{"id":23670,"date":"2023-03-21T14:51:33","date_gmt":"2023-03-21T07:51:33","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=23670"},"modified":"2023-03-21T14:51:33","modified_gmt":"2023-03-21T07:51:33","slug":"luat-tu-nhien","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/luat-tu-nhien\/","title":{"rendered":"LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN"},"content":{"rendered":"

LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN[1]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1 l\u00e2u r\u1ed3i trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy L\u1ea1p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc. Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Aristote, Rhetoric and Ethics, (Tu T\u1eeb H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc), ta th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 th\u1ee9 lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y \u0111ang \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt do m\u1ed7i c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n l\u1eadp ra v\u00e0 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00e0nh v\u0103n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng th\u00e0nh v\u0103n. Lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. B\u1edfi th\u1ef1c ra, nh\u01b0 t\u1eebng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y t\u00f9y theo c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh hay b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (Aristotle, Rhetoric<\/em>. Bk.1, ch.13, 1373b). <\/p>\n

Cicero \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 “lu\u1eadt tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1eedu v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, do Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0110\u1ebf nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ea7y v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng cai qu\u1ea3n h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1eb7t ra”. (De Republica, bk. III, XXII, 33). D\u1eabu v\u1eady, \u00f4ng ta c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn “l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean”. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i tin r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, trong khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi La m\u00e3 cho l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u1edbn lao h\u01a1n n\u01a1i lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 do v\u1eady lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 s\u1ebd uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n.[2]<\/a> Ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay m\u1ed1i ph\u00e2n chia nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef “lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa qua Th\u00e1nh Kinh. Theo th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh vi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a: l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00e0 trung gian ch\u1ee7 quan duy nh\u1ea5t nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o; lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00ec ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 truy ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0111\u00f3 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n nh\u1eefng qui lu\u1eadt r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean \u1ea5y.[3]<\/a> Nh\u01b0 th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u01b0 g\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o \u0111o\u00e0n R\u00f4ma. Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u201cD\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt M\u00f4-s\u00ea; nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i khi h\u1ecd theo l\u1ebd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Lu\u1eadt d\u1ea1y, th\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt M\u00f4-s\u00ea. H\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m h\u1ecd c\u0169ng ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec h\u1ecd t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n trong l\u00f2ng, khi th\u00ec  cho  m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i, khi th\u00ec cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i<\/em>.\u201d  (Rm 2:14-6).<\/p>\n

V\u1eady \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y “t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Kh\u00f4ng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tri b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng si\u00eau nhi\u00ean;<\/li>\n
  2. Kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn suy ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p, nh\u01b0 trong lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa;<\/li>\n
  3. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Qua nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 li\u00ean  quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00f3i chung; Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1ef1a theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

    L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng r\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, hay l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111ang chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00ec n\u00f3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ai ai c\u0169ng c\u00f3: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n sinh, chung cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/li>\n
    2. Th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ebfn, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f2a chung th\u1ea9m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea1i t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u1ecb do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Ch\u00ednh Ulpian (d.228) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb \u201clu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng danh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n \u1edf b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 [jus civile] v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt mu\u00f4n d\u00e2n [jus gentium] do lu\u1eadt gia Gaius (c.160) \u0111\u00e3 san \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo Ulpian, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (jus naturale) l\u00e0 “lu\u1eadt h\u00e0nh x\u1eed chung cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi sinh v\u1eadt”. Do v\u1eady, \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi Hy l\u1ea1p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean ch\u1ec9 d\u1ea1y cho mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, sao cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u theo ph\u1ea1m vi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed. Ta s\u1ebd m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u00eau b\u1eadt c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

      I. LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN V\u00c0 TR\u1eacT T\u1ef0 THI\u00caN NHI\u00caN <\/strong><\/p>\n

      Theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho ch\u00fang ta. Ta s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c qua vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef (gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng tin li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c v\u1edbi nhau), ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh l\u00fd (gi\u00fap ta l\u01b0u truy\u1ec1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng).  Ta ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed sao cho x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00fang. Tr\u00e1nh \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang. “\u0110\u1eebng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean”.<\/p>\n

      Theo c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y, ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u1eady vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 sai (theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00e1ch quan), v\u00ec n\u00f3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng ban s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng qua h\u00e0nh vi giao h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n l\u00e0m n\u1ed1i d\u00e0i h\u1eadu du\u1ec7. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh hay s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169 \u0111\u00e3 so s\u00e1nh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y (ch\u00fang ta) \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00fang c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang ki\u1ec3u, \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf. Nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i l\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn “nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban” cho b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u1eafm b\u1eaft c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau,  r\u1ed3i m\u1edbi thi h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c “d\u1eef li\u1ec7u” thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf ch\u00fang. Theo s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n cho l\u1eafm, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

      II. LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN V\u00c0 TR\u1eacT T\u1ef0 L\u00dd TR\u00cd<\/strong><\/p>\n

      S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf  \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 suy di\u1ec5n theo nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u kh\u00e1c nhau. Vincent MacNamara m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u sai qu\u1ea5y. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch suy t\u01b0 tr\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. L\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

      Timothy O’Connell n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft nh\u1edd v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.  Ri\u00eang Richard Gula, trong cu\u1ed1n “H\u1ecd n\u00f3i g\u00ec v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”,[4]<\/a> \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”. R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y th\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u00ed, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3m nhi\u1ec7m l\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 l\u00fd hay nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 cung c\u1ea5p d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n\/d\u1eef li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng soi \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy [suy t\u01b0], nh\u1eb1m th\u1ea5u hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng g\u00ec mang l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac cho h\u1ecd v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c.[5]<\/a><\/p>\n

      T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean – theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd – v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt theo ngh\u0129a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh). C\u00e1ch chung, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 lu\u1eadt c\u1eafm r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,  con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec1u hay l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i. (\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 sinh h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang b\u1ecb xem nh\u1eb9). Nh\u1edd xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i m\u1eabu cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t huy \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf.<\/p>\n

      Tri\u1ebft gia Augustine Fagothey nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cM\u1ed7i th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh (m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u1edd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. Lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ra ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u1eadt tr\u00ean, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\u201d[6]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4-ma A-qui-n\u00f4 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o b\u00e0i th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng “thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u1eadt th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh x\u1eed theo l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.” Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng (specific natural law) (x. Summa Theologiae, I-II, q. 94, a. 9). Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng cho r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 chung cho m\u1ecdi lo\u00e0i, c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u n\u00e0y xem lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c lo\u00e0i (generic natural law) (x. S.T, I-II, q. 95, a. 4).<\/p>\n

                Theo quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (order of nature) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng ban tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ra lu\u1eadt \u1ea5y, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u1eb3n v\u00e0 \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed (order of reason) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u00e0y khi gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c. “L\u00fd tr\u00ed bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u2026 do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t khi cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111i ngh\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i v\u01a1\u00ed nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1edfi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gh\u00ea t\u1edfm.” (x. S.T., II-II, q. 154, a. 12)<\/p>\n

      T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f4i tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn Charles Curran k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng “Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd” trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd” c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng:<\/p>\n

      \u201cLu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4-ma, dao \u0111\u1ed9ng tu\u1ef3 l\u00fac gi\u1eefa tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed. Chung chung ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed trong quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. D\u1ea7u v\u1eady, n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd<\/em>.\u201d[7]<\/a>  <\/p>\n

       III. N\u1ed8I DUNG LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN<\/strong><\/p>\n

      Ta d\u1ec5 th\u1eafc m\u1eafc t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ed1n chung cho mu\u00f4n lo\u00e0i. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb mang nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 an sinh cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 cho c\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u00e0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n bao nhi\u00eau th\u00ec d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u00fd tr\u00ed m\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ecb hi\u1ec3u l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. Th\u1eadt ra, c\u00f3 v\u00e0i v\u1ecb theo c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4-ma \u0111\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ra 4 c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, theo l\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n, nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n th\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 suy ra, “\u0110i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n n\u00ean l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 v\u0169, c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh xa” (Do goods and avoid evils). Nh\u1eefng soi d\u1eabn kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 soi d\u1eabn hay nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y.<\/li>\n
      2. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung hay t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t kh\u00e1c th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u01b0 sau: t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n hay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n th\u00e2n x\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng; sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i; quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u0103m lo cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u00e0o m\u00ecnh; t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed9i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch; d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u1edf m\u1ee9c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa qua vi\u1ec7c th\u1edd ph\u01b0\u1ee3ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi; tr\u00e1nh vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung quanh ta.<\/li>\n
      3. \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba, ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n [the morality of mercy killing], vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 tinh nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m, vi\u1ec7c \u0111a th\u00ea [polygamy] v.v\u2026<\/li>\n
      4. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a cho n\u00f3 x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. <\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        IV. NH\u1eeeNG V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 LI\u00caN QUAN \u0110\u1ebeN THUY\u1ebeT LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN. <\/strong><\/p>\n

        \u0110\u00e3 c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft bao ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00eda v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fd tr\u00ed theo th\u1ee9 quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi v\u1ecb h\u00f3a. Karl Marx (1818-1885) nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh ngo\u1ea1i lai \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n ta v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i \u0111\u1eddi ta. Trong khi \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd gia [develomental psychologists] ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu m\u1ef1c n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u01b0\u1ee3t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba d\u01b0, t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c t\u00e2m l\u00fd gia: Jean Piaget, Erik Erikson, Lawrence Kohberg, cho n\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham chi\u1ebfu khi b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh. V\u1eady nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh l\u00e0 g\u00ec?[9]<\/a> Nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng? N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 s\u1eed t\u00ednh, nghi\u00e3 l\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u01a1\u00ed l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u1eady th\u00ec nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i.[10]<\/a> Do v\u1eady m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u1eb1m suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi.[11]<\/a> V\u1eady li\u1ec7u lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1edf ra \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00f4ng? B\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u01b0a h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111ang tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, l\u1ebd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh l\u00e0 “ki\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh” \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tr\u00ean c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 “tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean”, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi t\u1ea1i sao vi\u1ec7c \u1ee9c ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd (physical faculties) c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u sai tr\u00e1i?<\/li>\n
        2. N\u1ebfu ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng: l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u00fd tr\u00ed t\u01b0 duy tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 tr\u00ean kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u1ea5y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng g\u00ec th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, th\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1t, do v\u1eady ta ph\u1ea3i theo nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00fd tr\u00ed ch\u1ec9 cho ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n hay ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p cho ta hay d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y hay b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh n\u00ean c\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh xa. R\u1ed3i ta h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n khi\u1ebfn cho m\u1ecdi d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u1ed1n chung nh\u1ea5t cho h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi? John Finnis trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em>,[12]<\/a> tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1ch x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111eo \u0111u\u1ed5i. Finnis li\u1ec7t k\u00ea b\u1ea3y \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean: cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, tri th\u1ee9c, gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed, c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea9m m\u1ef9, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00ednh hay t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy lu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          H\u00e0nh x\u1eed r\u1eadp theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o tr\u00ean, h\u1ea7u mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o<\/strong>. Ch\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb sau c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y: “\u0111\u1eebng bao gi\u1edd h\u00e0nh x\u1eed tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n \u00edch” \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi tri\u1ebft gia l\u1eabn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9t, khi m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111ang xung kh\u1eafc v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c?<\/strong> T\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n con c\u00e1i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1n, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng<\/strong>. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 sanh con q\u00faa nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ch\u00fang cho c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng, th\u00ec thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng n\u00ean b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t trong hai s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u00edch tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y.<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi c\u00f3 hai s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf xung \u0111\u1ed9t. <\/strong>\u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, ta s\u1ebd d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh nghi\u00e3 v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00e1ch quan duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u1ea5y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu n\u1eefa. Ch\u00ednh m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu n\u00e0y s\u1ebd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n sinh kh\u00e1c nhau. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa hai m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n sinh, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0o c\u1ea7n h\u01a1n cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u1ea5y s\u1ebd th\u1eafng th\u1ebf. Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed7i khi hy sinh m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n sinh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p hy sinh; \u0111\u00f4i khi bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

          V\u00ed d\u1ee5: C\u1ea7n gi\u1eef g\u00ecn s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, \u0111\u1eebng ph\u00ed ph\u1ea1m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n sinh m\u1ea1ng. Nh\u01b0ng khi t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a qu\u1ed1c gia, cho ph\u00e9p hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i chung. V\u00ec trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau hi\u1ec7n sinh, c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean) \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ngo\u1ea1i x\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u0110i\u1ec3m ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/strong> lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo \u201cTr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng khi d\u1ea1y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh<\/strong>, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00e1c Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Casti connubii,[13]<\/a> Humanae Vitae (1968) v\u00e0 Humana Persona (1975). C\u00e1ch<\/strong> gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo<\/strong> \u201cTr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/strong> \u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/strong>, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 Rerum Novarum (1891), Pacem in terris (1963), Gaudium et Spes (1965), Populorum Progressio (1967). T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: \u00edt ra l\u00e0 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai l\u1ed1i ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. V\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hai c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec h\u1eb3n nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 hai h\u1eadu k\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau<\/strong>. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 th\u00eam l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201clu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d th\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u1ed5i v\u01b0\u1ee3t h\u01a1n l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo c\u00e1c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, khi truy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u201clu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed,\u201d do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed \u01b0u th\u1ebf h\u01a1n, khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, h\u1ea7u x\u00e2y m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh b\u00e1c \u00e1i.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m hay suy \u0111o\u00e1n ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1i k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1t cho con c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u00f3i ri\u00eang, v\u00e0 cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00f3i chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o l\u1eabn c\u00e1c anh em t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

             <\/p>\n

            Linh m\u1ee5c Ph\u00ear\u00f4 Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

            Copyright\u00a9t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1eef b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n 2023.<\/strong><\/p>\n

            ————————————————————–<\/p>\n

            LI\u00caN H\u1ec6 NH\u00c0 S\u00c1CH \u0110\u1ee8C B\u00c0 HO\u00c0 B\u00ccNH<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ecba ch\u1ec9: S\u1ed1 1 C\u00f4ng X\u00e3 Paris,
            \nPh\u01b0\u1eddng B\u1ebfn Ngh\u00e9, Qu\u1eadn 1, S\u00e0i G\u00f2n
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            ——————————————————————–<\/p>\n

            [1]<\/a> . Xem Lm Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng,  Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi<\/em> (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i NXB T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, 2004 v\u00e0 t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 2012), Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 6.<\/p>\n

            https:\/\/ducbahoabinhbooks-osp.com\/luan-ly\/than-hoc-luan-ly-mot-cai-nhin-moi\/<\/a><\/p>\n

            [2]<\/a> . Xem Timothy O’Connell, Principles for a Catholic Morality<\/em> (New York: Seabury Press, 1976), ch.13.<\/p>\n

            [3]<\/a> . Ngo\u00e0i ra ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 Lu\u1eadt m\u1eb7c kha\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong Kinh Th\u00e1nh, t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n. Lu\u1eadt m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “Lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh” c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh”, v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra do \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7y uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a T.C, khi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u01a1\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i. V\u00e0 th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f2n c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadt). Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3n c\u1ea5m gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp (x. Peschke, Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc Lu\u00e2n L\u00fd T\u1ed5ng Qu\u00e1t<\/em>, t\u1eadp I, trang 166-7).<\/p>\n

            [4]<\/a> . Richard Gula, What Are They Saying about Moral Norms<\/em> (New York: Paulist Press, 1982).<\/p>\n

            [5]<\/a> . It is clear that in this interpretation of the natural law, reason<\/strong>, not the physical structure of human faculties taken by themselves becomes the standard of natural law.<\/p>\n

            [6]<\/a> . A. Fagothey, Right and Reason<\/em> (Saint Louis: C.V. Mosby Company, 1967), trg 120.<\/p>\n

            [7]<\/a> .   Charles Curran, Contemporary Problems in Moral Theology<\/em> (Notre Dame: Fides, 1970). \u201cThe Thomistic natural law concept vacillates at times between the order of nature and order of reason. The general Thomistic thrust is toward the predominance of reason in Natural Law theory. However, there is in Thomas a definite tendency to identify the demands of the natural law with physical and biological processes.\u201d           <\/p>\n

            [8]<\/a> . T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng khi ch\u00fang ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf tr\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0a ra. Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, qua m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1eadu thu\u1ea9n v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, khi trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u1edf t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u1ec3 theo phong t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a th\u00ea, hay  vi\u1ec7c em ch\u1ed3ng l\u1ea5y ch\u1ecb d\u00e2u,  v\u00e0 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 cao c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 gi\u1ed1ng n\u00f2i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

            [9]<\/a> . Theo t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfng Vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chung t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0, t\u00ednh qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. T\u00ednh b\u00e1c \u00e1i, T\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e2n t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3. T\u00ednh khoan dung,  \u0111\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v.v\u2026<\/p>\n

            [10]<\/a> . Th\u1ef1c v\u1eady, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c khoa nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Gi\u00fap cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o h\u01a1n, so v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y h\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi… Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u (t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn hay g\u00e2y th\u00f9 o\u00e1n \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c y\u00eau th\u00edch ho\u00e0 b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia).<\/p>\n

            [11]<\/a> . T\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n di chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ed1i t\u00e2n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0y nay. Cho n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c \u0111i l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u00f4i  khi m\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00e1ng hay n\u0103m, tu\u1ef3 theo kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa g\u1ea7n. Nh\u01b0ng nay nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh m\u1edbi la, t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u00e1y vi t\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c  \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean l\u1ea1c v\u1edbi nhau trong t\u00edch t\u1eafc b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u. Nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n tr\u00ean m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi nay \u0111\u00e3 x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi nhau h\u01a1n, do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec1m th\u00f9, k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, \u00f3c v\u1ecb k\u1ef7. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trao \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi l\u1ea1, h\u1ea7u n\u00e2ng cao tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c l\u00e0m \u0103n v\u1edbi nhau, c\u00f9ng nhau ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 an ninh cho c\u1ea3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Con  ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 thu g\u1eafn l\u1ea1i c\u00e1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi, n\u1ebfu \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u00ed \u00edt ra trong c\u00e1i n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau. H\u1ecd b\u1edbt \u0111i t\u00ednh \u00edch k\u1ef7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay \u0111ang ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u, t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf \u0111i\u1ea1 c\u1ea7u \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng s\u1ee9c n\u00f3ng\u2026 hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m m\u00f4i sinh. Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c c\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1t d\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00ed carbonic, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 than \u0111\u00e1. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn l\u00e0 do th\u00e0nh q\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t minh khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 hai m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u00e0y \u0111em l\u1ea1i, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ng\u00e0y nay qua m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh TiVi, ho\u1eb7c qua h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng Internet, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 am t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

            [12]<\/a> . John Finnis,  Natural Law and Natural Rights<\/em> (Oxford: Claredon Press, 1980).<\/p>\n

            [13]<\/a> . Xem th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Casti Connubii c\u1ee7a \u0110.T.C Pio XI, ban h\u00e0nh th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1930, nh\u1eb1m duy tr\u00ec gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai. Mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft th\u00eam chi ti\u1ebft xin \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng, C.Ss.R., \u0110\u1ea1o \u0110\u1ee9c Sinh H\u1ecdc v\u00e0 Nh\u1eefng Th\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ed1 Hi\u1ec7n Nay<\/em> (H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i: Nh\u00e0 Xu\u1ea5t B\u1ea3n T\u00f4n Gi\u00e1o, 2003), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN[1] L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":23672,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,87,31,32,107,97,122],"tags":[73],"class_list":["post-23670","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-lm-tran-manh-hung","category-luan-ly","category-nhan-ban","category-phai-tinh","category-dao-duc-sinh-hoc","category-duc-tin-ly-tri","tag-luat-tu-nhien"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23670","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=23670"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":23673,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/23670\/revisions\/23673"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/23672"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=23670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=23670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=23670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}