{"id":21355,"date":"2022-11-04T20:53:33","date_gmt":"2022-11-04T13:53:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=21355"},"modified":"2022-11-05T10:04:06","modified_gmt":"2022-11-05T03:04:06","slug":"nguon-goc-toa-giai-toi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/nguon-goc-toa-giai-toi\/","title":{"rendered":"NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C T\u00d2A GI\u1ea2I T\u1ed8I"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. Th\u00e1nh Car\u00f4l\u00f4 B\u00f4r\u00f4m\u00ea\u00f4, m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u1eebng l\u1ec5 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4\/11, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

T\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III, vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai. T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 IV, linh m\u1ee5c nghe x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i ri\u00eang t\u01b0 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u01b0ng th\u00fa. C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1215 \u1edf c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Lat\u00earan\u00f4, d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Inn\u00f4xent\u00ea III. Vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n ra m\u1ed7i n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5 Ph\u1ee5c Sinh. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u0103ng gh\u1ebf x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i (sedes confessionnalis<\/em>), v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i nh\u1eadn x\u00e1 gi\u1ea3i. M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u1ea9n danh v\u00e0 k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c trao \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o (in secretario<\/em>), trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00e1nh k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1eef gi\u1edbi, linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u00ean n\u00ean ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t v\u00e1ch ng\u0103n th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng nh\u1ecf, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u00e9t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5n song v\u00e0 ph\u00eda d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0n qu\u1ef3. Kho\u1ea3ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1545 \u0111\u1ebfn 1563, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00f3a h\u1ecdp kho\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea1i cho b\u00ed t\u00edch S\u00e1m H\u1ed1i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 x\u01b0ng th\u00fa t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi r\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec5. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u1ea3n C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Car\u00f4l\u00f4 B\u00f4r\u00f4m\u00ea\u00f4, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb H\u1ed3ng y Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00dd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho b\u00ed t\u00edch Gi\u1ea3i T\u1ed9i. Trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 phong ph\u00fa cho h\u1eadu th\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c cha gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c d\u00f9ng n\u00f3 trong th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u00dd v\u00e0 trong t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. Danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 lan sang Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0o l\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00fac C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, r\u1ed3i c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1584, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong th\u00e1nh v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1610. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1ch nhanh ch\u00f3ng, t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Ph\u00e1p, sau c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Aix-en-Provence (1585) v\u00e0 Toulouse (1590). T\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 \u1ea9n danh gi\u1eefa linh m\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i v\u00e0 h\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i. Kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 XVIII, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u01a1i x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 duy nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i k\u00edn ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, c\u00e1c t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00f2ng nh\u1ecf k\u00edn c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edt s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u01a1n cho d\u00f9 ch\u00fang v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng. Vi\u1ec7c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa h\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 cha gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 \u1ea9n danh. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ng\u0103n c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i l\u1edbn x\u01b0a. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c x\u01b0ng t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn b\u00ed t\u00edch H\u00f2a Gi\u1ea3i trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

T\u00fd Linh<\/em><\/p>\n

(theo Aleteia<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

T\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI. Th\u00e1nh Car\u00f4l\u00f4 B\u00f4r\u00f4m\u00ea\u00f4, m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u1eebng l\u1ec5 v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 4\/11, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21358,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[117,8,48],"tags":[153,168],"class_list":["post-21355","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-phung-vu","category-the-gioi","category-ty-linh","tag-bi-tich","tag-cac-thanh-nhan-vat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21355","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21355"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21355\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21371,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21355\/revisions\/21371"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21358"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21355"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21355"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21355"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}