N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c sai c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i g\u00ec c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i? Trong tri\u1ebft l\u1eabn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa (a) actus humanus v\u00e0 (b) actus hominis.<\/p>\n
Actus humanus<\/strong> (h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh<\/strong>) l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. H\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u1edbi \u00fd th\u1ee9c (hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft) v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua v\u00e0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do, h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 n\u00f3.<\/p>\n Actus hominis<\/strong> (h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh<\/strong>) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u01b0 x\u1eed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n c\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft hay t\u1ef1 do trong \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u0111i trong gi\u1ea5c ng\u1ee7, nghi\u1ec7n ng\u1eadp, say r\u01b0\u1ee3u.<\/p>\n V\u1eady h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edt khi r\u01a1i h\u1eb3n v\u00e0o lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y hay h\u00e0nh vi kia, b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ta c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n hay c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i actus humanus v\u00e0 actus hominis l\u00e0 hai \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ta c\u1ea7n bao nhi\u00eau \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh? C\u00e1i g\u00ec h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 t\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o ta ph\u1ea3i bu\u1ed9c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do?<\/p>\n Aristote \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y h\u00e0ng m\u1ea5y tr\u0103m n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t (a) h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 (b) h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n (x. Nichomachaen Ethics<\/em>, Book 3). H\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 tri v\u00e0 (hay) d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri n\u00e0y c\u00f3 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ta? Th\u1ebf l\u00e0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u1edbi, t\u1eeb tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u1ea1i chen ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb kh\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 ngh\u0129a th\u00eam: t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3, t\u00ednh ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, t\u00ednh c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00fang ta g\u00e2y ra. Aristote l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 tri kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi th\u00e0nh ra kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n. T\u1ea1i sao? C\u00f3 hai lo\u1ea1i v\u00f4 tri: V\u00f4 tri kh\u1ea3 th\u1eafng v\u00e0 V\u00f4 tri b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 th\u1eafng.<\/p>\n B\u00e2y gi\u1edd y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do. N\u1ebfu do c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf ho\u1eb7c b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c, li\u1ec7u ta c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a? Aristote \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t hay v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean t\u00e0u. Do b\u00e3o to, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng s\u00f3t l\u00e0 n\u00e9m nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh r\u1eb1ng: c\u01a1n b\u00e3o \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c tay t\u00f4i x\u00f4 v\u1ee9t nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec7n h\u00e0ng \u1ea5y xu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n do b\u1ecb b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c, hay l\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1eabu ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh bu\u1ed9c t\u00f4i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a v\u1eabn l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i? Aristote k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi xem ra b\u1ecb b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 do v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ec9 khi n\u00e0o nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ph\u00e1t sinh ra n\u00f3 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ebf (N.E. 3.1).<\/p>\n I. Y\u1ebeU T\u1ed0 QUY\u1ebeT \u0110\u1ecaNH LU\u00c2N L\u00dd<\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00e1c Nh\u00e2n Lu\u00e2n L\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n Th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p b\u00e0 Bergmeier l\u00e0m d\u1eady l\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u00e0nh vi d\u1ef1a theo lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec? Ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u00e2y gi\u1edd l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 [the intention of the agent] th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi, th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 [the act itself] v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e2y quanh [circumstances surrounding the act].<\/p>\n V\u00ed d\u1ee5 sau \u0111\u00e2y s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a. C\u00f3 hai ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ed1ng bongo v\u1edbi hai l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi l\u00fd do ch\u01a1i nh\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vui l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ee9 hai v\u1edbi l\u00fd do v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ed1t l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n kinh r\u1ed3i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 v\u1eabn (t\u1ef1 t\u1eed). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 do m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong hai ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u01a1i tr\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i, ch\u01a1i tr\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i l\u1ec5 c\u00f3 \u0110\u1ee9c T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3ng t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a S\u00e0i G\u00f2n. V\u1eady ta c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi (finis operis) ch\u01a1i tr\u1ed1ng, v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng (finis operantis) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vui l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ra b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n, v\u00e0 trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 (trong nh\u00e0 th\u1edd ch\u00ednh t\u00f2a ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed5i h\u00f2a nh\u1ea1c).<\/p>\n Ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ba kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4-ma:<\/p>\n – m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch<\/strong> (\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, nguy\u00ean do, l\u00fd do),<\/p>\n – \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/strong> (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi) v\u00e0<\/p>\n – nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/strong>.<\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, h\u00e3y x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi (th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi). V\u00ed d\u1ee5, b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o. M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do thu\u1eadn l\u00e0m, v\u00e0o l\u00fac n\u00e0y h\u00e3y d\u1eebng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng hay m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n B\u00e2y gi\u1edd, x\u00e9t ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u00f4i c\u1ea7n th\u00eam ti\u1ebfng t\u0103m danh gi\u00e1. V\u1eady ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng ta l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau kh\u00e1c, h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn. V\u1eady ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau? Hai m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch hay hai \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng: cho ti\u1ec1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn danh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau xa. C\u00f2n b\u00e2y gi\u1edd h\u00e3y x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi. C\u00f3 v\u00e0i h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n. V\u00e0i h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t: b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi tr\u1ebb th\u01a1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 trung t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 ng\u1ed3i, \u0111i, \u0111\u1ee9ng, v.v… H\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 malum in se, [intrinsically evil] t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea5u. Ta c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 trong T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Veritatis Splendor s\u1ed1 80.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, x\u00e9t theo ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang (x\u00e9t theo b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi), ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, ph\u00e1 thai, b\u1eaft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 c\u1edb, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t qua nh\u1eefng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 t\u00f4i b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee9a tr\u1ebb \u0111\u1ec3 mong gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t cho 6 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i \u0111ang b\u1ecb giam gi\u1eef.<\/p>\n D\u1eabu h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 b\u1ed1 th\u00ed c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u kh\u00e1c; v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trung t\u00ednh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ra t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c x\u1ea5u, khi l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, v\u00ed du: n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n nh\u1ea3m l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n chia tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng k\u1ecbp u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c khi\u1ebfn g\u00e2y cho ng\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00e0y ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n T\u1edbi l\u00fac n\u00e0y ta m\u1edbi x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng hay nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129, c\u00f2n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111an d\u1ec7t quanh h\u00e0nh vi th\u00ec sao? Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cic\u00e9ron li\u1ec7t k\u00ea khi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 Aristote: ai? \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec? \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u? v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0o? t\u1ea1i sao? th\u1ebf n\u00e0o? v\u00e0 khi n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec: ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi;<\/p>\n T\u1ea1i sao: ch\u1ec9 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hay \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c sai. Ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1t, x\u1ea5u ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh khi\u1ebfn cho h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t, x\u1ea5u, x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n Ta th\u1eed n\u00eau l\u00ean v\u00e0i v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n B\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o (trung t\u00ednh) m\u1ed9t b\u00e3i m\u00ecn (ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u1ea5u). B\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i (trung t\u00ednh) nh\u01b0 \u0111i d\u1ea1o (ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh trung t\u00ednh).<\/p>\n Gi\u1ebft (x\u1ea5u) m\u1ed9t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i [t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 x\u1ea5u] nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y h\u1ea1 s\u00e1t ch\u00ednh cha ho\u1eb7c m\u1eb9 (ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh) c\u1ee7a h\u1eafn th\u00ec t\u1ed9i \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng x\u1ea5u xa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng gh\u00ea t\u1edfm h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 kinh vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean h\u1ed3i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh, ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1:<\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0: n\u1ebfu c\u1ea3 ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t th\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 k\u1ec3 tr\u00ean l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u th\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u.<\/a>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n II. NH\u00c2N V\u1eca<\/strong><\/p>\n M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n khai v\u00e0 canh t\u00e2n m\u00f4n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch x\u1eed s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. Ta th\u1ea5y trong Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf “Vui m\u1eebng v\u00e0 hy v\u1ecdng \u2013 Gaudium et spes” s\u1ed1 51, khi c\u00e1c Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u1ee5 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n: “khi ph\u1ea3i dung h\u00f2a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c sinh con c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd do, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1ch quan r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy tr\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n cho nhau v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.\u201d<\/p>\n Trong b\u1ea3n ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ta th\u1ea5y:<\/p>\n 1) Theo c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3, m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n cho c\u1ea3 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n 2) \u0110i\u1ec1u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 “h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t xem m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 x\u1ee9ng hay kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p theo lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hay kh\u00f4ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n V\u1eady \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm cho ra khi xem x\u00e9t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi? Sau \u0111\u00e2y th\u1eed ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o v\u00e0i n\u00e9t quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Louis Janssens:<\/p>\n m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng trong nh\u1eefng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n 1. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt, h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c, h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a, khi kh\u00f4ng ai b\u1ecb tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u1eadt h\u00f3a, b\u1ecb s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u01b0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i hay h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn cho th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong nh\u1eefng l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m khoa h\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. T\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 y khoa c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p d\u00f9ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00e1c thai nhi l\u00e0m m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n 2. Th\u1ef1c-th\u1ec3-mang-th\u00e2n-x\u00e1c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n, t\u1eeb th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m linh. Th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. R\u1ed3i c\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ch\u0103m s\u00f3c th\u00e2n x\u00e1c sao cho v\u1eb9n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. H\u00e3y xem \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n sinh l\u00fd, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, v.v\u2026<\/p>\n 3. S\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi: b\u1edfi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00f3t mang th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, n\u00ean ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ta. Ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i duy nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c. Khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec1 cao vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng d\u00e1ng v\u1ebb kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng: th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, chi\u00eam nghi\u1ec7m l\u00fd l\u1ebd s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi khoa \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n 4. Trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan li\u00ean v\u1ecb [interpersonal being], ch\u00fang ta tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, qua vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c [we become who we are in and through others]. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ecdi ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng. V\u00ed du: t\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng xi\u1ebft bao trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Richard de St Victor ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: “T\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ea7n chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u00edch k\u1ef7, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ghen tu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 h\u00e3i s\u1ee3”. Quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed, v\u1edbi \u00fd ch\u00ed, c\u1ea3m t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng cho nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt sinh s\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o. T\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 tinh \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m (In Vitro Fertilization).<\/p>\n 5. Chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb cho th\u1ea5y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (x. Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng & Hy V\u1ecdng, s\u1ed1 30). C\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft xem x\u00e9t, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf v\u1ed1n d\u0129 thi\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u00edch chung.<\/p>\n 6. Nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2026 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eafm trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Th\u00e1nh Kinh x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 cao qu\u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c. X\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n, ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i [Tam V\u1ecb]. Th\u00e1nh \u00c2u-tinh s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, \u0111\u00f2i c\u00f3 3 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1: ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u00eau (amans), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau (quod amatur) v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft (amor). Ch\u00faa Cha, Ch\u00faa Con v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch T\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y soi s\u00e1ng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u cho \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n; lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e0 khi bi\u1ebft cho c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n 7. \u0110\u1eddi m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111an xen c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3, kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i; v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 h\u1ed3n nhi\u00ean ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed1n th\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, ch\u1eefng ch\u1ea1c l\u00ean, r\u1ed3i mai m\u1ed9t, th\u00ec n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00e0i tr\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u00f4n ngoan nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u0169ng th\u1ebf. L\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 ta bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay c\u1ed1 qu\u00ean, b\u1edfi ta \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 v\u1ed9i v\u00e0ng k\u1ebft \u00e1n nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i tr\u00ed m\u1edbi, d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng qu\u00ean tu\u1ed1t s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng tu\u1ec7 x\u01b0a c\u0169. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea1o h\u00e0nh, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb v.v\u2026 \u00dd th\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ed5i thay. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u1ebf ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 quy n\u1ea1p h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i suy khi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n 8. Nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m: C\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a ‘c\u00e1i-g\u00ec-kh\u00f4ng-th\u1ec3-hi\u1ec3u-\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c’ ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3, v\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y kia n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch. C\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf phong ph\u00fa l\u1eabn ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng sao m\u00e0 d\u00f2 cho th\u1ea5u. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ngay t\u1ef1 thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Th\u00e1nh Ephraim vi\u1ebft: “V\u1eady ai c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 n\u00f3?” Th\u00e1nh Maximum hi\u1ec3n tu l\u1ea1i vi\u1ebft: “T\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh”. Ri\u00eang Th\u00e1nh \u00c2u-Tinh th\u00ec ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: “M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u k\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh linh h\u1ed3n \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ai kh\u00e1c, d\u1eabu v\u1eady v\u1eabn c\u00f3 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh linh h\u1ed3n c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng bi\u1ebft” (St Augustin, Confession \u2013 S\u00e1ch T\u1ef1 th\u00fa).<\/p>\n 9. T\u00ednh b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t cho th\u1ea5y t\u1ea1i sao c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n 10. Nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u00ecm \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eddi m\u00ecnh qua \u00fd th\u1ee9c chung, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, khoa h\u1ecdc, ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n —————————————————————-<\/p>\n (Tr\u00edch s\u00e1ch: Linh m\u1ee5c Ph\u00ear\u00f4 Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng, <\/em><\/strong>Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi<\/em><\/strong><\/a>, NXB T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3: Nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh).<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n —————————————–<\/p>\n <\/a>[1]<\/strong><\/a> Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologica<\/em> I-II, 18, 4.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang ho\u1eb7c sai c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec ta c\u1ea7n n\u00eau l\u00ean c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi c\u00e1i […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":21331,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[87,31],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-23217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lm-tran-manh-hung","category-luan-ly"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23217","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23217"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23217\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23218,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23217\/revisions\/23218"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21331"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23217"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23217"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
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