![\"\"](\"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Dieu.jpg\")
<\/p>\nThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 Nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu-Kit\u00f4 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eadt c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
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Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng ?<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u1ed1n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u00e2m l\u00fd. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 \u00ab kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh, v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft, v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n <\/em>\u00bb n\u00e0y, theo Arnobe l\u2019Ancien, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gabriel, gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u1edf CNRS (1), x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn : \u00ab Trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn. H\u1ecd tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, v\u1ed1n cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u1eadn d\u1eef l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1ea5p k\u00e9m, v\u00ec b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m x\u00fac<\/em> \u00bb. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, v\u00e0o th\u1eddi C\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, ng\u1ee5 \u00fd kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 khi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Th\u00e1nh Ir\u00ean\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong quy\u1ec3n II c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh : \u00ab Th\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ea1o khi g\u00e1n s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri v\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea cho Cha c\u1ee7a v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt<\/em>. \u00bb<\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t tam \u0111o\u1ea1n lu\u1eadn : c\u1ea3m x\u00fac gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, v\u00ec th\u1ebf Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gabriel nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh : \u00ab Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00ec qu\u00e1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hy L\u1ea1p<\/em> \u00bb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1nh Kinh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc trong S\u00e1ch Malakhi : \u00ab ch\u00ednh Ta l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, Ta kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i; c\u00f2n c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i l\u00e0 con c\u00e1i Gia-c\u00f3p, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ebf<\/em> \u00bb (3, 6). Trong th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00e1nh Giac\u00f4b\u00ea n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u00ab Cha l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean mu\u00f4n tinh t\u00fa; n\u01a1i Ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ea7n khi t\u1ed1i khi s\u00e1ng <\/em>\u00bb (1, 17).<\/p>\n Th\u00e1nh Kinh n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ?<\/strong><\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba th\u1ea5y, n\u1ebfu Th\u00e1nh Kinh cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ghen t\u01b0\u01a1ng, gi\u1eadn d\u1eef, y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng, bu\u1ed3n b\u00e3\u2026T\u1eeb s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng th\u1ebf k\u00fd (6,6), \u00ab \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa h\u1ed1i h\u1eadn v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t, v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u trong l\u00f2ng <\/em>\u00bb. Gi\u00ear\u00eamia n\u00f3i ti\u00ean tri : \u00ab L\u00f2ng Ta b\u1ed3i h\u1ed3i th\u1ed5n th\u1ee9c, Ta th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3, th\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u00f3 th\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u <\/em>\u00bb (31, 20). Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y trong S\u00e1ch Xu\u1ea5t H\u00e0nh : \u00ab Ta, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb th\u1ea7n ghen t\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/em> \u00bb (20, 5). Nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gabriel n\u00f3i r\u00f5, t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3. \u00ab T\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p zelotypia kh\u00f4ng g\u1ee3i l\u00ean m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ghen t\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u theo c\u00e1ch y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ng\u00e0i, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 trung t\u00edn<\/em>. \u00bb \u00d4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 gi\u1eadn d\u1eef c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u00ab m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tu t\u1eeb, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa giao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00e0m h\u1ecfng<\/em>. \u00bb<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 kh\u1eed t\u00e2m l\u00fd l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ed1n t\u1ecf ra sai l\u1ea7m, v\u00ec l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo ngh\u0129a \u0111en kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, Emmanuel Durand, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia d\u00f2ng \u0110aminh, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (2) : \u00ab Nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em> .\u00bb Tr\u00ecnh thu\u1eadt Th\u00e1nh Kinh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. T\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt. Cho th\u1ea5y Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi c\u1ea3m x\u00fac l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e9p \u1ea9n d\u1ee5, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n h\u00ecnh cho ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m, m\u1ed9t \u00ab ph\u00e9p lo\u1ea1i suy kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1t \u00bb, theo th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gabriel ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u00ab n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 h\u1ecd, quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 say m\u00ea b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. <\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ?<\/strong><\/p>\n N\u1ebfu c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00ean Lactance, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n \u00ab B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/em> \u00bb v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 ba, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o. C\u0169ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3, Tertulian\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ee9c gi\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, tuy nhi\u00ean Ng\u00e0i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, n\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 Paul Gavrilyuk (3) v\u00e0 Thomas Weinandy (4).<\/p>\n C\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh hay th\u1ea7n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ?<\/strong><\/p>\n Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb l\u1edbn lao l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, khi nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac. Gi\u1eefa \u1ea3o th\u00e2n thuy\u1ebft, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ecb thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a No\u00ebt de Smyrne v\u1ed1n cho r\u1eb1ng, qua Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ean th\u1eadp gi\u00e1, \u00ab nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e1n nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac cho ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa <\/em>\u00bb, Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gabriel gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo Orig\u00e8ne, ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa Cha kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 : \u00ab Ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa Cha, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a V\u0169 Tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng khoan dung v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3<\/em> ? \u00bb (B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u00cad\u00eakien<\/em>, VI, 6). S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t qua vi\u1ec7c Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh L\u00ea\u00f4 C\u1ea3, v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Chalc\u00e9doine, n\u01a1i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn H\u1eefu Th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5. Ng\u00e0i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch trong b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng XVII v\u1ec1 cu\u1ed9c Th\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00f3 : \u00ab V\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111au kh\u1ed5 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u1ed7i \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt ; tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi s\u1ec9 nh\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ea3y ng\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p tr\u00ean th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. <\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 : n\u1ebfu Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5. Fr\u00e9d\u00e9ric Gabriel nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh : \u00ab Nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa .<\/em>\u00bb<\/p>\n Cl\u00e9mence Houdaille<\/strong><\/p>\n —————————————-<\/p>\n (1) \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Chrystel Bernat t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u00c9motions de Dieu. Attributions et appropriations chr\u00e9tiennes (XVIe<\/sup> – XVIIIe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle),<\/em> Brepols, 2019. —————————————————-<\/p>\n T\u00fd Linh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n (ngu\u1ed3n: croire.la-croix.com<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 chi ph\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3m x\u00fac kh\u00f4ng ? V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":20082,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30,33,34,48],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-20079","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-giao-ly","category-tam-linh","category-tin-ly","category-ty-linh"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20079","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=20079"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20079\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":20085,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/20079\/revisions\/20085"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/20082"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=20079"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=20079"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=20079"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/trinity-1024x615.png\")
<\/p>\n
\n(2) Emmanuel Durand, Les \u00c9motions de Dieu<\/em>, Cerf, 2019.
\n(3) T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a The Suffering of the Impassible God<\/em>, Oxford, 2004.
\n(4) \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Does God Suffer ?,<\/em> University of Notre Dame, 2000.<\/p>\n