{"id":26577,"date":"2023-09-29T10:15:38","date_gmt":"2023-09-29T03:15:38","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=26577"},"modified":"2023-09-29T10:15:38","modified_gmt":"2023-09-29T03:15:38","slug":"chu-nghia-tu-do","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/chu-nghia-tu-do\/","title":{"rendered":"CH\u1ee6 NGH\u0128A T\u1ef0 DO"},"content":{"rendered":"

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 <\/em>t\u1eadp l\u00e0m quen<\/em>, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 <\/em>theo<\/em>, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do, ng\u00e0y nay b\u1ecb th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh, k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u00ec t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi \u2013 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do, v\u00ec d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf \u2013 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp l\u1eabn nhau c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1eeba l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI, trong t\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (OA 1971), r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y. \u201cM\u1ed9t Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y theo \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 Marxist [\u2026], c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do v\u1ed1n tin r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf n\u00f3 kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u00edch th\u00edch n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c chuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch coi s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn <\/em>\u200b\u200b<\/em>c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d (OA 26). L\u00fd do cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc: \u201cTrong ch\u00ednh c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn<\/em>.\u201d (OA 35)<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u00e2n danh m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho ph\u00e9p hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do. V\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y n\u1eb1m trong ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t: chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb trong n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do, v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m vi ri\u00eang t\u01b0; chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t; cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Ba l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft: s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp ba chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch (ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, kinh t\u1ebf, v\u0103n h\u00f3a) v\u00e0o vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u0103n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/strong><\/p>\n

Di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng Trung C\u1ed5 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn mang t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac b\u1edfi tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Immortale Dei<\/em> n\u0103m 1885, \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00eao XIII (1878-1903) \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ee5t r\u00e8 \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9t m\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf. C\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Libertas praestantissimum<\/em> n\u0103m 1888 v\u00e0 Sapientiae christianae<\/em> n\u0103m 1890 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ban h\u00e0nh n\u0103m 1892 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p theo n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a. C\u00e1nh c\u1eeda h\u00e9 m\u1edf b\u1edfi Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1888 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n minh b\u1edfi \u201cs\u1ef1 y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ngo\u00e0i mi\u1ec7ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bao dung, m\u00e0 c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4i khi tin r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u1eabn mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng: t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u00f4ng qua Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do, t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n linh c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u00ednh tr\u00ean m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 ra \u0111\u1eddi (Rerum novarum<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, 1891).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI, trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 n\u0103m 1929, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y. L\u00fd do g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra. Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 hai n\u00e0y (Quadragesimo anno<\/em> n\u0103m 1931), \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Calvinist v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n ch\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ecb Emden (1571), \u1edf Frise, \u0110\u1ee9c. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a v\u00e0i n\u0103m sau \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1603 b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt gia Johannes Althaus, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1i t\u00ean Althusius, ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo Tin L\u00e0nh C\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch [1]. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 li\u00ean bang m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t t\u1ef1 do gi\u1eefa ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd k\u00edn m\u00fac th\u00eam t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p t\u1eeb n\u00f3. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1ed1 13, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u00e2n danh Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 quy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n danh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u0103n h\u00f3a tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 trong s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n b\u1edfi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i lan t\u1ecfa v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng truy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis splendor<\/em> (VS, th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1993), \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng b\u1ea5t h\u00f2a n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh. \u201cTrong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 <\/em>t\u00e1n d\u01b0\u01a1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u1ed1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb [\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c]. Ch\u00ednh theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n \u0111ang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i cao trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tu\u00e2n theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng r\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 n\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m. Nh\u01b0ng, theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c, v\u1ec1 \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh\u201d, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 quan tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>\u201d (VS 32).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u0103n h\u00f3a k\u1ebft tinh xung quanh hai quan ni\u1ec7m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb n\u00e0o. Do \u0111\u00f3, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n: ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i. Quan ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. Nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng: \u201cCh\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi \u2018L\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2019, <\/em>chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd [\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh trong v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c]. Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi S\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i cao qua \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thu h\u00fat v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n<\/em>.\u201d (VS 60)<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u00ean \u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd do Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a ra ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Libertas praestantissimum<\/em> n\u0103m 1888 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng (\u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII) \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI c\u00f2n tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng b\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n, trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Non abbiamo bisogno<\/em> ng\u00e0y 29\/6\/1931 l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u00dd. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do T\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in Terris<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n hai n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, trong \u0111\u00f3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy chi\u1ebfu cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean h\u1eadu c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 trung gian c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ea7n linh v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Thomas, v\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 giao cho lu\u1eadt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi vai tr\u00f2 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng: \u201cLu\u1eadt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1eb9p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c; n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng d\u1eb9p nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng chung<\/em>\u201d[2].<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng (Ottaviani, Ruffini, Granados, Lefebvre – Lefebvre \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c ly gi\u00e1o). B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u201cngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng<\/em>\u201d nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao nh\u1ea5t, c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c \u0111oan t\u1ef1 do v\u1ed1n coi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng \u00edt nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong Nh\u1eadt k\u00fd c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/em>, \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Yves Congar, d\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1edbc, gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng sau! Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn John-Henry Newman trong b\u1ee9c th\u01b0 n\u0103m 1875 g\u1eedi C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Norfolk: “L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4<\/em>.”<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1993, \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 t\u1ef1 do b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1edbt l\u1edd s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt. \u201cD\u00f9 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i n\u1eefa, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00f4n n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt: trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ngay th\u1eb3ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m sai l\u1ea7m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7 quan l\u1ea7m t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang. Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m “ch\u1ee7 quan” v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt “kh\u00e1ch quan”, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngay th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m sai l\u1ea7m. \u0110i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n do v\u00f4 tri b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 th\u1eafng ho\u1eb7c do sai l\u1ea7m ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy tr\u00e1ch cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3; nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n so v\u1edbi v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n<\/em>.\u201d (VS 63)<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Cha \u00c9tienne Perrot<\/a> (wikipedia)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nghi ng\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u2013 c\u00f3 sai kh\u00f4ng? – v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 g\u00ec v\u1edbi di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do. T\u1eeb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edf m\u00e0n ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 5 n\u0103m 1891 (Rerum novarum),<\/em> di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi xa ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n mang t\u00ednh \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00eao XIII l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169 v\u1ed1n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i \u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebft nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u201cm\u1edbi\u201d (do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p): b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i t\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u1ee3, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do v\u1eabn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean, c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n, hai giai c\u1ea5p, ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 th\u1ee3 (RN 1, 1), \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng (RN 35, 2). Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng hai giai c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng nhau (RN 15, 1), nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng; v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ec1 nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p (RN 40) \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (RN 41). \u0110i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u1ef1 do. Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n ra r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta tr\u1eeb ra Lamennais, Montalembert v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1eadp trung quanh nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o L’avenir<\/em> (1830-1831) b\u1ecb \u0110\u1ee9c Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 XVI l\u00ean \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c l\u00ean \u00e1n hai th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n: quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1891, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn (RN 3, 4). Trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n theo sau, c\u00e1c s\u1eafc th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. \u201cPh\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t; t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trao quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0ng t\u1ed1t cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII n\u00f3i trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p truy\u1ec1n thanh ng\u00e0y 24 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1942. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII n\u0103m 1961, trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra<\/em>, sau khi nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu (m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 do), \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (MM 113). Tuy nhi\u00ean, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI, kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng h\u1eefu, \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t khi li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n v\u1ed1n mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c trong tay c\u00e1c t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng<\/em>.\u201d (QA 123)<\/p>\n

B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p s\u1ef1 x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1 do, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ec1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c B\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Napol\u00e9on \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp. Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i g\u00e1nh ch\u1ecbu \u201cm\u00f3n n\u1ee3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d v\u1ed1n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Rerum Novarum<\/em> (RN 19; QA 53; MM 30 & MM 119). C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, trong Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et spes<\/em>, t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn: \u201cT\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch chung c\u1ee7a c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i<\/em>.\u201d (GS 71, 5). N\u0103m 1967, \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea5n s\u00e2u chi\u1ebfc \u0111inh ph\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do: \u201cQuy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai<\/em>\u201d (PP 23). V\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981, trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem Exercens<\/em> (LE 14, 3-4), ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a lao \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ean t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y s\u1ef1 tham gia, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u1ea3 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c trong c\u00f4ng ty. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m suy y\u1ebfu quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed5 \u0111\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (1931) theo t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d. Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c chia s\u1ebb quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, r\u1ee7i ro v\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch: \u201cCh\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00eau l\u00ean sai l\u1ea7m s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i thay th\u1ebf n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; khi n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, h\u1ecd \u0111ang x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u1eadp trung l\u00e2u d\u00e0i v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh n\u00f3 theo c\u00f4ng l\u00fd (RN 12). Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.\u201d (QA 71, xem th\u00eam ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m sau MM 31). Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y, vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh chung, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong mu\u1ed1n, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m .<\/p>\n

Nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 hai ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng, tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c qu\u00e1 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c cho ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i quy t\u1eafc s\u1edf th\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ngay t\u1eeb Rerum Novarum<\/em>. \u00cdt nh\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean k\u00fd k\u1ebft m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u00f3 th\u00ec th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i trong Populorum Progressio<\/em> n\u0103m 1967 (PP 58). Ghi nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Caritas in veritate<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI n\u0103m 2009 (CV 35). Gi\u1eefa hai Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus annus<\/em> (1991) \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u00ecnh th\u1ebf ti\u1ebfn tho\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1ng nan: \u201cD\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0, trong m\u1ed7i qu\u1ed1c gia c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong quan h\u1ec7 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c [ng\u1ee5 \u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t] v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho nhu c\u1ea7u \u201ckh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chi tr\u1ea3\u201d v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c mua<\/em>.\u201d (CA 34)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI trong Caritas in veritate<\/em> (2009) nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do. Th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi l\u00f4g\u00edc th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i: ngo\u00e0i n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, tr\u1edf n\u00ean tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n do \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0o c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1edbn trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m t\u1edbi, \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi. M\u1edf r\u1ed9ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI m\u1edf ra trong Populorum Progressio<\/em> n\u0103m 1967 (v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay kinh t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n), \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do v\u1ed1n g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u201cv\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n<\/em>\u201d. (CV 47)<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Caritas in veritate<\/em> qu\u00e1 nhanh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m lu m\u1edd c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1edbi m\u1ebb m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI d\u00e0nh \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cho s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi: \u201cLi\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>\u201d (CV 38). Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nan gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI l\u00ean \u00e1n s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y do \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do t\u1ea1o ra gi\u1eefa s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i: \u201cT\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh t\u1ebf, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ea1o ra c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, nh\u1eb1m t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng l\u00fd th\u00f4ng qua t\u00e1i ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng<\/em>.\u201d (CV 36)<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n sinh th\u00e1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laudato Si<\/em> (LS) c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4, n\u0103m 2015, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n v\u0103n sinh th\u00e1i c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t: \u201cDo \u0111\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>\u201d (LS 56). M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cng\u00f4i nh\u00e0 chung\u201d kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng tr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ed1n giao ph\u00f3 cho m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (LS 195). \u201cM\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh quan ni\u1ec7m ma thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng khi\u1ebfn ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u0103ng l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n<\/em>\u201d (LS 190). T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, khai th\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (LS 191). \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n sinh th\u00e1i to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c : \u201cChi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c mua v\u00e0 b\u00e1n ‘t\u00edn ch\u1ec9 carbon’ [trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed th\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i b\u00e1n “quy\u1ec1n g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m” cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed cao h\u01a1n] c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u c\u01a1 m\u1edbi, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e1t th\u1ea3i kh\u00ed g\u00e2y \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m<\/em>.\u201d (LS 171).<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong kh\u00f4ng gian ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, n\u01a1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang m\u1eafc m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 sinh th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00e3 t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi: x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa th\u00eam ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>, di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0m \u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n<\/strong>. Do \u0111\u00f3, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u1eed tri v\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n chung. Suy t\u01b0 n\u00e0y s\u1ebd tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn gi\u1eefa l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung (int\u00e9r\u00eat g\u00e9n\u00e9ral) v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch (bien commun), m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb,. Nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc) \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u00edch (CV 38). V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng \u00edch th\u00f4ng qua l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u0103n h\u00f3a<\/em>, di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt<\/strong>. Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do c\u1ef1c \u0111oan mang \u00e2m h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn, v\u1edbi c\u00e2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis splendor<\/em> r\u1eb1ng \u201cCh\u00faa Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c soi s\u00e1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n danh c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec7n th\u00e2n b\u1edfi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng<\/em>\u201d v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/em>\u201d (Ga 14, 6). Do \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nh\u1ed1t k\u00edn trong ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1ng k\u00ednh. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u201cngay th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng<\/em>\u201d g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n v\u00e0o s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u00e0y, khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebft th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f4i khi ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf<\/em>, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 tho\u00e1ng th\u1ea5y trong Centesimus annus<\/em> n\u0103m 1991, l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c (t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t): \u201cN\u1ebfu ng\u00e0y x\u01b0a y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu sau n\u00e0y l\u00e0 v\u1ed1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tri th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong tri th\u1ee9c khoa h\u1ecdc, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u00e0 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>.\u201d (CA 32)<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111ang \u0111\u1eafm m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ty. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1ed1n c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a v\u1ed1n v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh (v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean b\u1eb1ng s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf, b\u00ed quy\u1ebft, vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a doanh nghi\u1ec7p, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u). S\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y (m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Thi\u1ec7n Ch\u00ed) th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng lu\u00f4n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n r\u1ee7i ro v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eafm ch\u00ecm trong s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf tri th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng r\u1ee7i ro, c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laudato Si<\/em> b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a ra nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i: \u201cNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00edt ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i.<\/em>\u201d (LS 184). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m m\u00e0 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng r\u1ee7i ro chung ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f2n h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 h\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u00c9tienne Perrot, s.j., nh\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf h\u1ecdc<\/em><\/p>\n

————————————————————<\/p>\n

[1] Althusius<\/strong>, (1603) Politica methodica digesta atque exemplis sacris et profanis illustrata<\/em>, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1610 r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1614.<\/p>\n

[2] St Thomas d\u2019Aquin<\/strong>, Somme th\u00e9ologique<\/em>, IIa IIae quest. 77 art. 1, ad 1<\/p>\n

—————————————————–<\/p>\n

T\u00fd Linh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n

(ngu\u1ed3n: CERAS<\/a> )<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp l\u00e0m quen, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00e0 theo, n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do. Vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":26580,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,31,8,48],"tags":[84,142,82,137],"class_list":["post-26577","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-luan-ly","category-the-gioi","category-ty-linh","tag-giao-hoi-nha-nuoc","tag-moi-truong","tag-nhan-quyen","tag-phanxico-i"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26577","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=26577"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26577\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":26581,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/26577\/revisions\/26581"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/26580"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=26577"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=26577"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=26577"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}