{"id":13732,"date":"2021-01-21T08:00:36","date_gmt":"2021-01-21T01:00:36","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=13732"},"modified":"2021-01-21T09:45:20","modified_gmt":"2021-01-21T02:45:20","slug":"tim-hieu-dai-cuong-ve-xa-hoi-hoc-2","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/tim-hieu-dai-cuong-ve-xa-hoi-hoc-2\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00ccM HI\u1ec2U \u0110\u1ea0I C\u01af\u01a0NG V\u1ec0 X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u1eccC (2)"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u00e0i 6 : V\u0102N H\u00d3A V\u00c0 THAY \u0110\u1ed4I V\u0102N H\u00d3A<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ni\u1ec1m tin, l\u1ed1i \u1ee9ng x\u1eed v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m n\u00ean l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

    V\u0103n h\u00f3a bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1edf h\u1eefu g\u00ec. Nh\u01b0ng x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

    Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta du h\u00e0nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed trong ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m c\u00fa s\u1ed1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong>, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

    Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00e9t v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0o v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, cho d\u00f9 h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft d\u00e2n ch\u00fang tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00ecn l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. M\u1ed7i h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c \u2013 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng con ki\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng con ng\u1ef1a v\u1eb1n \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn d\u1eaft b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, t\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t g\u00ec. M\u1ed9t \u00edt \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt \u2013 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i tinh tinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt linh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd – c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n cho con c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c; t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ec9 duy con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o v\u0103n h\u00f3a  h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f2i gi\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em> (Harris, 1987).<\/p>\n

    C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa v\u0103n h\u00f3a phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3<\/strong>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng s\u1edd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3<\/strong>, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1edd th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta xuy\u00ean qua v\u0103n h\u00f3a. N\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, hay s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00fang ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 lo\u00e0i duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi xuy\u00ean qua v\u0103n h\u00f3a, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean xuy\u00ean qua sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a V\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      2.1. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

      M\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng chia s\u1ebb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. C\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

      C\u00fa s\u1ed1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh hai chi\u1ec1u: n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m khi g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang m\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh g\u00e2y ra n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m h\u1ecd. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 xem ch\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng y\u00eau trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh, n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi du h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n Trung Hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kinh ho\u00e0ng khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n \u0111ang n\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ecbt ch\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1eefa \u0103n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 m\u00e0 g\u1ecdi m\u00f3n h\u0103m-b\u01a1-g\u01a1 \u1edf m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng \u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9 s\u1ebd g\u00e2y n\u00ean s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo \u0111\u1ea1o Hin\u0111u, v\u1ed1n xem b\u00f2 c\u00e1i l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u0169ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian. Qu\u1ea7n jeans xanh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y tr\u00ean h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 y ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 r\u1ebb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay. Trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn qu\u1ea7n jeans th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 \u2013 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00f4ng \u201ckh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t\u201d hay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t th\u1eadp ni\u00ean sau, \u201cqu\u1ea7n jeans hi\u1ec7u\u201d \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 v\u1ed1n chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Ng\u00e0y nay, m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y qu\u1ea7n jeans v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 y ph\u1ee5c ti\u1ec7n l\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

      N\u00f3i t\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ph\u00e9p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fang, th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a. V\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0o trong ch\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a  ch\u00fang ta. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

      2.2. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ed1n cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i giao ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nhau. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u00f3 v\u0103n h\u00f3a ngang qua, xuy\u00ean qua ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, t\u1eeb th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong> quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a truy\u1ec1n kh\u1ea9u. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef l\u00e0 c\u00e1i n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n sinh nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

      2.3. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin<\/strong><\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1ebb \u0111\u1eb9p; ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1i c\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin<\/strong>,  c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft xuy\u00ean qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u00fap h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra l\u00e0m sao. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, ch\u00fang cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

      2.4. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nhanh ch\u00f3ng, th\u00ec nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc sau nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn.<\/p>\n

      2.5. C\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c<\/strong><\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c<\/strong> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, t\u1ee9c truy\u1ec1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u00e0m, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ra ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean l\u00e0m. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i qua th\u1eddi gian, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u1eed t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong khi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ec9 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a l\u00e0 li\u00ean l\u1ec9, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf nh\u1eefng mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

        Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 trong kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong> nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i nhanh h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm bi\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

        S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng qua ba nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t minh, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1.<\/p>\n

        Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/p>\n

        Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7ng<\/strong> l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u0103n h\u00f3a trong vi\u1ec7c duy tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen \u1edf ph\u00f2ng t\u1eafm l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng minh h\u1ecda cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong> l\u00e0 th\u00f3i quen ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u0103n h\u00f3a li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m kinh doanh qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n c\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f3i quen v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n g\u00e2y phi\u1ec1n to\u00e1i c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ebb em \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed n\u00e0o trong khung c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

         <\/p>\n

        B\u00c0I 7. \u0110\u1ecaA V\u1eca X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I V\u00c0 C\u00c1C VAI TR\u00d2 X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00fang ta ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0 danh ti\u1ebfng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb\u201d li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ecb tr\u00ed n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i v\u00ed tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1eeb v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed cao nh\u1ea5t. Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c (Hoa K\u1ef3), ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e1i tr\u00e1i c\u00e2y, con trai hay con g\u00e1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01a1i v\u0129 c\u1ea7m, thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean, chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean nha khoa hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho v\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/strong><\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho<\/em> l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh cho\u201d m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1edfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng hay nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3i chung, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra l\u00fac ch\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi; nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho. Cho d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 trong n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft quan \u0111i\u1ec3m xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng trao ban nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c l\u1ee3i hay ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

          Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng \u00e9p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u00f3m Gray Panthers<\/em> (B\u00e1o x\u00e1m) \u2013 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1971 \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0 \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n (th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn) ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0. Nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c b\u00eanh \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cao tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00f4ng d\u00e2n cao tu\u1ed5i\u201d kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0.<\/p>\n

          Kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. C\u1ea3 \u201c\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch ng\u00e2n h\u00e0ng\u201d l\u1eabn \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1c t\u00f9\u201d \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u201clu\u1eadt s\u01b0\u201d, \u201cngh\u1ec7 s\u0129 d\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea7m\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. B\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 \u0111i h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n, hay ph\u00e1t minh ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u1ee7a  ch\u00fang ta \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 nam gi\u1edbi l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c tr\u1ebb.<\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/strong><\/p>\n

          M\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi xung \u0111\u1ed9t; m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed (\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb) x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed (\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb) th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. V\u1eady, l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed (\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb) x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i bao qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi? Theo nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Everett Hughes (1945), c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u00ec quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c. M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba  v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb m\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed t\u1ed5ng quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Arthur Ashe, ch\u1ebft v\u00ec b\u1ec7nh AIDS n\u0103m 1993, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 si\u00eau sao qu\u1ea7n v\u1ee3t, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u1edbi b\u1ec7nh AIDS h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec3u \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 h\u01b0u, m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Xuy\u00ean qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c\u201d s\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho lu m\u1edd \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n

          X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng cho ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng chi ph\u1ed1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Malcolm X (1925-1965), nh\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 g\u1ed1c Ch\u00e2u Phi, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 h\u00f9ng h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c da \u0110en v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o da \u0110en v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1960, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch bi th\u1ea3m khi \u00f4ng ta h\u1ecdc l\u1edbp 8. Th\u1ea7y gi\u00e1o ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng da tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0111en\u201d v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch \u00f4ng, thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee3 m\u1ed9c. Malcolm X \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi da \u0110en (\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadt s\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (\u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c). \u1ede Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u1ed1n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mong \u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. C\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            C\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Xuy\u00ean qua cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed hay \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u1edf Hi\u1ec7p Ch\u1ee7ng Qu\u1ed1c, ch\u00fang ta mong \u0111\u1ee3i r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1i xe taxi s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111i kh\u1eafp th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u00e2n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady khi th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t s\u1ebd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda. V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u2013 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho hay do \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u2013 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c thi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh ch\u00e1nh m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m m\u1eabu cho h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u1ecfng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang. N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00ab c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u00bb hay m\u1ed9t \u00ab gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean \u00bb, th\u00ec s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n hay l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2<\/strong><\/p>\n

            H\u00e3y h\u00ecnh dung ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong 10 n\u0103m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb m\u00e0 ch\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u1ecb v\u1eabn \u0111i ra ngo\u00e0i \u0103n tr\u01b0a v\u1edbi h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m ? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ecb l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb sa th\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n gi\u00e0 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 theo k\u1ecbp nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ?<\/p>\n

            Xung \u0111\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 x\u1ea3y ra khi nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb hai hay nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef. Ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb th\u1ee9 hai. Trong v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn c\u1eed s\u1ebd h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t s\u00e2u xa gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u1ecb gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t vi\u00ean m\u1edbi s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i g\u1eb7p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh bao nhi\u00eau m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh mang \u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i mang \u01a1n bao nhi\u00eau v\u1edbi \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

            M\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a xung \u0111\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 di\u1ec5n ra khi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n ch\u00fang v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o vi\u00ean nam tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ea7m non v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1eef c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i xung \u0111\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c n\u1eef c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t, h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i vai tr\u00f2 \u1edf n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef. V\u00e0 trong khi n\u1eef c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i qua l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u00ab lu\u1eadt thinh l\u1eb7ng \u00bb, m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba h\u1ecd l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb li\u00ean l\u1ee5y trong h\u00e0nh vi sai tr\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng vai tr\u00f2<\/strong><\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 gi\u1eef hai \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ngay ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u00f4i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u00ab s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng vai tr\u00f2 \u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 x\u1ea3y ra khi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i.<\/p>\n

            Trong cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 t\u00f9,  nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Philip Zimbado \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng vai tr\u00f2. Tho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea7u, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef t\u00f9 ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n t\u00f9. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o s\u01b0, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong ch\u1edd ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c sinh vi\u00ean, ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho h\u1ecd. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng vai tr\u00f2 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac bu\u1ed5i th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. Hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m sau, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n tr\u00ean truy\u1ec1n h\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            B\u00e0i 8. S\u1ef0 B\u1ea4T B\u00ccNH \u0110\u1eb2NG X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn xem x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh (kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ai kh\u00e1c), tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n (danh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng), v\u00e0 tr\u00ean uy th\u1ebf (s\u1ef1 thu nh\u1eadp, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i), v\u1ed1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ai ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec, h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao h\u1ecd ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 giai c\u1ea5p, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c cao h\u01a1n, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 m\u1ee9c thu nh\u1eadp cao h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong><\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m hay x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n lu\u00f4n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng qua \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng d\u00f5i ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n da tr\u1eafng\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3i tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i Peggy McIntosh, \u0111\u1ec3 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c trong \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

            C\u00f3 hai c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng vi\u1ec7c thu nh\u1eadp, c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u01a1i \u0103n ch\u1ed1n \u1edf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cung c\u1ea5p n\u01a1i \u0103n ch\u1ed1n \u1edf n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e1y c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7t th\u1ef1 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u00f4la n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u1ec9nh cao (c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt). M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u00e1c  n\u1eb1m \u1edf m\u1ee9c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 b\u1ecb qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y b\u1edfi b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng kinh doanh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n an to\u00e0n, b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, v\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho c\u00e1c c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng \u201cc\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng\u201d xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea3n \u1ea3nh trong nh\u1eefng th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o nh\u01b0 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed b\u1edfi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 cao \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u1edbt l\u1edd c\u00e1c emails t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi da m\u00e0u h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd ph\u1edbt l\u1edd t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng, v\u1ed1n \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi da tr\u1eafng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung cho h\u1ecd m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

            S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, giai c\u1ea5p, ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00edt h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng khi l\u00e0m c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

            Hai l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, c\u00f3 hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kia \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft xung \u0111\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng<\/em> tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00ean nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng h\u01a1n. S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u1ea7ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n t\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

            M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia xung \u0111\u1ed9t<\/em> xem s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng  nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u00edt h\u01a1n c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn. H\u1ecd tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5p c\u1ed5 b\u00e9 h\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng. Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu qua s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 – nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a  ch\u00fang ta, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, ni\u1ec1m tin, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mong ch\u1edd – xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 ch\u1ee7 v\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d.<\/p>\n

             C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n

            V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n b\u00e0o h\u00e0m ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch: nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u, nh\u1eefng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u<\/em> bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ea1t gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang, s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5, c\u00e1c ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7<\/em> bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u1ed1n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc xem x\u00e9t l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1eeba d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba gi\u00fap duy tr\u00ec n\u00f3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, xem x\u00e9t vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u00fang th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n \u0111ang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

             <\/strong><\/p>\n

             B\u00e0i 9. X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I H\u00d3A<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

              \n
            1. D\u1eabn v\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              V\u00e0o m\u00f9a h\u00e8 2005, vi\u00ean c\u1ea3nh s\u00e1t th\u00e1m t\u1eed Mark Holste \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i theo m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u tra vi\u00ean t\u1eeb B\u1ed9 Thi\u1ebfu Nhi v\u00e0 Gia \u0110\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 \u1edf th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Plant, bang Florida. H\u1ecd \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t b\u00e1o c\u00e1o t\u1eeb ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u0103n nh\u00e0 t\u1ed3i t\u00e0n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Old Sydney. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ed3n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111ang nh\u00ecn ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 b\u1ecb b\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y xem ra k\u1ef3 c\u1ee5c b\u1edfi v\u00ec  kh\u00f4ng ai trong h\u00e0ng x\u00f3m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9 \u1edf trong hay xung quanh ng\u00f4i nh\u00e0, m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1edf ba n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, b\u1ea1n trai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 v\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ee9a con trai l\u1edbn.<\/p>\n

              C\u00f4 b\u00e9 b\u00ed \u1ea9n n\u01a1i c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 l\u00e0 ai?<\/strong><\/p>\n

              B\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u0103n nh\u00e0, Th\u00e1m t\u1eed Holste v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb s\u1ed1c. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng th\u1ea5y, l\u00fac nh\u00fac nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ec3u t\u1eeb c\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eabn v\u1eadt c\u01b0ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m m\u00e0n che c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 x\u01a1 x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

              Th\u00e1m t\u1eed Holste \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n s\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f4 b\u00e9, v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft to, \u0111\u1edd \u0111\u1eabn, nh\u00ecn ch\u1eb1m ch\u1eb1m v\u00e0o b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i. M\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n tin b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a vi\u00ean th\u00e1m t\u1eed v\u1edbi c\u00f4 b\u00e9: \u201cC\u00f4 b\u00e9 n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc n\u1ec7m r\u00e1ch n\u00e1t, n\u1ed5i m\u1ed1c n\u1eb1m d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u00e0n nh\u00e0. Em co m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean \u2026 x\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u01b0\u1eddn v\u00e0 x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f2n c\u1ee7a em nh\u00f4 ra\u2026 m\u00e1i t\u00f3c \u0111en c\u1ee7a em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ec7n t\u1ebft l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ea5y r\u1eadn b\u00f2 l\u00fac nh\u00fac. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft c\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed7 ph\u00e1t ban v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft l\u1edf lo\u00e9t l\u00e0m cho da c\u1ee7a em l\u1ed7 ch\u1ed7… Em tr\u1ea7n tru\u1ed3ng \u2013 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb mi\u1ebfng t\u1ea3 l\u00f3t ph\u00ecnh ra\u2026 M\u1eb9 em n\u00f3i, t\u00ean c\u1ee7a em l\u00e0 Danielle. Em g\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3y tu\u1ed5i\u201d (DeGregory 2008).<\/p>\n

              Th\u00e1m t\u1eed Holste l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c mang c\u00f4 b\u00e9 ra kh\u1ecfi c\u0103n nh\u00e0. C\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb y t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1. Qua vi\u1ec7c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng, c\u00e1c b\u00e1c s\u0129 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng, d\u00f9 thi\u1ebfu dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, nh\u01b0ng Danielle \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, nghe v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1eaft ai, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch nhai hay nu\u1ed1t th\u1ee9c \u0103n c\u1ee9ng, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3c l\u00f3c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2y ra \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00f3i hay nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0  g\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea7u \u201cc\u00f3\u201d hay \u201ckh\u00f4ng\u201d. T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh kinh ni\u00ean hay nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng d\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1eddng di truy\u1ec1n n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f4 b\u00e9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee9ng l\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ai \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eef tay c\u1ee7a em, v\u00e0 em \u201cb\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00f3n ch\u00e2n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t con cua v\u1eady\u201d (DeGregory 2008).<\/p>\n

              \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra cho Danielle? N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: b\u00ean kia nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c? C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf r\u01a1i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n \u2013 s\u1ef1 che ch\u1edf, s\u1ef1 \u00f4m \u1ea5p, n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng minh d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em \u2013 th\u00ec c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc \u0111i hay n\u00f3i, \u0103n u\u1ed1ng hay t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c, ch\u01a1i hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi xung quanh m\u00ecnh. T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, Danielle \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

              X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a<\/strong> l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh qua \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea1y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201csocializing\u201d (\u201ctham gia ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d) (t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c,  gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p); n\u00f3i ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc x\u1ea3y ra xuy\u00ean qua vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Danielle minh h\u1ecda, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111u\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft. B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean khi bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i, \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Danielle khi c\u00f4 b\u00e9 l\u1edbn l\u00ean. V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a, th\u00ec Danielle \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng); ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc th\u00eca, tung m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng, hay s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i gh\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u1ed3i. C\u00f4 b\u00e9 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a phi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cgia \u0111\u00ecnh\u201d, kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1ec7 sinh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0i ti\u1ebft, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ed1n thay th\u1ebf ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef – qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai, c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

              C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb cu\u1ed1n h\u00fat trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Danielle \u2013 trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o \u2013 b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p th\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hay  th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u201d.<\/p>\n

              S\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Harry v\u00e0 Margaret Harlow. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1957 \u0111\u1ebfn 1963, anh em nh\u00e0 Harlows \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c lo\u00e0i kh\u1ec9 n\u00e2u (\u1edf \u1ea4n \u0110\u1ed9), v\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh x\u1eed gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhi\u1ec1u, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a b\u00e9. H\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng con kh\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi hai lo\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m m\u1eb9 \u201cthay th\u1ebf\u201d: m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi v\u00e0 d\u00e2y, hay m\u1ed9t \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9\u201d b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng m\u1ec1m. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00fa kh\u1ec9 th\u00edch k\u1ebft b\u1ea1n v\u1edbi b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng v\u1ea3i b\u00f4ng m\u1ec1m (g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con kh\u1ec9 n\u00e2u) v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang \u0103n, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft l\u01b0\u1edbi d\u00e2y m\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p th\u1ee9c \u0103n qua m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng cho \u0103n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng trong khi th\u1ee9c \u0103n l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n (Harlow and Harlow<\/em> 1962; Harlow <\/em>1971). Nh\u1eefng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 sau th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp nghi\u00eam nh\u1eb7t h\u01a1n \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 sau n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

              Trong c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n theo sau, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd xem x\u00e9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 n\u00f3 di\u1ec5n ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb em khi ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi qua \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, t\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, m\u1ed9t \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u201d v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                Khi sinh ra, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac di truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t sinh h\u1ecdc. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, c\u1ea3 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u201d \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

                Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1ea5t truy\u1ec1n b\u00e1 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau c\u00e1ch ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c: mi\u1ec7ng, h\u1eadu m\u00f4n, d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh d\u1ee5c. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c b\u00fa s\u1eefa m\u1eb9, hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n v\u1ec7 sinh v\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (Freud 1905).<\/p>\n

                Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a cho l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Freud \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em l\u00e0 v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb. \u0110\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng (nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c), v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ed3n n\u00e9n nh\u1eefng xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eb1m tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u01b0ng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh (nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i). Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ebf t\u1eafc do v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c tu\u1ed5i th\u01a1 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, theo Freud, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn hay tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 sau trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1eafm ch\u1ed1t kh\u1ea9u d\u1ee5c (oral fixation) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ham m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 hay ch\u00e8 ch\u00e9n say s\u01b0a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1eafm ch\u1ed1t h\u1eadu m\u00f4n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u00e1 \u01b0a s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd (t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201cki\u1ec1m gi\u1eef h\u1eadu m\u00f4n\u201d (\u201canal retentive\u201d), trong khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1eafm ch\u1ed1t trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c l\u0103ng nh\u0103ng hay thi\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n

                K\u1ebft n\u1ed1i: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

                X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc hay t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc: \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t?<\/strong><\/p>\n

                B\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111ang ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n: n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh  x\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, th\u00ec hai m\u00f4n n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? H\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00e1c nhau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 trong c\u1ea3 hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

                X\u00e9t theo s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng trong khi c\u1ea3 hai m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec1u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i t\u1eadp trong v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean c\u1ea3 l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed l\u1eabn t\u00e2m tr\u00ed. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc th\u00ec th\u00edch t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n v\u00e0o c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u1edf  ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe t\u00e2m tr\u00ed, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00fac c\u1ea3m, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c), trong khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u01b0\u1edbng ngo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a khung c\u1ea3nh  x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

                \u00c9mile Durkheim (1958-1917) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, khi \u00f4ng g\u00e1n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed n\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang cho c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o) h\u01a1n l\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u00e2m l\u00fd (nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ecfe m\u1ea1nh t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd) (Durkheim 1897). Ng\u00e0y nay, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00fang s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f4i b\u1ea1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ee5 h\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1eb9n h\u00f2 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu h\u1eb9n h\u00f2, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, hay s\u1ef1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn tu\u1ed5i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean? M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd th\u00edch quan t\u00e2m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e3ng m\u1ea1n, lo\u1ea1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd hay ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a mong mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta.<\/p>\n

                \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Durkheim s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd l\u00e0, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00ednh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tin l\u00e0nh, hay s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ch\u1eef vi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u00e0y th\u00e1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a hay c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f4i khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00fa v\u1ecb. Cu\u1ed1n \u201cThe Culture of Narcissism\u201d (1979) c\u1ee7a  Christopher Lasch \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch lo l\u1eafng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c Tin l\u00e0nh ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n c\u1ea1nh tranh, trong khi v\u1ec1 sau, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u1eadu c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 y\u00eau b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u201ct\u00f4i\u201d).<\/p>\n

                Nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc Erik Erikson (1902-1994) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Freud. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Erikson c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ebb em c\u1ee7a Freud (1963). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u1edf tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u1ea9u d\u1ee5c s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n h\u1eadu m\u00f4n, (s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh) li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111ang tin v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i hay x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nghi ng\u1edd; k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh d\u1ee5c, (s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh) li\u1ec7u h\u1ecd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn hay t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n

                Erikson \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Freud r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y con tr\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. V\u00ec v\u1eady, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1edf Sioux First Nation (D\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9 \u1edf Great Plains ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a, ctcnd)) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng cai s\u1eefa cho con c\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng cho ch\u00fang b\u00fa cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi ch\u00fang m\u1ea5t \u0111i s\u1ef1 th\u00edch th\u00fa. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9a con v\u00e0 m\u1eb9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9a con v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chung. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm vi\u1ec7c cai s\u1eefa cho con c\u00e1i, v\u1ed1n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau, \u00edt \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady h\u01a1n. Con c\u00e1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u1ed1n \u0111i theo ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb th\u00ec h\u0103ng h\u00e1i ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt v\u00e0 gi\u1eef ch\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt thay v\u00ec kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef. C\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0  v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00f9 ngh\u1ecbch s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n tr\u1ebb theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t, v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c nhau, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh, s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (Erikson 1963).<\/p>\n

                Jean Piaget (1896-1980) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc chuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ebb em, t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0o vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n xuy\u00ean qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Piaget 1954). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ba nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3.<\/p>\n

                C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3<\/strong><\/p>\n

                M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ti\u00ean phong cho c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 Charles Cooley (1864-1929). Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1ea5t, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o b\u1edfi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn h\u1ecd – m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 g\u01b0\u01a1ng soi\u201d (Cooley 1902). B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 hay \u201c\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u201d th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fang ta t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u00fang ta xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 do \u0111\u00f3 bao h\u00e0m ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Cooley: \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o hay m\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 di\u1ec7n\u201d.<\/p>\n

                V\u1ec1 sau, George Herbert Mead (1863-1931) \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc chi ti\u1ebft h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u0103n t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u00d4ng ghi nh\u1eadn th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u00ecnh, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cm\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3\u201d (Mead 1934). Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n chia b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 th\u00e0nh hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n hay \u201cgiai \u0111o\u1ea1n\u201d, c\u00e1i \u201cI\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cme\u201d. C\u00e1i \u201cme\u201d \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn ra \u201ct\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 ai trong m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c: c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, \u201cc\u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch\u201d c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1i \u201cI\u201d \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 v\u1ed1n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay \u0111\u00e1p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3: ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 v\u1ed1n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i hay h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. B\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1i  \u201cI\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1i \u201cme\u201d, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u00e0m trung gian gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a  c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n

                Vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n qua l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u1edbi (Mead 1934). Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Danielle minh h\u1ecda nh\u1eefng g\u00ec di\u1ec5n ra khi s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m ban \u0111\u1ea7u: c\u00f4 b\u00e9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn c\u00f4 b\u00e9. Theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Mead, c\u00f4 b\u00e9 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u201d. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: \u201cKh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e3 n\u1ea3y sinh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i kinh nghi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d (Mead 1934).<\/p>\n

                L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00fang ta \u0111i t\u1eeb l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb s\u01a1 sinh \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u201d? Mead \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1ec1 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u tr\u1ea3i qua, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gia t\u0103ng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2: b\u1ed1n giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a con tr\u1ebb. Trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc: ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u00ecn xem s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. Ch\u00fang b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, nh\u01b0 m\u1eb9 v\u00e0 cha c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed9c n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n non n\u1edbt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 qua \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau b\u1edfi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3ng vai, m\u00e0 trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00e1c con tr\u1ebb b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c con tr\u1ebb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1eed theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1eadc ph\u1ee5 huynh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u201ctr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh\u201d, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3ng \u201c\u0103n m\u1eb7c b\u1ea3nh bao\u201d v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n vai ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1eb9, hay n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n tr\u00ean chi\u1ebfc \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 ch\u00fang th\u1ea5y cha ch\u00fang l\u00e0m. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea5y c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c. \u0110\u00f3ng vai l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 ch\u00f3ng qua, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em chuy\u1ec3n ra v\u00e0o c\u00e1c vai c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

                Trong su\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i, c\u00e1c con tr\u1ebb h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c vai \u0111\u00f3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau. Ch\u00fang h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u00fang hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f3ng vai trong m\u1ed7i ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c theo sau m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng v\u1ed1n c\u00f9ng nhau chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eefa \u0103n d\u1ec5 ch\u1ecbu (ai \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ebfp ch\u1ed7 cho b\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n g\u1ecdi m\u00f3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1n, ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa n\u1ea5u th\u1ee9c \u0103n, trong khi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c r\u1eeda nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u0129a b\u1ea9n).<\/p>\n

                Mead d\u00f9ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y. V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb, ch\u00fang \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u01a1i m\u1ed9t tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 m\u00f4n b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u201chi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u201d r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e1nh tr\u00fang qu\u1ea3 b\u00f3ng ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n ch\u1ea1y, hay sau l\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u00e1nh. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00f3ng ch\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh, c\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i l\u00e0 g\u00ec, v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft, v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, etc.), nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f2n vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 kh\u00e1c  tr\u00ean s\u00e2n. C\u00e1c c\u1ea7u th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh hay \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n

                Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a, nh\u1eefng mong \u0111\u1ee3i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp thu l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a hay \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u201d. Vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh theo nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t h\u00f3a s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 \u201cb\u1ea3n ng\u00e3\u201d theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc. Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.<\/p>\n

                ————————<\/p>\n

                V\u00f5 Xu\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef t\u1eeb t\u1eadp t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u English for Sociology<\/em> c\u1ee7a Tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Khoa h\u1ecdc Hu\u1ebf, Ph\u00e2n khoa X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

                (xem ph\u1ea7n 1 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/a>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                B\u00e0i 6 : V\u0102N H\u00d3A V\u00c0 THAY \u0110\u1ed4I V\u0102N H\u00d3A Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m V\u0103n h\u00f3a C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":13728,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-13732","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lm-vo-xuan-tien","category-ty-linh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13732","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13732"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13732\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13735,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13732\/revisions\/13735"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/13728"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13732"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13732"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13732"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}