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V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c, c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc-qu\u1ed1c gia d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb cho\u00e1ng ng\u1ee3p b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c t\u1eadp trung c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng sinh th\u00e1i, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n t\u1ec7 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ?<\/p>\n
V\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1i x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 : \u00ab C\u00f4ng \u00edch gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m trung gian \u0111a d\u1ea1ng, theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 <\/em>\u00bb (Laudato si\u2019<\/em>, LS<\/em>, s\u1ed1 152). \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 ? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ? Ba c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ba ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c lai t\u1ea1p<\/strong><\/p>\n Th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 ch\u1ec9 trao cho quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m kh\u00e1c nhau l\u00e0m n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u b\u00e0i b\u1ea3n : gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9, nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ebf\u2026v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang b\u1edfi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Aristote. \u00ab Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea1m vi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (\u2026). M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 can thi\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 vua th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m<\/em> (1) \u00bb.<\/p>\n Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00ab b\u1ed5 sung \u00bb, ph\u00e2n c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i Althusius v\u00e0 Locke. Althusius, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ph\u00e1i Calvin r\u1ed3i Syndic c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Emden, bi\u1ec7n minh cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 trong \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf. Locke, m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi l\u00e0m th\u01b0 k\u00fd c\u1ee7a Board of Trade<\/em> (H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i), m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan kinh t\u1ebf. C\u1ea3 hai nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trung gian \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc non tr\u1ebb. \u00ab X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Locke s\u1ebd sinh ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ed5 sung cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n. Trong khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a Althusius s\u1ebd cung c\u1ea5p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0, xa h\u01a1n, theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc (<\/em>ordo-lib\u00e9raux)<\/em> c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX<\/em> (2)\u00bb.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u00ab b\u1ed5 sung \u00bb l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean bang, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u1edf c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u1ede Th\u1ee5y S\u0129, c\u00e1c bang \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1291 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Habsbourg. \u1ede B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u00e3 \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1643 r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1684, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y l\u00f9i nguy c\u01a1 th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi li\u00ean minh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c Anh. Trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01b0u mang b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a r\u1ed3i nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft. \u1ede \u0110\u1ee9c, sau cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u1edf n\u00ean then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa Bund v\u00e0 c\u00e1c L\u00e4nder (3). V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch minh nhi\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u trong hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Maastricht : \u00ab Trong c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 can thi\u1ec7p, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, n\u1ebfu v\u00e0 trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, do nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch hay nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em> (4)\u00bb.<\/p>\n Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/p>\n Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00ab b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 \u00bb xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> (1891) v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i do qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o ra (5). N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (QA n\u0103m 1931), v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady (6).<\/p>\n \u00ab Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i : <\/em>C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chu to\u00e0n v\u1edbi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n giao ch\u00fang cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u00ec c\u0169ng th\u1ebf s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch tai h\u1ea1i, khi l\u1ea5y \u0111i kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n, \u0111\u1ec3 trao ch\u00fang cho m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n<\/em> \u00bb (QA, s\u1ed1 86).<\/p>\n Trong khung c\u1ea3nh chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris (1963)<\/em>, m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, d\u01b0\u1edbi hai \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n : s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia (PT<\/em>, s\u1ed1 138) v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (PT<\/em>, s\u1ed1 139). \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi n\u00f3i th\u00eam : \u00ab Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong ph\u1ea1m vi ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf h\u1ecd. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u01a1i l\u00ean n\u01a1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 trung gian chu to\u00e0n c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n an to\u00e0n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n <\/em>\u00bb (PT<\/em>, s\u1ed1 141).<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u00edt n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus annus<\/em> : \u00ab M\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o sinh ho\u1ea1t n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, ph\u1ea3i n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 khi c\u1ea7n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111o\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch<\/em> \u00bb (CA<\/em>, s\u1ed1 48).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n ly v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda : \u00ab Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 <\/em>m\u00e0<\/em> kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ; c\u0169ng v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u0169ng r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00fang thi\u1ebfu<\/em> (7)\u00bb. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4, ng\u00e0i m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tham gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1edfi cu\u1ed1n T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> n\u0103m 2004 : \u00ab H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia<\/em> \u00bb (s\u1ed1 189). Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eafc th\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0 h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 tay ng\u00e0i th\u00eam v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n (QA<\/em>, s\u1ed1 98-103) l\u00e0m ph\u1eadt l\u00f2ng Mussolini c\u00e1ch gay g\u1eaft. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o l\u00fac cao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh. V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (CA<\/em>, s\u1ed1 15).<\/p>\n Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 khu v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u00ec s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u00f3a : \u00ab Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf. Th\u1ef1c ra, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ng\u0103n kh\u00f4ng cho n\u00f3 l\u00e0m x\u00f3i m\u00f2n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 <\/em>\u00bb (Caritas in veritate<\/em>, CV, s\u1ed1 41). C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phanxic\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf : \u00ab V\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u00ec sao ? Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 d\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 \u1edf m\u1ecdi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecfi h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef nhi\u1ec1u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c h\u01a1n<\/em> \u00bb (Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laudato si\u2019<\/em>, s\u1ed1 157).<\/p>\n Trong l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u00e2u nay kh\u00f4ng ? C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 : \u00ab Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em> \u00bb (Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum progressio<\/em>, s\u1ed1 13) kh\u00f4ng ? N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i can thi\u1ec7p, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n danh l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m, n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho m\u1ecdi di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Aristote, nh\u00f3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch, th\u00ec trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc g\u1eafn k\u1ebft : \u00ab Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o, gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m<\/em> (8) \u00bb. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan : theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan.<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Ratzinger li\u00ean k\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u1edbi tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (Col 3, 11). Ni\u1ec1m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u1ed1n b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ph\u00eda cu\u1ed1i b\u1eadc thang x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t \u2013 gia \u0111\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c, x\u00e3 trong kh\u1ed1i li\u00ean x\u00e3, khu v\u1ef1c trong Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc so v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. B\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, n\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng \u00edch, n\u00ean n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ba nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Ratzinger \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1986 : \u00ab \u1ede n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng, l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u1edf m\u1ecdi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n (\u2026) C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, c\u1ea3 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc hay b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trung gian \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c<\/em> (9)\u2026 \u00bb \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p n\u00f3 khai tri\u1ec3n trong kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1891, c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 g\u1edfi th\u01b0 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 : Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, linh m\u1ee5c, gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1963, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed\u2026 \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang trong phong tr\u00e0o nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI l\u00e0m vang v\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trung gian (c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3, c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3\u2026) v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i non tr\u1ebb c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 ba v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh phi th\u1ef1c d\u00e2n h\u00f3a \u0111ang gia t\u1ed1c. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II c\u0169ng l\u00e0m t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n. \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong m\u00e1u th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u00ab c\u00e1c \u00edch chung \u00bb (n\u01b0\u1edbc, kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai) v\u1ed1n cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ecd sinh t\u1ed3n. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ba l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 xem qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1eabn nhau. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 trong c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (10) ? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t ? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, \u1edf n\u01a1i h\u1ecd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ?<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phanxic\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tham gia trong cu\u1ed1n T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/em> (Compenduim<\/em>, s\u1ed1 189). \u00ab Vi\u1ec7c tham gia \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng kh\u00e1c nhau ; n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf n\u01a1i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t li\u00ean l\u1ec9<\/em> \u00bb (LS<\/em>, s\u1ed1 183). Nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i \u0111i xa h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh (11) : s\u1ef1 trao quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh<\/em> (capacitation\/empowerment<\/em>) cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan trung gian, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u00e8o nh\u1ea5t. \u00ab C\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f4 l\u1eadp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ea5t \u0111i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u00f4-g\u00edc c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, v\u00e0 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u00e1c thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em> \u00bb (LS<\/em>, s\u1ed1 219). Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4, t\u1eeb \u00ab kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u00bb (\u00ab capacit\u00e9 \u00bb) tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (14 l\u1ea7n trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laudato si\u2019<\/em>), th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1eeba sinh th\u00e1i v\u1eeba x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Khi nh\u1eafc nh\u1edb gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, khi khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u s\u00e1t h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi li\u00ean h\u1ec7, khi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho h\u1ecd nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu n\u00f3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra ngo\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n ———————-<\/p>\n (1). Chantal Delsol, L\u2019\u00c9tat subsidiaire<\/em>, Puf, 1992, Archives Kar\u00e9line, 2010, p. 45.<\/p>\n (2). Ibid, p. 60.<\/p>\n (3). \u00ab C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p \u0110\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9 tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 tr\u00ean danh ngh\u0129a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u00ec n\u1ed9i h\u00e0m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Herrenchiemsee, v\u00e0o l\u00fac so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p<\/em> \u00bb. Chantal Delsol, L\u2019\u00c9tat subsidiaire<\/em>, Puf, 1992, Archives Kar\u00e9line, 2010, p. 216.<\/p>\n (4). Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p \u00c2u Ch\u00e2u 92\/C 191\/01, Article 3B. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00ab nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 sung c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p cao h\u01a1n, th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn m\u00e0, th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch c\u00f4 l\u1eadp, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, \u1edf n\u01a1i m\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd n\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u<\/em> \u00bb. Julien Barroche, \u00ab Le principe de subsidiarit\u00e9 : quelle contribution \u00e0 la construction europ\u00e9enne ? \u00bb in Projet<\/em>, n\u00b0340, mai 2014.<\/p>\n (5). Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd ghi nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cha Von Ketteler , – m\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Althusius v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m -, c\u1ee7a Tapparelli, thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u00e2n thuy\u1ebft T\u00f4ma, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Gibbons \u2013 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hoa K\u1ef3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m l\u00e2u \u0111\u1eddi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c theo chi\u1ec1u d\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n (6). \u00ab \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi can thi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan h\u1ecd<\/em> \u00bb (QA 87).<\/p>\n (7). \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng \u00ab quy t\u1eafc c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7n tr\u1ee3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n <\/em>\u00bb (CV, s\u1ed1 58). <\/p>\n (8). Saint Thomas, Contra Gentiles<\/em>, III, Ch. 71.<\/p>\n (9). Joseph Ratzinger, Instruction sur la libert\u00e9 chr\u00e9tienne et la lib\u00e9ration<\/em>, 22 mars 1986, AAS 79 (1987) 554-599.<\/p>\n (10). \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c t\u00e2n H\u1ed3ng y : \u00ab M\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 : n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 cho c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t hay l\u00e0m ti\u00eau tan h\u1ecd. (\u2026) Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 soi s\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf m\u1ecdi b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em> \u00bb (AAS., 38, 1946, tr.145). Tuy nhi\u00ean, duy ch\u1ec9 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi v\u00e0o B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt n\u0103m 1983, \u0111ang khi m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tin L\u00e0nh. \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng giao quy\u1ec1n cho c\u00e1c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n (11). Marie H\u00e9l\u00e8ne Bacqu\u00e9, Carole Biewener, L\u2019empowerment, une pratique \u00e9mancipatrice<\/em>, La D\u00e9couverte, 2013.<\/p>\n ————————————–<\/p>\n T\u00fd Linh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Bertrand H\u00e9riard , s.j., nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Trung t\u00e2m Ceras v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Projet L\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14514,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,36,31,48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14541","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-lm-vo-xuan-tien","category-luan-ly","category-ty-linh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14541","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14541"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14541\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":14552,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14541\/revisions\/14552"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14514"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14541"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14541"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14541"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}