{"id":2265,"date":"2013-04-10T11:27:01","date_gmt":"2013-04-10T04:27:01","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=2265"},"modified":"2013-04-10T11:27:01","modified_gmt":"2013-04-10T04:27:01","slug":"phaolo","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/phaolo\/","title":{"rendered":"PHAOL\u00d4 V\u00c0 S\u1ef0 NGHI\u1ec6P C\u1ea6M B\u00daT VI\u1ebeT CHO NG\u01af\u1edcI TH\u1eca TH\u00c0NH \u1ede LA M\u00c3 (3)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n 3<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0TH\u01af R\u00d4MA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u1ede th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma \u0111o\u1ea1n 3 c\u00e2u 24 \u0111\u1ebfn 26, th\u00e1nh Phao l\u00f4 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cN<\/em>ay h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u00e1n tuy\u00ean c\u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng, <\/em><\/p>\n

b\u1edfi \u01a1n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 Gi\u00easu.<\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea5ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t thi\u00ean h\u1ea1 nh\u01b0 b\u00e0n x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i. <\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1edd b\u1edfi l\u00f2ng tin trong m\u00e1u Ng\u00e0i, <\/em><\/p>\n

l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 C\u00f4ng Ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/em><\/p>\n

v\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i h\u1ecd ph\u1ea1m tr\u01b0\u1edbc kia,<\/em><\/p>\n

trong khi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ea7m m\u00ecnh nh\u1eabn n\u1ea1i, <\/em><\/p>\n

h\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u00e2y gi\u1edd<\/em><\/p>\n

r\u1eb1ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i \u00e1n tuy\u00ean c\u00f4ng<\/em><\/p>\n

k\u1ebb n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u201cTr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh<\/em>\u201d, l\u00e0: m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y chung c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng Ng\u00e0i ban cho c\u00e1ch \u201cnh\u01b0ng-kh\u00f4ng\u201d th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch theo th\u00f3i th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cNh\u1edd \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c<\/em>\u201d (Apolutrosis<\/em>), ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c t\u1eb7ng ban hu\u1ec7 l\u1ed9c, \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn v\u00e0o \u00fd ni\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n cai v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u t\u1ea9y g\u1ed9t m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 trong hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf. \u00dd ni\u1ec7m \u201c\u0110\u1ec1n b\u00f9 m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i\u201d (Hilasterion, Kapporeth)<\/em>, l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1edbp v\u00e0ng d\u00e1t n\u01a1i \u201cb\u00e0n x\u00e1 t\u1ed9i\u201d c\u00f3 \u201ckh\u00e1m giao \u01b0\u1edbc\u201d \u1edf \u0111\u1ec1n th\u1edd, tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u00ecnh c\u00e1nh thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng Th\u00e1nh, t\u1ee9c Shekinah. <\/em>Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft th\u00eam: \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0y \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 ra tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t thi\u00ean h\u1ea1<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 coi Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng hi\u1ebfn t\u1ebf ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i \u201c\u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i\u201d. Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Do th\u00e1i, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ebf hi\u1ebfn th\u00fa v\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i\u201d (hilasterion<\/em>) m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u201ctr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t\u201d. M\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi. Ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5, \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cM\u00e1u\u201d, <\/em>\u0111\u00e2y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0: s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 \u201cb\u1ed9t t\u1ea9y\u201d g\u1ed9t s\u1ea1ch m\u1ecdi v\u1ebft nh\u01a1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n vi\u1ec7c b\u00f9 thay cho m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. M\u00e1u \u1ea5y, v\u1ecb th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf h\u1eb1ng r\u1eafc v\u00e3i kh\u1eafp ch\u1ed1n, v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i t\u1ea9y s\u1ea1ch l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c m\u1ed7i n\u0103m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cYom Kippur<\/em>\u201d h\u1ea7u tr\u1eeb kh\u1eed m\u1ecdi u\u1ebf-t\u1ea1p, b\u1ea9n nh\u01a1.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cC\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d <\/em>(dikaiosume<\/em>), c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cGi\u1ea3i \u00e1n tuy\u00ean c\u00f4ng\u201d <\/em>(aphesis<\/em>), ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 v\u1ef1ng, l\u00e0: xo\u00e1 s\u1ea1ch ho\u1eb7c g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i, coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh x\u1eed. B\u1edfi l\u1ebd, l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u1ee7y chung c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u1eabn th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u Chu\u1ed9c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ea5t l\u1ecfng ch\u1ea3y xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t, r\u1ea5t nh\u00e0o quy\u1ec7n. Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng vi\u1ebft th\u00eam ch\u00fa th\u00edch n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean nghi\u1ec7p \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u01b0. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 kh\u00e2u\/may c\u00e1c m\u1ea9u da th\u00fa l\u00e0m b\u1ea1t l\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc cho th\u01b0 k\u00fd ghi ch\u00e9p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00f4ng ngh\u0129 theo ki\u1ec3u \u201cnh\u00e1t g\u1eebng\u201d, \u201ct\u1eebng ch\u1eef\u201d v\u1eabn r\u1ea5t nhanh. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i sai l\u1ea7m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf, n\u1ebfu c\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7n gi\u1ea3i l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n theo tinh-th\u1ea7n nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea-b\u00ecnh v\u0103n-h\u1ecdc ngh\u1ec7-thu\u1eadt r\u1ea5t chi ly, kh\u00fac chi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdc cho th\u01b0 k\u00fd ghi, l\u00e0 gi\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ch\u1ee9 tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd t\u1ef1 t\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong m\u1ea1ch-ngu\u1ed3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201cNg\u00e0i ch\u1ebft cho ta\u201d<\/em>, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i: Ng\u00e0i l\u01b0\u1edbt v\u01b0\u1ee3t cung c\u00e1ch ch\u1ebft cho \u0111\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0 cho \u0111i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh Ng\u00e0i theo cung c\u00e1ch ph\u1ee5ng th\u1edd (kapporeth<\/em>), t\u1ef1a h\u1ed3 m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh kinh-t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do. V\u00e0, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, nh\u1edd v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u00e0i cho ph\u00e9p ta gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 C\u00f4ng-ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u00e2y, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nhau, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00ean m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1eddi H\u1eadu-Phaol\u00f4\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0<\/em>\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdc cho th\u01b0 k\u00fd ghi ch\u00e9p v\u1ec1 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a duy nh\u1ea5t, l\u00e0: t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c\u201d, nh\u1eadn t\u1eeb Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201cTrong Ng\u00e0i, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c<\/span> nh\u1edd m\u00e1u c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.\u201d <\/em>(Ep 1: 7)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 Gi\u00easu, \u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c<\/span> m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u201d <\/em>(1Tim 1:6)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201c<\/em>V\u00ec ch\u00fang ta, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c<\/span> ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 thanh luy\u1ec7n ch\u00fang ta, khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta th\u00e0nh D\u00e2n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n h\u0103ng say l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ec7n.<\/em>\u201d( Tit\u00f4 2: 14)<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cAnh em h\u00e3y bi\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a ch\u00f3ng h\u01b0 n\u00e1t nh\u01b0 v\u00e0ng b\u1ea1c m\u00e0 anh em \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng ph\u00f9 phi\u1ebfm do cha \u00f4ng anh em truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng anh em \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c<\/span> nh\u1edd b\u1eedu huy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Chi\u00ean Con v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n, v\u00f4 t\u1ef3 t\u00edch, l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4.\u201d <\/em>(1Ph 1: 18-19)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng l\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1eabu m\u00e3 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng theo chi\u1ec1u ngang n\u1ebfu, \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7y truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 thay cho gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a Kinh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1edbi h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u201cc\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c\u201d, \u201cto\u1ea1i nguy\u1ec7n\u201d, \u201c\u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Loren Rosson c\u00f3 l\u1ea7n c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t: \u201cT\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111o\u1ea1n vi\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean vi\u1ec7c thay cho h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t, l\u00e0 th\u01b0 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t do th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 vi\u1ebft \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n 2 c\u00e2u 24b; m\u00e0, \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat t\u1eeb s\u00e1ch ti\u00ean tri Ysaya 53 trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 chi ti\u1ebft n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t r\u00f5: <\/em>\u201cnh\u1edd th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i v\u1eabn duy tr\u00ec l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb v\u00e0o th\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. Ina Willi-Plein, trong \u201cSome Remarks on Hebrews from the Viewpoint of Old Testament Exegesis\u201d, v\u00e0 trong G. Gelardini, \u1edf s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cHebrews: Contemporary Methods \u2013 <\/em>New Insights, Leiden, Brill, 2005\u201d l\u1ea1i coi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, qua cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ebf Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee1 b\u1ecf m\u1ecdi \u0111i\u1ec1u phi\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec5u do l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i g\u00e2y ra h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u201cchu\u1ed9c th\u1ebf m\u1ecdi l\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i\u201d. \u0110o\u1ea1n 6 c\u00e2u 6 c\u1ee7a th\u01b0 c\u0169ng di\u1ec5n \u00fd r\u1eb1ng: \u201cNg\u01b0\u1eddi sa ng\u00e3 l\u1ee1 l\u1ea7m trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n, v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o l\u00e0: l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh Con Ch\u00faa<\/em> v\u00e0o th\u1eadp gi\u00e1, th\u00eam l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa\u201d. <\/em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 mang t\u00ednh m\u1ec9a mai\/ch\u00e2m bi\u1ebfm th\u1ea5y r\u1ea5t r\u00f5. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f2n cho th\u1ea5y: do l\u1ea7m l\u1ed7i, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 v\u1eabn th\u1ebf –m\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng\u2014\u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u (v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i) qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 th\u00ed m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng\u2026<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u1ea9m b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma<\/strong><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4.<\/strong><\/p>\n

(Xem J. McRay, Paul in Recent Research<\/em>)<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 d\u1ef1a theo \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb d\u1ef1a theo khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, \u0111\u1ec3 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u201cm\u1eabu m\u1ef1c\u201d lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1 ra cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi. C\u00e1c v\u1ecb nh\u1eefng mu\u1ed1n \u0111i v\u00e0o l\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i \u1ea5y nh\u00e2n danh kinh nghi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang t\u01b0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0 th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea5u cho \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng b\u00e1ng l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfm ho\u1ea1 v\u1ec1 Do-th\u00e1i-gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u1eabn th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb Ferdinand Weber, Emil Schurer, cho \u0111\u1ebfn Wilhelm Bousset v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Rudolf Bultmann n\u1eefa. Hi\u1ec3u th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u theo cung c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t \u201cLuther\u201d v\u00e0 \u201c\u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c\u201d. B\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9-tr\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o La M\u00e3 (v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd) v\u00e0 nghe theo nh\u00f3m Th\u1ec7 Ph\u1ea3n (v\u1ec1 \u00e2n hu\u1ec7).<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb H. Montefiore (ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i), ho\u1eb7c G.F. Moore (ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01b0\u1edbc Anh). Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Ed Sanders trong \u201cPaul and Palestinian Judaism\u201d<\/em>. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf ra th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201c\u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh giao \u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh d\u1ec5 d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n d\u1eabn ta \u0111i v\u00e0o Giao \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u00fang ra, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c do \u201ct\u00ednh c\u00e1ch qu\u00ed t\u1ed9c c\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7t\u201d m\u1ed9t khi ta v\u00e0o v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u1ea5y, c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do. T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, giao \u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7: b\u1edfi, giao \u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u. V\u00e0, qui \u0111\u1ecbnh (t\u1ee9c l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt) \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta v\u00e0 cho ta, m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 m\u1ecdi qui \u0111\u1ecbnh, ta c\u00f4ng khai ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng l\u00e2u nay ta v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng ban giao \u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Krister Standhal v\u1ed1n d\u0129 khi x\u01b0a l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Harvard v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c thu\u1ed9c h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Luther \u1edf Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n, t\u1eebng x\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng: th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 gay g\u1eaft v\u1ed1n d\u0129 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng T\u00e2y th\u1eddi sau th\u00e1nh \u00c2u Tinh. Th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng hai c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i Tin M\u1eebng theo ki\u1ec3u th\u00e1nh \u00c2u Tinh ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3u h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Luther. Nh\u01b0ng, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m r\u1ea5t trong s\u00e1ng. Ch\u1eb3ng bao gi\u1edd \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i v\u00e3n than v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i, h\u1ebft. Th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch \u201cc\u00e1i t\u00f4i\u201d c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 phi\u1ec1n tr\u00e1ch l\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ee9. Th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng m\u1ecdi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u1edf cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00e2n l\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u00e0, khi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Stendahl b\u00e0y t\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 k\u00e9o theo m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n: v\u1eady th\u00ec, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Ed Sanders l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng: th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra n\u1eefa. Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4. N\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang, th\u00ec \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ngang qua lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Ed Sanders c\u00f2n minh x\u00e1c: lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i v\u00e0o giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa. Th\u1eadt ra th\u00ec, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u \u1edf v\u1edbi <\/span>v\u00e0 \u1edf trong<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0James Dunn l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf ra \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i-g\u1ecdi-l\u00e0 \u201cvi\u1ec5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4<\/em>\u201d (1982). \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 t\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u00e1ch sai tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n c\u00f3 t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i. Nh\u1eefng sai tr\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecbnh danh nh\u01b0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7\u201d. \u0110\u1eb1ng kh\u00e1c, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch sai tr\u00e1i, l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ph\u00f9-hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 h\u1ed9i vi\u00ean trong giao \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa t\u1eb7ng ban theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do. C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c bu\u1ed9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p ch\u1ecbu c\u1eaft b\u00ec ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eef lu\u1eadt ki\u00eang \u0111\u1ed3 c\u00fang.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tom Right, trong s\u00e1ch do \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 \u201cNh\u1eefng \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 Th\u1ef1c S\u1ef1 N\u00f3i Ra\u201d<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ea7n-h\u1ecdc do th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d do ni\u1ec1m tin m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3, m\u00e0 do c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. \u201cC\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ed1t c\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 n\u00e9t v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Saol\u00f4 \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u00f4ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Phaol\u00f4-t\u00edn-h\u1eefu-\u0110\u1ea1o-Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd m\u1ed9-\u0111\u1ea1o lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ed1ng cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Pelagius v\u00e0o v\u1edbi giao \u01b0\u1edbc ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ed1n Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00eanh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft tha g\u00ec chuy\u1ec7n \u201c\u0111\u1ea1t ch\u1ed1n Thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng, sau khi ch\u1ebft\u201d. Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ki\u1ec1u b\u00e0o g\u1ed1c Do th\u00e1i s\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u00f4n \u01b0u t\u01b0\/quan ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda Israel kh\u1ecfi t\u1ea7m tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i nay v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o, t\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 thi\u1ebfu nghi\u00eam t\u00fac \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt Torah Do th\u00e1i. Khi h\u1ed3i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea1o Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u00edn h\u1eefu r\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean ch\u0103m, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 quy\u1ebft duy tr\u00ec l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng mang d\u00e1ng-d\u1ea5p Do th\u00e1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y \u1eafp t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi. Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra ni\u1ec1m tin n\u01a1i Giao \u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa l\u00e2u nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng nh\u1edd c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu. V\u00e0, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea3y ra cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ed1n d\u0129 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u1ea3i t\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nay, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Crossan v\u00e0 Reed c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi hai \u00f4ng mang \u0111\u1ebfn, khi\u1ebfn ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1edbp v\u1ecf ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1ecdc l\u00ean x\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ed1t, l\u1eabn th\u1ecbt da.<\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 C\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Augsburg ban h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 31\/10\/1999 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i h\u1ec7 ph\u00e1i Luther th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cC\u00f9ng nhau, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng: ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed7i \u01a1n th\u00e1nh, trong ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng do c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn cho h\u01b0\u1edfng \u01a1n l\u00e0nh t\u1eeb Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 canh c\u1ea3i t\u00e2m can b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c trang b\u1ecb cho ta v\u00e0 k\u00eau m\u1eddi ta v\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u01a0n l\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa \u1edf v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin, \u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, hy v\u1ecdng ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Tuy nhi\u00ean, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m \u01a1n l\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u01a1n l\u00e0nh \u1ea5y. Ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u1ee9c, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ni\u1ec1m tin ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t m\u1ecdi tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u01a1n th\u00e1nh. V\u00e0, th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 v\u1eabn \u1edf gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh La M\u00e3 k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 canh c\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Anh gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i t\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft?<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n xoay quanh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd trong Ch\u00faa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o. Khi n\u00f3i \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa\u201d, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i qua \u0111\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi, qua vinh danh t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cdikaiosume tou theou\u201d. <\/em>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n qui v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u1edf tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dik.tou theou<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia ti\u1ebfp theo sau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qui v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f4ng minh\/ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c\u201d ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ta, ho\u1eb7c v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, chu\u1ed7i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c v\u1ecb lai. L\u1ed1i suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u00f9y v\u00e0o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mang t\u00ednh ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eebng. Tham gia v\u00e0o t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eb7ng ban nh\u01b0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh h\u00e0m \u1ea9n trong quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng, v\u1eabn th\u1ebf m\u00e3i. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u1eabn \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d \u1edf trong v\u00e0 ngang qua s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t C\u00f4ng minh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Anh Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tham gia nh\u01b0ng, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Tr\u1ecdn H\u1ea3o h\u01a1i xa v\u1eafng, theo t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o. Khi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, th\u00ec th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y coi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1edb b\u00f2ng bong, h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ecdi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, t\u1eebng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd g\u1ed9t s\u1ea1ch h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n \u1ea5y, v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u1edbi th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u201cth\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n\u201d khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh\/g\u1ed9t s\u1ea1ch x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, th\u1eddi C\u00e1nh Chung.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ta, sau sa ng\u00e3. B\u1edfi, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 (\u00edt l\u00e0 theo ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n) trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ta, n\u00ean n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, mai ng\u00e0y (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 eschaton<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u2013t\u1ee9c: th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc ta c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0110\u1ea5ng ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1. Ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd\u201d n\u00e0y trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a h\u00f4m nay, trong hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u00e0o v\u1ecb lai, trong c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m\u201d c\u00f9ng l\u00fac. Do b\u1edfi t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, nay c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng theo chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1nh chung, th\u1eddi v\u1ecb lai. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ta \u1edf v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3 hai, t\u1ee9c: ch\u01b0a-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-c\u1ee9u-chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-c\u1ee9u-chu\u1ed9c-trong-lai-th\u1eddi, th\u1ee9 c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c ta h\u1eb1ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb b\u00ean Anh gi\u00e1o, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 coi vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i trong t\u00e1i h\u1ed3i t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. S\u1edf d\u0129 s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u00e1c v\u1ecb nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd n\u01a1i t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, ngay b\u00ean trong ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i tham gia v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng \u1edf n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, n\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129: c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1eb3n ph\u1ea3i mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 l\u00fd. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Ph\u1ee5c sinh. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n, r\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd r\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mang cung c\u00e1ch Anh qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb b\u00ean Anh-gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i th\u01b0\u1eddng ngh\u0129: \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ban cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 h\u01a1n th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u1edf th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng coi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u1edf t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n \u1edf n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac, ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (t\u1ee9c: m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nguy\u00ean r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu l\u00fd) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ebf, ta m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng nh\u1ea5c d\u1eabn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf \u201cch\u1ea1c ba\/v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec1ng\u201d. Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00ed \u00edt l\u00e0 khi th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n th\u0103ng hoa l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp l\u01b0\u1ee1ng-nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0: Do th\u00e1i\/d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 do\/n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nam nh\u00e2n\/t\u1ef1 do, vv.. trong \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 koimonia c\u0169ng <\/em>r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c. Theo t\u00f4i, kinh nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201ctin t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, d\u00f9 ta g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u1edfi, ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i<\/span> v\u00e0 qua<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u1ee5c Sinh\u201d quang vinh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u1eaft s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0 do th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 ghi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y d\u1eabn ta v\u00e0o v\u1edbi T\u00ecnh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng: cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec, ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 sinh s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb: ta n\u00ean t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Lyonnet c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Crossan, khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0-Helmut Koester, Paul\u2019s proclamation of God\u2019s Justice for the nations<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 trong Paul and his World<\/span>, Interpreting the New Testament in its context, Fortress Press, Minneapolis, 2007, t. 3-14<\/p>\n

\u00a0-John Dominic Crossan and Jonathan L. Reed, In Search of Paul<\/span>, how Jesus\u2019s Apostle opposed Rome\u2019s Empire with God\u2019s Kingdom, 2004<\/p>\n

\u00a0-Aloysius Pieris, Jon Sobrino and the Theology of Liberation, East Asian Pastoral Quaterly, 2007. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

____________________<\/p>\n

Lm Kevin O\u2019Shea, CSsR<\/p>\n

Mai T\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Anh gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3i t\u00e2n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft?<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n xoay quanh to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd \u1edf n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa, tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf \u201cth\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o. Khi n\u00f3i s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd \u1edf n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa\u201d, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i qua \u0111\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i \u0111o\u00e1i nh\u00ecn, b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c vinh danh t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cdikaiosume tou theou\u201d<\/em>, t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n qui v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00e0o. T\u00f4i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 dik.tou theou<\/em>) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham gia n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp theo sau, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp qui v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd\u201d ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ngay t\u1eeb l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta; ho\u1eb7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, ho\u1eb7c \u1edf chu\u1ed7i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 trong hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai mai ng\u00e0y. L\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tham gia v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mang t\u00ednh ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng Kh\u00f4ng H\u1ea1n Ch\u1ebf. Tham gia c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1eb7ng trao nh\u01b0 th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u1ed1n h\u00e0m \u1ea9n trong quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ebf. C\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 v\u00e0 m\u00e3i l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng\/ph\u1ea3i l\u1ebd\u201d \u1edf b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 ngang qua hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng r\u1ea5t C\u00f4ng Ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Theo kinh \u0111i\u1ec3n, th\u00ec n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch v\u00e0, theo ngh\u0129a r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Anh Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng, Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch s\u1ed1ng tham gia m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Tr\u1ecdn H\u1ea3o h\u01a1i xa c\u00e1ch, theo t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, th\u00ec Ng\u00e0i \u1edf b\u00ean tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o. Khi n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, th\u00ec th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y coi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0 m\u1edb b\u00f2ng bong, h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng l\u01b0\u1edbt th\u1eafng m\u1ecdi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n, ng\u00e0i t\u1eebng b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n \u1ea5y, v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t ch\u00f3ng. \u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n \u1edf s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y, l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u1ecd t\u1ea1o, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u201cth\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n\u201d khi nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh\/g\u1ed9t r\u1eeda \u0111ang x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0o t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, th\u1eddi C\u00e1nh Chung.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ta, sau sa ng\u00e3. B\u1edfi, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf (\u00edt nh\u1ea5t theo ngh\u0129a tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n) \u1edf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ta, n\u00ean n\u00f3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, mai ng\u00e0y (ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 eschaton<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng, hi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u2013t\u1ee9c: th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc trong \u0111\u00f3 ta th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t r\u1ea5t t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1. Ni\u1ec1m tin, l\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n c\u1ee7a h\u00f4m nay, n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u1edf lai th\u1eddi, v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u1edf s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00f3i tr\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i ph\u1ea1m\u201d c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac. Do t\u1ef1 t\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y, nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng theo chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1ng ra ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1nh chung, th\u1eddi v\u1ecb lai. Th\u00e0nh th\u1eed, b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y, ta \u0111ang \u1edf v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 hai th\u1ee9, t\u1ee9c: ch\u01b0a-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-c\u1ee9u-chu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c-c\u1ee9u-chu\u1ed9c-trong-lai-th\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c ta h\u1eb1ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb b\u00ean Anh gi\u00e1o, l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng n\u00f3i: t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 v\u00e0 x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u201cc\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fd do cho th\u1ea5y: t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 coi vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i h\u1ed3i t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y. S\u1edf d\u0129 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 do c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh n\u01a1i t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ngay t\u1eadn b\u00ean trong, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i tham gia t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o D\u1ef1ng \u1edf ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, n\u00ean c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129: s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 l\u00fd. V\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u00e1c th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c-Gi\u00easu-Ph\u1ee5c-sinh. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u00e2n tr\u1ea7n, r\u1ea5t v\u0169 tr\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m m\u1ee9c \u1edf b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh r\u1ea5t ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng mang phong c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t Anh qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb b\u00ean Anh-gi\u00e1o l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129: \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa ban cho kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1 nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 th\u1ec3-ch\u1ebf tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u00e0y. T\u1eeb c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh khoa h\u1ecdc, t\u00f4i nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng coi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u1edf t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn d\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u201cs\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c\u201d v\u00e0 th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7n \u1edf n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fac, ta c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng hoa c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (t\u1ee9c: m\u1edf ra v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nguy\u00ean r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu l\u00fd) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e2ng nh\u1ea5c d\u1eabn v\u00e0o th\u1ebf \u201cch\u1ea1c ba\/v\u00f2ng ki\u1ec1ng\u201d. Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ch\u00ed \u00edt l\u00e0 khi th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n th\u0103ng hoa l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng-nguy\u00ean, nh\u01b0: Do th\u00e1i\/d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 do\/n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nam nh\u00e2n\/t\u1ef1 do, vv.. trong \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ckoimonia\u201d <\/em>c\u0169ng <\/em>r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c. Theo t\u00f4i, kinh nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u201ctin t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, d\u00f9 ta c\u00f3 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. B\u1edfi, tin l\u00e0 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong tin t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i<\/span> v\u00e0 qua<\/span> \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u1ee5c Sinh\u201d quang vinh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u1eaft s\u1ebd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00ean cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0 do th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 ghi, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma. Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c d\u1eabn ta \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1edbi T\u00ecnh Th\u01b0\u01a1ng Y\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng: cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec, ta c\u0169ng nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu\u1ed1c gi\u1ea3i t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n sinh s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb: ta n\u00ean t\u00ecm v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Lyonnet c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Crossan, khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm r\u00f5 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh ti\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\n

Th\u01b0 t\u1ecbch \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00eam:<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0-Helmut Koester, Paul\u2019s proclamation of God\u2019s Justice for the nations<\/em>, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1 trong Paul and his World<\/span>, Interpreting the New Testament in its context, Fortress Press, Minneapolis, 2007, t. 3-14<\/p>\n

\u00a0-John Dominic Crossan and Jonathan L. Reed, In Search of Paul<\/span>, how Jesus\u2019s Apostle opposed Rome\u2019s Empire with God\u2019s Kingdom, 2004<\/p>\n

\u00a0-Aloysius Pieris, Jon Sobrino and the Theology of Liberation, East Asian Pastoral Quaterly, 2007. <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

____________________<\/p>\n

Lm Kevin O\u2019Shea, CSsR<\/p>\n

Mai T\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n

 <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ph\u1ea7n 3 \u00a0TH\u01af R\u00d4MA \u00a0\u1ede th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma \u0111o\u1ea1n 3 c\u00e2u 24 \u0111\u1ebfn 26, th\u00e1nh Phao l\u00f4 l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: \u00a0\u00a0 \u201cNay h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i \u00e1n […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":425,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77,76],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-2265","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mai-ta","category-phaolo-vi-thanh-cua-moi-thoi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2265","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=2265"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2265\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2266,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/2265\/revisions\/2266"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/425"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=2265"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=2265"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=2265"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}