{"id":13727,"date":"2021-01-17T09:01:55","date_gmt":"2021-01-17T02:01:55","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=13727"},"modified":"2021-01-21T09:33:43","modified_gmt":"2021-01-21T02:33:43","slug":"tim-hieu-dai-cuong-ve-xa-hoi-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/tim-hieu-dai-cuong-ve-xa-hoi-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ccM HI\u1ec2U \u0110\u1ea0I C\u01af\u01a0NG V\u1ec0 X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u00e0i 1. X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC L\u00c0 G\u00cc ?<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

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  1. \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc : n\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>. Qua s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. Qua vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ecdng v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u xuy\u00ean qua vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khung c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb, nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00f4n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc xem x\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m n\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

    X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf  x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh trong suy t\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eeba thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng khung c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1edbi m\u1ebb so v\u1edbi h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, sinh h\u1ecdc, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m nay. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c\/tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 t\u00ean l\u00e0 Auguste Comte (sinh 1798 v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t 1857). \u00d4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp n\u00ean m\u00f4n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1838.<\/p>\n

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      1. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft h\u00e0nh x\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o kh\u00e1c th\u01b0\u1eddng. C. Wright Mills \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u2013 m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc) hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c khung c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i  khi\u1ebfm ng\u00f4i, xa x\u00f4i \u0111ang v\u00e2y quanh ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

        M\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng xem x\u00e9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (xem x\u00e9t) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Xem x\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 th\u00f3i quen v\u1eeba \u0111i v\u1eeba \u0103n. \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eeba \u0111i v\u1eeba u\u1ed1ng c\u00e0-ph\u00ea hay \u0103n s\u00f4-c\u00f4-la tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c xem \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00f3i quen cho \u0111\u00fang vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh. L\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u00ab b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00bb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u1edf Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng v\u1eeba \u0111i v\u1eeba \u0103n. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n b\u00ean v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u1ee9c \u0103n \u1edf kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt  s\u1ebd d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n hay u\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec h\u1ecd mua tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111i. Trong m\u1eaft h\u1ecd, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00e1c trong khi \u0103n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb th\u1ee9c \u0103n, ngay c\u1ea3 th\u1ee9c \u0103n t\u1eeb m\u00e1y b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

        Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ly d\u1ecb ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gian kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ee3 chia ly. Tuy nhi\u00ean, C. Wright Mills \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t ly d\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam hay n\u1eef ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ly d\u1ecb s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

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        1. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c chung<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a  con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y  ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u1ebft th\u1ea3y ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mua v\u00e9 s\u1ed1 hay t\u1ea1i sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0. Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u00ab c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c chung \u00bb – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh\u2026<\/p>\n

          Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c chung \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nhi\u1ec1u ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh xa l\u1ea1. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung n\u00e0y, trong khi th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin chung, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

          Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u00ab m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u00bb. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed7i m\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng tin ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ghi l\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f4i khi, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem ra gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c chung b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

           <\/p>\n

          B\u00e0i 2. X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC V\u00c0 C\u00c1C KHOA H\u1eccC X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc ?<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef khoa h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc, d\u00f9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i n\u1ea5m hay nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thu t\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ed1n kh\u00e1ch quan h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3. H\u1ecd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ghi nh\u1eadn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn c\u00e1c quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u1eef li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00e9t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean  v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Thi\u00ean v\u0103n h\u1ecdc, sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc, h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khoa h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao g\u1ed3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc, kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng m\u00f4n khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ri\u00eang.<\/p>\n

              Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc<\/em> : Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m r\u1eb1ng  nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 phi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i phi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u00bb – d\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c. Nh\u01b0ng m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c so s\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

              Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc<\/em> : Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc. Kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u00e1c h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c nhau. B\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c kinh t\u1ebf gia b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1eeb c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 \u1edf \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, n\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf vi m\u00f4. Kinh t\u1ebf v\u0129 m\u00f4 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u00ab b\u1ee9c tranh to l\u1edbn \u00bb hay c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 xem x\u00e9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Kinh t\u1ebf vi m\u00f4 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kin ht\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed li\u00ean quan \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111on v\u1ecb quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

              \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc<\/em> : Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u1eeb m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gian cho \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu v\u1ef1c th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb. \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc \u00ab n\u1eb1m \u00bb \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3  gi\u1eefa khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (hay nh\u00e2n v\u0103n). Trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng, vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ch\u1ea5t h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

              L\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em> : t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 m\u1ed7i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Trong s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u1edf \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc, m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec, theo \u0111inh ngh\u0129a, l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Khi c\u00e1c s\u1eed gia nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1eef li\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m th\u1ebf v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eaft x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh hay li\u1ec7u c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

              Khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em> : Khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trung b\u00ecnh. Cho d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hi\u1ec3u to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u. Trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3, bao g\u1ed3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng quan t\u00e2m s\u00e2u xa t\u1edbi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf n\u00e0y. Trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u c\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 thu\u1ed9c hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u so s\u00e1nh m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

              T\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc<\/em> : N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoc h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c tin t\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 phim hay c\u00e1c v\u1ee1 k\u1ecbch truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, l\u1ed1i c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng hay khu v\u1ef1c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc, t\u1eeb c\u01b0 x\u1eed v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m cho \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c quan t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong ph\u1ea1m vi c\u01b0 c\u1eed bao g\u1ed3m ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, suy ngh\u0129, tr\u00ed nh\u1edb, v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c, trong khi t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

              V\u1eady x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ? N\u00f3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 con v\u1eadt x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              B\u00c0I 3. C\u00c1C QUAN \u0110I\u1ec2M X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb hay nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ; n\u00f3 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc bao h\u00e0m ba quan \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh : quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/em> (th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn vi m\u00f4). M\u1ed7i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

              Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111a ph\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Herbert Spencer, Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, v\u00e0 Robert Merton. Theo thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u1ed1n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed7i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i : Gia \u0111\u00ecnh cung \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t khung c\u1ea3nh cho vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a con c\u00e1i ; gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 tr\u1ebb ; ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ; kinh t\u1ebf cung \u1ee9ng cho vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ; v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5ng quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng t\u1ed1i cao.<\/p>\n

              Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 nu\u00f4i con hay c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c con c\u00e1i th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc b\u1edfi v\u00ec cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00edt s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u01a1n trong vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i b\u00e0i t\u1eadp v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i m\u00ecnh. Do nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111ang mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i \u0111ang tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u1edbi v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u1edf n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Con s\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u01a1i l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n

              Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00ab ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/em> \u00bb v\u00e0 \u00ab h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/em> \u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u1eeba ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u1eeba h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m l\u00e0 h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u00fd, m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i. Nh\u01b0ng theo Durkheim v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 theo thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c, t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd th\u1ee9c cao \u0111\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chung v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh hai lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/strong> : hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/strong> v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng<\/strong> (Merton 1968). C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean<\/strong> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng<\/strong> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng cho gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u1ec3u h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u00ea l\u00e0m, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tu\u1ed5i m\u1edbi l\u1edbn (thanh ni\u00ean) \u0111\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng gi\u1eef tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i hay th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ; do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

              Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/strong><\/p>\n

              Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bam g\u1ed3m b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111ang c\u00f9ng nhau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t nh\u00ecn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ea1nh tranh l\u1ee3i \u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean. Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0o c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

              Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Karl Marx. Marx g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kinh t\u1ebf. V\u00ec c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n t\u1eeb n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p sang c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, n\u00ean m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, d\u1ea5u ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a hai giai c\u1ea5p trong d\u00e2n ch\u00fang : giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, hay nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, c\u00e1c n\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p) ; v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p v\u00f4 s\u1ea3n, hay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

              Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00e0nh hai giai c\u1ea5p ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u2013 \u00ab nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u00bb v\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 \u00bb – l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1ng, l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3. Theo Marx, giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Marx cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u00ab thu\u1ed1c phi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u00bb \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00f3 xoa d\u1ecbu c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o linh \u0111\u1ea1o, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi sau h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i b\u1eadn t\u00e2m \u1edf tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng. T\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf tr\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng v\u00ec s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn qu\u00e1 l\u1ea1c h\u1eadu v\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o r\u1ed3i, ctcnd).<\/p>\n

              Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

              C\u1ea3 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng l\u1eabn xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn, \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u0129 m\u00f4<\/strong> : n\u00f3 xem x\u00e9t b\u1ee9c tranh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i \u00fd b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

              X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc vi m\u00f4<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c trong c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m nh\u1ecf. S\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc-vi m\u00f4, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i b\u1edfi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 George Simmel, Charles Cooley, George Herbert Mead, v\u00e0 Erving Goffman. Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

              Nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc W.I. Thomas (1966) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a trong h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho ch\u00ednh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1ch quan. Do \u0111\u00f3, Thomas \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c n\u01a1i c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

              Thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hay \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t xem nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh m\u00e0 Cooley g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh \u00bb.<\/p>\n

               <\/p>\n

              B\u00c0I 4. NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Khoa h\u1ecdc : Nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo c\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd. C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1<\/strong><\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

                M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m <\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u1ed1n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

                M\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n, etc.<\/p>\n

                S\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1<\/strong> l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1i t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng thu nh\u1eadp, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c c\u1ea3 ba. V\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p d\u1eef li\u1ec7u tr\u00ean h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean h\u1ecd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 trung b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3. V\u1eadn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/strong> c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 trong vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3. Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 thu nh\u1eadp, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/strong><\/p>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3. Trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang n\u00f3i, m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 (\u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/strong>) g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c (ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c<\/strong>). X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Trong khi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nhau<\/strong>, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng hai ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1n c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng nhau thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01a1i (nh\u1eefng) bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00ab quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o<\/strong> \u00bb \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng d\u00f9 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o, gi\u1eefa hai (hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n) bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, \u00edt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ba \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y :<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3<\/li>\n
                2. Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1eddi gian<\/li>\n
                3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 ba ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa hai bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3.<\/li>\n
                4. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Trong vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u00f4-g\u00edc khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng :<\/p>\n

                    \n
                  • C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
                  • S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/li>\n
                  • Nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian.<\/li>\n
                  • T\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
                      \n
                    1. M\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc theo nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y :<\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. \u0110\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec ?<\/li>\n
                      2. B\u1ea1n bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec r\u1ed3i ?<\/li>\n
                      3. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n l\u00e0 g\u00ec ?<\/li>\n
                      4. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u1ea7n g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ?<\/li>\n
                      5. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ?<\/li>\n
                      6. (Nh\u1eefng) ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ?<\/li>\n
                      7. B\u1ea1n s\u1ebd thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ?<\/li>\n
                      8. D\u1eef li\u1ec7u n\u00f3i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ?<\/li>\n
                      9. \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n ?<\/li>\n
                      10. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia s\u1ebb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                         <\/p>\n

                         <\/strong>B\u00e0i 5. C\u00c1C B\u01af\u1edaC NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

                        C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 ? T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 ? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang ch\u1eadm ch\u1ea1p trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ? Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0m cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi quan t\u00e2m, d\u00f9 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh hay kh\u00f4ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u1eadn t\u00e2m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc bao g\u1ed3m n\u0103m b\u01b0\u1edbc : x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ; xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ; n\u00eau l\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ; ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ; v\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec b\u1ea1n hy v\u1ecdng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u2013 t\u1ee9c l\u00e0, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/em>. \u1ede b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn thu nh\u1eadp nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh quy kh\u00e1c nhau. R\u1ea5t s\u1edbm, b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

                          M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ed1 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean trong c\u00e1c c\u00e2u l\u1ea1c b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi s\u1ef1 mi\u1ec5n c\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u00ea hay l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u1ec1 n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n khai tri\u1ec3n hai l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u2013 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i kia v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thu nh\u1eadp \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i chi tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n cao kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

                          Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng (cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn kh\u00e1c). Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadp nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m cho sinh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. Xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u2013 nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng tin h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u2013 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111ang nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf hay gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ki\u1ec3m tra th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. C\u0169ng s\u1ebd th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 thu nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

                            Vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u s\u1ebd s\u1edbm b\u1ea3o cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c b\u00ean c\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng n\u0103m h\u1ecdc \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111ang \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng thu nh\u1eadp. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cha m\u1eb9 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u00edch \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c cha m\u1eb9 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap cho con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng cao h\u01a1n sau khi t\u1ed1t nghi\u1ec7p.
                            \n<\/strong><\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. N\u00eau l\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              Sau khi xem x\u00e9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, ti\u1ebfp theo c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00eau l\u00ean gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

                              M\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh suy l\u00fd v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa hai hay nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 thu nh\u1eadp, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e9t hay \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

                              C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch chung ph\u1ea3i g\u1ee3i \u00fd l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u00ab ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u00bb v\u00e0o \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

                              Gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e0ng cao, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n. Bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 l\u00e0 \u00ab ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c \u00bb v\u00e0o n\u00f3 \u2013 s\u1ef1 thu nh\u1eadp \u2013 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1.<\/p>\n

                              X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. L\u00f4-g\u00edc nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hay bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c. D\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00f4-g\u00edc nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3, vi\u1ec7c \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn hay g\u00e2y ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 t\u1eed l\u1edbn h\u01a1n (bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c).<\/p>\n

                              T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cha m\u1eb9 (m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0 con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ebd ghi danh v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc (bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c). V\u1ec1 sau trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c m\u00e0 con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh (bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i h\u1ecd (bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c). H\u00e3y l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 thu nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

                              M\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn r\u1eb1ng quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ; ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 ra quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 \u0111i l\u00e0m c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e1i nh\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y ra b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9 ba : thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh thu\u1ed9c t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n th\u00ec c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c to\u00e0n th\u1eddi gian ; \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00ec cao \u1edf t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, trong khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e0 m\u00ecnh th\u00ec c\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ; n\u00f3i chung h\u1ecd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. Thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                B\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn hay b\u00e1c b\u1ecf ? B\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thu th\u1eadp th\u00f4ng tin, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 sau n\u00e0y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ec1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u d\u1eabn d\u1eaft nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

                                Ch\u1ecdn m\u1eabu<\/strong> : trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu. M\u1ed9t m\u1eabu l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i m\u1eabu, nh\u01b0ng lo\u1ea1i m\u1eabu m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean<\/em>. Trong m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u mu\u1ed1n xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea trong m\u1ed9t danh b\u1ea1 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 (m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0, kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 danh b\u1ea1 \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh), th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t m\u00e1y t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1ch ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c danh x\u01b0ng t\u1eeb danh b\u1ea1. S\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean. Thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n c\u01b0.<\/p>\n

                                Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n d\u1ec5 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghe radio \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch g\u1edfi email n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tin quan tr\u1ecdng h\u00f4m nay hay v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecnh c\u1edd xem ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh (ho\u1eb7c nghe ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t thanh) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh (v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3p m\u00e9o) nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0i truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh hay truy\u1ec1n thanh ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian xem hay nghe m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hay ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0\/hay khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng g\u1edfi email. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean do nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u00ab h\u1ed3i \u00e2m qua mail \u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u00e0 do \u00ab nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n ch\u1eb7n \u00bb, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mua h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1eeb m\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u00edt ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n xa so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1eabu \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn t\u1eeb 1500 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                                B\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady<\/strong>. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i v\u1eeba c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/strong> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u. T\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady<\/strong> li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng thu nh\u1eadp c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c vi\u1ec7c thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao nhi\u00eau ti\u1ec1n trong n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t. M\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. Khai tri\u1ec3n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn :<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc, bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eafm tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho m\u1ecdi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1eeba tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1eeba m\u1ed9t kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u00f3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u0169ng n\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

                                  Ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft<\/strong>. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta: Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u1ecdc v\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh quy h\u01a1n s\u1ebd ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

                                  Nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng minh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

                                  Ki\u1ec3m tra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c<\/strong>. M\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec c\u00f3 l\u1ebd h\u1ecd s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0nh vi h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m tra. T\u1ee9c l\u00e0, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng? C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ebd thu th\u1eadp nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea5m h\u00fat thu\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n

                                  Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 thu nh\u1eadp g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong mu\u1ed1n y\u00eau c\u1ea7u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i n\u00e0y xa h\u01a1n. S\u1eafc t\u1ed9c hay gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng? Li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef c\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 khi \u0111i h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

                                  (c\u00f2n n\u1eefa)<\/p>\n

                                  ————————<\/p>\n

                                  V\u00f5 Xu\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u English for Sociology<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf, Ph\u00e2n khoa X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

                                  (xem ph\u1ea7n 2 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/a>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  B\u00e0i 1. X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC L\u00c0 G\u00cc ? \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13728,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13727","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lm-vo-xuan-tien","category-ty-linh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13727","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13727"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13727\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13734,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13727\/revisions\/13734"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13728"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13727"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13727"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13727"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}