5c th\u00ec b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1eeb b\u1ecf h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n. D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch ri\u00eang l\u1ebb, m\u1ecdi ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0ng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi v\u00ec th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 (cons\u00e9quences) t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, \u0111ang cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cG\u00fcterabw\u00e4gung\u201d, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n c\u00e2n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n \u00edch nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i \u0111a thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 d\u1eef (s\u1ed1 74). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch hai danh x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3\u201d (cons\u00e9quentialisme) b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 xem x\u00e9t tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi; v\u00e0 \u201cthuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u201d (proportionnalisme), v\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi d\u1ef1a theo l\u00fd do t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt. Th\u1eadt ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi, trong k\u1ef3 h\u1ea1n ng\u1eafn hay d\u00e0i, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m, thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 trong t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed s\u1ebd cho bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m\u00a0nh\u01b0: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (objet) v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh (fin), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh (circonstances).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e2ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ea5c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u00a0: ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi hay trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai xa h\u01a1n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c lu\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i \u00ab\u00a0v\u1ec1 l\u00e2u v\u1ec1 d\u00e0i v\u00e0 trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3\u00a0\u00bb (auf die Dauer und im ganzen) (13). Tuy nhi\u00ean, vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n sang chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y ch\u1eb3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y hay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra, khi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i xu\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi, v\u00ec m\u1ecdi s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp v\u1eabn b\u1ecb ch\u1ebf ng\u1ef1 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia n\u00e0y, thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh\u00a0\u00bb bao tr\u00f9m kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi th\u1ea5y h\u1ecd \u00edt ch\u0103m ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m, tinh th\u1ea7n,<\/em> \u0111ang can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu linh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 v\u00ec nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hay si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh t\u1edbi n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng duy l\u1ee3i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a (utilitarisme)<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 logic v\u00e0 g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u \u00ab\u00a0t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft\u00a0\u00bb c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 qua l\u0103ng k\u00ednh c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh thuy\u1ebft (finaliste), \u00ab\u00a0t\u00e9l\u00e9ologique\u00a0\u00bb (\u201cc\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh\u201d), nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i, theo m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n (moyen) v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh,v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi, n\u00f3 x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft duy l\u1ee3i, v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u01b0ong quan th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean g\u00ec khi vi\u1ec7c tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 sa v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft duy l\u1ee3i\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y v\u1eabn c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tinh t\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft duy l\u1ee3i: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u1ee3i h\u00e0nh vi, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u1ee3i chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u1ee3i ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u1ee3i l\u1ecfng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng hay h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eb7t hay l\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft duy l\u1ee3i chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo sau nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i \u00edch d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n\u00a0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u00edch l\u1ee3i\u00a0: ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch: ch\u00fang s\u1ebd l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb. M\u1eb7c cho nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i \u00edch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdt gi\u0169a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, th\u00ec v\u1eabn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch trong ki\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lu\u1eadt tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt (14).<\/p>\n

H\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (technique morale)<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u1edbi n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng trong n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng qua vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t, trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i. Ch\u00fang ta can d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00f3ng vai c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb.\u00a0 Theo th\u00f3i quen, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u01b0\u1ee3n \u1edf k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt y khoa, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, kinh t\u1ebf hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean\u00a0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u00ab\u00a0sinh l\u1ee3i\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0kh\u00f4ng sinh l\u1ee3i\u00a0\u00bb. Vi\u1ec7c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ho\u00e1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i nguy v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u00ec nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

Khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m trong t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c hay hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00ec ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hy sinh m\u1ecdi l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t hay ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tha th\u1ee9, s\u1ef1 ngay th\u1eb3ng, t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n hay t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u1eb1m trong l\u1ed1i so s\u00e1nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh do t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Ch\u00fang thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t hay tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u1ee3i \u00edch.<\/p>\n

Hu\u1ed1ng h\u1ed3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n<\/em>, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u01a1n Ch\u00faa TT, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111i c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a TM b\u1ecb g\u1ea1t ra kh\u1ecfi ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. M\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i c\u1ed9m m\u00e0 n\u00f3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn: t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, <\/em>\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt\u00a0ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> (pr\u00e9ceptes n\u00e9gatifs) c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t, cho d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh; ch\u00fang b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u00ab\u00a0semper et pro (ad) semper\u00a0\u00bb, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt tr\u1eeb. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt t\u00edch c\u1ef1c<\/em> (positifs) d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ng\u1ee5 \u00fd s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt TM v\u1ec1 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i huynh \u0111\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u00ab\u00a0semper, sed non pro semper\u00a0\u00bb, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n nh\u01b0ng theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh (Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma IIa IIae, qu. 33, a.2).<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, khi l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, trong s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 x\u1ea5u nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u201d, v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb. L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3 mong manh v\u00e0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi k\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra n\u01a1i h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1edfi \u201cthuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ebb g\u00e3y gi\u1eefa tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 <\/em>v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, gi\u1eefa ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng gi\u1eefa TM v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (s\u1ed1 65\u2026).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m sao l\u00f2ng khao kh\u00e1t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 TC v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u01a1i gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a CK. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 TC, b\u1ecf sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean L\u1eddi TC. V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac t\u1ef1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00e1i l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi<\/em>, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Gi\u00e1o \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt M\u1edbi<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c CG thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gh\u00e9p nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7m s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c n\u00e0y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edd 10 gi\u1edbi r\u0103n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c trao ban \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a CTT. \u0110\u1ee9c \u00e1i do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/em>. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, m\u1ecdi n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u1eafm l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, trong nh\u1eefng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a CK tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang ta ch\u00fat n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 theo l\u00fd tr\u00ed, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y minh h\u1ecda cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ng\u00e0i trong th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu C\u00f4rinto. B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra, nh\u01b0 suy t\u01b0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng d\u00e2m\u00a0sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u00ab\u00a0m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0; ai th\u00f4ng d\u00e2m th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u00a0\u00bb, th\u00ec th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi CK\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Anh em kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a anh em l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a CK hay sao\u00a0?\u2026r\u1eb1ng th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a anh em l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd c\u1ee7a CTT hay sao\u00a0?\u2026v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng anh em kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh sao\u00a0?\u00a0\u00bb (1Cor 6, 12-20). \u0110\u1ee9c \u00e1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, nh\u01b0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p th\u1ecbt c\u00fang cho c\u00e1c ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t (1Cor 8-10).<\/p>\n

Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u00a0ch\u1ebb \u0111\u00f4i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tai h\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n ly gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (s\u1ed1 88). \u0110\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi CK; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u00f4i dung lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a TC. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt TC, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o (s\u1ed1 89\u2026).<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cho r\u1eb1ng mu\u1ed1n gi\u1eef t\u00ecnh y\u00eau TC v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, cho d\u00f9 ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh vi sai l\u1ed7i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh hay b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng. Nh\u1eefng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n hay b\u1ecb h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m, khi ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn. H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i TC, v\u00e0 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (s\u1ed1 69).<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e2n ly m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t<\/em>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qua vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ngh\u0129a sinh h\u1ecdc (s\u1ed1 46). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb TC m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u1eeba thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean trong s\u1ef1 duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, n\u01a1i t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00edch d\u1eabn kh\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do 5 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u00a0: thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n, thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n h\u1eefu th\u1ec3, thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i, thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng khao kh\u00e1t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p (s\u1ed1 51). T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y ph\u00e1t sinh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tinh th\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c mang m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch sinh h\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 duy nh\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa gi\u1eefa linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c n\u01a1i nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00fap v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00ab\u00a0t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 48-50), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p sinh ho\u1ea1t t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n sinh v\u1eadt kh\u1ecfi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t ngay trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u00e0y lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi gi\u1eefa b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi theo nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u00ec sao<\/em>\u00a0?<\/p>\n

Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh\u00a0\u00bb, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. C\u1ea7n th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng, ng\u00e0y nay, vi\u1ec7c l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, do vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1edd v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ea3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u n\u1eefa (15). Tuy nhi\u00ean, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00ab\u00a0ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0\u00bb t\u1eeb ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00ab\u00a0theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hay kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 v\u1ec1 TC nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 78). L\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh c\u1eafp, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi anh em, hay v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng h\u1eadn th\u00f9. Ch\u00ednh TC l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ee5 \u00fd bao h\u00e0m trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u do \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, ph\u00e1 thai, g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft \u00eam d\u1ecbu, tra t\u1ea5n hay \u0111\u0129 \u0111i\u1ebfm, theo m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho n\u00ean t\u1ed1t b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hay nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u00edch l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc, hay b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 quan, cho d\u00f9 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea5y, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec3n th\u1ee7 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3 (s\u1ed1 80).<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau TC v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0\u00a0: ng\u01b0\u01a1i ch\u1edb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u01a1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u2026Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0\u00a0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i v\u00f4 t\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i ca kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thi\u1ebfu \u00f3c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u0169ng thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu <\/em>\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00eam v\u00e0o r\u1eb1ng c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf S\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0o, \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ed1i T\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea7y kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch GLGHCG \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u00ab\u00a0c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh\u00a0\u00bb (\u201ct\u00e9l\u00e9logique\u201d: b\u1edfi ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p \u201ctelos\u201d) m\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf qu\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch (s\u1ed1 71\u2026). C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt\u00a0: n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qui h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi, trong s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n; c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh ch\u1eadt h\u1eb9p trong \u0111\u00f3 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh giam h\u00e3m ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, cho d\u00f9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tranh c\u00e3i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i n\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh hay ch\u1ee7 \u00fd l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m n\u00f3, v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t trong ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a TM, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft th\u00fac ph\u1ea7n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, v\u00ec \u00ab\u00a0CK \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do\u00a0; Ng\u00e0i s\u1ed1ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n qua vi\u1ec7c trao ban to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 85). Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng gi\u1ea3 tho\u00e1t ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edd \u01a1n tha th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i; Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 do qua gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong Lu\u1eadt TM v\u00e0 nh\u1edd m\u1eabu g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i (s\u1ed1 86). Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn (t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng) \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 (s\u1ed1 85). Ng\u00e0i cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u00ab\u00a0\u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 r\u1ed9ng m\u1edf t\u00e2m tr\u00ed theo l\u1eddi Ng\u00e0i\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0C\u00e1c con s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t c\u00e1c con\u00a0\u00bb (Ga 8, 32).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf CG l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u00e1nh \u00fd TC<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1.87). D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf hay duy \u00fd ch\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 theo s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, theo \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i \u1edf n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 kinh ng\u1ea1c nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a CK \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh thi trong th\u01b0 g\u1edfi t\u00edn h\u1eefu Philipph\u00ea\u00a0: \u00ab\u00a0Ng\u00e0i, ph\u1eadn l\u00e0 TC\u2026, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 m\u00ecn v\u1ea7n l\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u1ebft tr\u00ean th\u1eadp gi\u00e1: V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f4n vinh Ng\u00e0i\u2026\u00a0\u00bb (2, 6-11).<\/p>\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc theo CK, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1ee3i l\u00ean ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 th\u00e1nh t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh<\/em>. Trong C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc, v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 Suzanne, c\u1ee7a Gioan T\u1ea9y Gi\u1ea3\u00a0; trong T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf T\u00eaphan\u00f4, T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Giac\u00f4b\u00ea, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang\u00a0 ta trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eed v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u00ab\u00a0m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0\u00bb, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 v\u1eeba s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a TC v\u1eeba s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng TC (s\u1ed1.92). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 n\u00e0y, \u00ab\u00a0\u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u n\u00f3 \u00ab\u00a0kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c (s\u1ed1.93), c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00ab\u00a0c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1. 94). M\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ecdi ngu\u1eddi v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n m\u00e3i, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00ab\u00a0n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lung lay v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho s\u1ef1 chung s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, cho n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 96-97).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mang l\u1ea1i c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho<\/em> v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>, c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u00f4ng l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111ang khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t, theo ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c (proc\u00e9dural), gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c, theo m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, ch\u1ec9 th\u01b0\u1eddng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi mong manh v\u00e0 r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i, qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111em ra \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

3. S\u1ee8 M\u1ec6NH C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C TH\u1ea6N H\u1eccC GIA LU\u00c2N L\u00dd V\u00c0 C\u1ee6A C\u00c1C GI\u00c1M M\u1ee4C.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

Chu\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, theo h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa ni\u1ec1m tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u1edf s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb; n\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m CK; n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng\u00a0; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (s\u1ed1.88). V\u00ec ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a CG v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tu\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai, nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 v\u1ebb chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c h\u01a1n, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea1o kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1ee9c tin thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00edn l\u00fd, c\u00f2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c. Trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd xem gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u00e2n danh \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i, nh\u01b0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a m\u1edbi do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u201d \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng th\u00eam v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 m\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u s\u1ef1 c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t may l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn lao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec n\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0i tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia th\u1eadt l\u1edbn lao. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9; n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch TM c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n s\u00e2u xa, trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0\u00bb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00ab\u00a0\u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i\u00a0\u00bb, theo nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb \u00ab\u00a0Donum veritatis\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee9c tin (s\u1ed1.109). C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i; tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m trong s\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u201cgi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 trong c\u00e1i khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (s\u1ed1.111). C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c; ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m; b\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em> c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u00ab\u00a0s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt c\u1ee7a D\u00e2n TC\u00a0\u00bb (s\u1ed1 113). Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i, m\u00e0 theo th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 (1 Cor 12), s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00edn h\u1eefu l\u00e0m n\u00ean Th\u00e2n Th\u1ec3 CK.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng suy ni\u1ec7m b\u00e0i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i m\u00e0 T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 13 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 g\u1edfi cho Corinto. M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1c n\u00e9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, nh\u01b0 cho m\u1ecdi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu: \u201c \u0110\u1ee9c \u00e1i th\u00ec ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn (nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ng\u1eebng l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebft ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn); n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1 k\u1ef5 (th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn); \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng khoe khoang kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c (n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mang gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u ra v\u1ebb th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 khoe khoang), kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 ki\u00eau (\u201cs\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m cho ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u201d; s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang?); n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ecbch s\u1ef1 (m\u00e0 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u00edch; n\u00f3 b\u1eadn t\u00e2m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi), kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (theo l\u1ee3i \u00edch hay tham v\u1ecdng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; qu\u00ean \u0111i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 vui l\u00f2ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5), kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3ng gi\u1eadn (khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c hay vu kh\u1ed1ng n\u00f3; n\u00f3 v\u1eabn hi\u1ec1n l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ef1c b\u1ed9i gay h\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c), kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u (nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch th\u00fa n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec sai l\u1ec7ch trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, theo c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 vun tr\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh kh\u00ed x\u1ea5u xa); n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng vui m\u1eebng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng (n\u00f3 y\u00eau th\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, cho d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i), nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 vui m\u1eebng v\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd (m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau th\u00edch h\u1ebft c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm, theo nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac: \u201cgaudium de veritate\u201d, ni\u1ec1m vui m\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd mang l\u1ea1i). \u0110\u1ee9c \u00e1i tha th\u1ee9 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 (nh\u01b0 Ch\u00faa, n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n), n\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 (v\u00ec ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (Gal 5, 22)), n\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 (nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch, t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n mang l\u1ea1i). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p\u00a0 t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta sai l\u1ea7m khi quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung gian gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00f4i t\u1edb m\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n ban. B\u00f9 l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia th\u00edch ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t. Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng duy \u00fd ch\u00ed v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta xem c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, m\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u1eafm quy\u1ec1n, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u1eafm tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c hay th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, linh m\u1ee5c hay t\u00edn h\u1eefu, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 soi s\u00e1ng ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong: n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t d\u00ecu d\u1eaft v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1ecf cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ni\u1ec1m tin chung cho h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta n\u00e0y h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi l\u1eddi rao gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong b\u1edfi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, \u0110\u1ea5ng m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i: \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng b\u1ea3o Tr\u1ee3, Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ebd l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho Th\u1ea7y\u2026; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd d\u1eabn anh em \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n\u201d (Ga 15, 26; 16, 13). Ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u00e0 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 huynh \u0111\u1ec7, v\u00ec thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 th\u00f4i th\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i t\u1eadn t\u00e2m, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh chung c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng d\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, trong s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i tranh ch\u1ea5p x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eb7c l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t t\u00ednh k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129, theo ch\u00ednh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn do \u0111\u1ee9c tin mang l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 quan tr\u1ecdng trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ecb k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201cdi\u1ec5n t\u1eeb khoa h\u1ecdc\u201d, m\u1ed9t \u201cdi\u1ec5n t\u1eeb kh\u00f4n ngoan\u201d (1 Cor 12, 8), \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y. Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 h\u1ecd l\u00e0m tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u201ccho \u0111i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n\u201d, th\u1ef1c thi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0y \u201cb\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng ni\u1ec1m vui\u201d (Rm 12, 8). Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn gia s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hoa tr\u00e1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc kinh nghi\u1ec7m, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i n\u00f3 cho d\u00e2n kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 theo nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn (connaturalis\u00e9e) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i th\u1ea7n linh, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phong nhi\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/em>. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn gia s\u1ea3n Tin M\u1eebng m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho h\u1ecd; m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ea5ng l\u00e0m cho phong nhi\u00eau m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n, thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c, su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, cho d\u00f9 l\u00e0 uy\u00ean b\u00e1c, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cb\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d<\/em> \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u th\u00e0nh hai th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia: ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, hy sinh t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t t\u1ef1 do \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i c\u00e1i c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i: n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em> m\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trao ban cho n\u00f3 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 y\u1ebfu \u0111i v\u00e0 quay cu\u1ed3ng, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 cho nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc tr\u00ean t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u00e1 Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hao m\u00f2n c\u1ee7a ht\u1eddi gian. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng, n\u00f3i chung, quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ec1n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn\u201d th\u01b0\u1eddng dung t\u00fang kh\u00e1 t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 cho s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf tuy\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho cho l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3o th\u1ee7\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, n\u00ean c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia s\u1ea3n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c tin kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/em>, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 KinhTin K\u00ednh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, v\u00e0 trong ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng B\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ckho t\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u201cgi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u01b0 ng\u1ee5 trong ch\u00fang ta\u201d, nh\u01b0 th\u01b0 g\u1edfi cho Tim\u00f4th\u00ea n\u00f3i (2Tm 1, 14). Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 k\u1ebft c\u1ea5u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/em> (construction th\u00e9ologique) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft M\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i, tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu hay l\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho Tin M\u1eebng th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ec3 sinh hoa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 Tin M\u1eebng, cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, v\u00e0, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi Tin M\u1eebng; n\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n khi xa r\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c tin s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n

Trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i<\/em>, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5, bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1edbn lao m\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n ban cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i hoa tr\u00e1i kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean sinh s\u1ea3n. Trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u00e2u xa, su\u1ed1t d\u00f2ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u00f4n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0 ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, gi\u1eefa th\u00e1nh Augustin, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Phanxic\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1eadu c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0y nay, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta xem l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 logic v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang; do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111e d\u1ecda nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00e1 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c chung v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, trong s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y v\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia<\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u. Th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ef1c thi ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; h\u1ecd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khung t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd c\u00f2n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, trong s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn suy t\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 ri\u00eang l\u1ebb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ph\u1ea3i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u00f2ng bi\u1ebft \u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n giao cho h\u1ecd Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n Tin M\u1eebng n\u00e0y trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n. Ng\u00e0y nay, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 can \u0111\u1ea3m c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n trong s\u1ef1 s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t, th\u1eb3n th\u1eafn, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n, d\u00f9 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 d\u1ecbp, nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1eed th\u00e1ch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, gi\u1eefa l\u00f2ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u201c\u0111\u00fac b\u00eat\u00f4ng\u201d cho l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea5t \u0111i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i. L\u1eddi tr\u00e1ch c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf. \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111e do\u1ea1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m rung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i l\u1eadp c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc: lu\u1eadt b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi. N\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o lu\u00e2n l\u00fd B\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng <\/strong>tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; n\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c h\u1ecd tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4 c\u1eb1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t thi\u00eang li\u00eang.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3: \u201cTheo \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac s\u01b0 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec x\u00e2y tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng ai n\u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i coi ch\u1eebng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch m\u00ecnh x\u00e2y c\u1ea5t\u201d (1Cor 3, 10). Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, theo th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi v\u00e0ng, b\u1ea1c, g\u1ed7, hay c\u1ecf kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 r\u01a1m r\u1ea1. \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c <\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i so s\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1eeba qua, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o Ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 s\u00e1ch GLGHCG \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n v\u00e0 l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00fang. C\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o; c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a kh\u00f4n ngoan th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 sinh ra h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Trong s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh mu\u1ed1n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u00e0 m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, theo th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 ra: h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thu\u00e2t ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u00e0 c\u1ed7i, ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201cnh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen kh\u00f3 nh\u1ecdc tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt. Ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng sinh ra ni\u1ec1m vui, th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay n\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta do d\u1ef1 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ea5t \u0111i kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u00f3, v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 ca ng\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh can \u0111\u1ea3m m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t trong l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4n ngoan, \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng thi\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 ngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i. May thay nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ebft trong ch\u00fang ta; nh\u01b0ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edbp nhau. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa c\u1ee7a kinh nghi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 t\u00e1i l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa kinh nghi\u1ec7m s\u00e2u xa v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c canh t\u00e2n ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1m b\u00e1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin b\u00e1o hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Aristote v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, m\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, ti\u1ebfp theo sau nh\u1eefng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Alasdaire Mac Intyre. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1eed, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ed thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean [16].<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00f9ng ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. N\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, (con s\u1ed1) c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay d\u00e1m n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00ec r\u1ea5t l\u00e0 hi\u1ebfm, do s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 theo h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a (eud\u00e9monisme) sau nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Kant. T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u1ecb tr\u00e1nh xa b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m qu\u00e1 v\u1ee5 l\u1ee3i: h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh dung d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy l\u1ee3i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chia c\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ly d\u1ecb \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ao \u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch ra kh\u1ecfi khao kh\u00e1t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. Do \u0111\u00f3, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3, co d\u00fam l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00fd tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00e8 ch\u1eebng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m [17]. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y b\u1edfi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u00e0 n\u00f3 d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1edfi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00e1m ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, m\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00e1i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac m\u00e0 Tin M\u1eebng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, thi\u00eang li\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa kh\u01a1i l\u00ean, theo gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong ch\u00fang ta xuy\u00ean qua th\u1eed th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ee9c tin, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb T\u00ecnh Y\u00eau trung th\u00e0nh. Ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb cho ch\u00fang ta n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang Hu\u1ea5n Quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; n\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu; m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n mau m\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa chung cho ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i thi\u00eang li\u00eang. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu: \u201cL\u1ea1y Cha l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa tr\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5t, con ch\u00fac t\u1ee5ng Cha v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea5u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng minh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i n\u00f3 cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u00e9 m\u1ecdn\u201d (Mt 11, 25-26). L\u1eddi n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c; nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf trong h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ee9c tin.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Maria<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Trinh N\u1eef Maria; c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, M\u1eb9 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u201cn\u1eef t\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang ta ca t\u1ee5ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi M\u1eb9 \u201cb\u1edfi v\u00ec Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1eadn h\u00e8n t\u1edb n\u1eef\u201d. D\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, trong l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho M\u1eb9 \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1edbn lao\u201d m\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u201ccho l\u1eddi ca t\u1ee5ng vinh quang Ng\u00e0i\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em> (Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi).<\/p>\n

Servais Th. Pinckaers, op.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lm. Ph\u00ear\u00f4 V\u00f5 Xu\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n

\n

\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2014\u2013
\n(1) D\u1ecbch t\u1eeb PINCKAERS, Servais, Pour une lecture de Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, Mame, Paris, 1995, 76 trang. B\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng \u00dd. Cha S. Pinckaers sinh n\u0103m 1925 \u1edf Li\u00e8ge, B\u1ec9, nh\u1eadp d\u00f2ng \u0110aminh n\u0103m 1945\u00a0; l\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u1edf \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Angelicum, R\u00f4ma, n\u0103m 1952. Cha \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u1edf Fribourg, Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1992 (ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

(2) C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3u d\u1ecbch t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: \u201c\u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd\u201d, \u201cH\u00e0o Quang Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd\u201d (theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u0103n ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfng La Tinh)\u2026; tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ecdn ki\u1ec3u d\u1ecbch \u201cCh\u00e2n L\u00fd R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1ef1c ra, t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y\u00a0\u00e1m ch\u1ec9\u00a0ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu-Kit\u00f4, Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi, m\u00e0 s\u1ed1 83 c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p h\u00e9 cho th\u1ea5y (ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch).<\/p>\n

(3) X. ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n DEMAN Th., m\u1ee5c \u201cProbabilisme\u201d, trong Dictionnaire de Th\u00e9ologie Catholique<\/em>, t.13, 1936, col. 417-619\u00a0; LECLERCQ J., L\u2019Enseignement de la th\u00e9ologie morale<\/em>, Paris, 1950\u00a0; GILLEMAN G., Le Primat de la charit\u00e9 en th\u00e9ologie morale<\/em>, Louvain, 1954\u00a0; PINCKAERS S., Le Renouveau de la morale<\/em>, Tournai, 1964.<\/p>\n

(4) Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0parakal\u00e9\u00f4\u00a0\u00bb v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ph\u00e1i sinh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng 106 l\u1ea7n trong T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc, \u0111ang khi m\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00ab\u00a0par\u00e9n\u00e8sis\u00a0\u00bb ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p 3 l\u1ea7n n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh Luca v\u00e0 theo m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a chung. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem. H. SCHLIER, Essai sur le Nouveau Testament<\/em>, ch. XXV, Paris, 1968.<\/p>\n

(5) Xem. WENDLAND H. \u2013 D., Ethique du Nouveau Testament<\/em>, Gen\u00e8ve, 1972, p.27 ss.<\/p>\n

(6) X. PINCKAERS S., Les sources de la morale chr\u00e9tienne<\/em>, IIIe partie, Fribourg, Paris, 1993 3 <\/sup>.<\/p>\n

(7) X. Pinto de OLIVEIRA C. J. et coll., Autonomie, Dimensions \u00e9thiques de la libert\u00e9<\/em>, Fribourg, 1978.<\/p>\n

(8) Lettre au duc de Norfolk<\/em>, b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a B.-D. Dupuy, Paris, \u0110B, 1970, tr. 239 tt.<\/p>\n

(9) Xem. FUCHS, Joseph, Existe-il une morale chr\u00e9tienne\u00a0<\/em>?, Gembloux, 1973, tr.10 tt.<\/p>\n

(10) Xem JANSSENS, Louis, Ontic Evil and Moral Evil<\/em>, trong Louvain Studies IV, 1972, pp.115-156<\/p>\n

(11) Xem PINCKAERS, Servais, Ce qu\u2019on ne peut jamais faire<\/em>, Fribourg, 1986, p.48 ss.<\/p>\n

(12) Xem. KNAUER, Peter, \u00ab\u00a0La d\u00e9termination du bien et du mal par le principe du double effet\u00a0\u00bb, in Nouvelle Revue Th\u00e9ologique<\/em>, 87 (1965), pp.356-376.<\/p>\n

(13) KNAUER P., Fundamentalethik: teleologische als deontologische Normenbegr\u00fcndung<\/em>, trong Theologie und Philosophie, LV, 1980, tr. 321-360.<\/p>\n

(14) \u0110\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n, xem. PINCKAERS, Servais, Ce qu\u2019on ne peut jamais faire<\/em>, Fribourg, 1986, p. 67 ss.<\/p>\n

(15) X. JONAS H., le principe de responsabilit\u00e9. Une \u00e9thique pour la cilivisation technologique<\/em>, Paris, 1992.<\/p>\n

[16] MAC INTYRE A.C., After Virtue<\/em>, Notre Dame, 1981; Whose Justice? Which Rationality?<\/em>, Notre Dame, 1988. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch Ph\u00e1p ng\u1eef, Paris, 1993; Three Rival Versions of Moral Inquiry<\/em>, London, 1990. B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch \u00dd ng\u1eef, Milano, 1993.<\/p>\n

[17] X. PINCKAERS S., La Morale catholique<\/em>, Paris, 1991, p. 71 ss.<\/p>\n

\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

LTS: V\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis splendor,\u00a0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef cu\u1ed1n \u201cPour une lecture de Veritatis splendor\u201d c\u1ee7a cha Servais […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1346,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,31,123],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1345","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lm-vo-xuan-tien","category-luan-ly","category-de-doc-veritatis-splendor"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1345","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1345"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1345\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1348,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1345\/revisions\/1348"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1346"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1345"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1345"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1345"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}