{"id":3095,"date":"2013-08-10T08:08:05","date_gmt":"2013-08-10T01:08:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=3095"},"modified":"2013-08-23T07:34:19","modified_gmt":"2013-08-23T00:34:19","slug":"tin-dong-tac-phat-tu-con-tim-8","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/tin-dong-tac-phat-tu-con-tim-8\/","title":{"rendered":"TIN, \u0110\u1ed8NG T\u00c1C PH\u00c1T T\u1eea CON TIM (8)"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Tin, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t t\u1ef1 con tim:<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

(b\u00e0i 8)<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n I <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

(ti\u1ebfp theo)<\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u1ecdc h\u1ecfi ni\u1ec1m tin qua cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Nay h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng: \u0111\u1eb1ng sau m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1eady th\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin?<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb1ng sau s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, th\u00ec \u201cni\u1ec1m tin th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh\u201d, t\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?<\/p>\n

\u00a0Theo t\u00f4i, nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ea3i-nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin, kh\u00e1 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c \u0110\u1ea5ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai nh\u00e2n-lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ee9c: con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn tin v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng; ho\u1eb7c tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u00fd l\u1ebd\/l\u00fd s\u1ef1 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh-tr\u1ecb-gia ra tay h\u00e0nh-\u0111\u1ed9ng; ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng tin m\u1ed9t ai, th\u00ec h\u1ecd c\u0169ng s\u1ebd tin v\u00e0o t\u00e0i-n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ta th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n r\u1ee1 b\u1ecf kinh-nghi\u1ec7m t\u1eebng tr\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d theo cung c\u00e1ch \u201cc\u1ed5-x\u01b0a\u201d ho\u1eb7c c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t m\u1edbi c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1ebf. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d \u0111\u1ecbnh ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn ta tin; ho\u1eb7c do l\u1eddi l\u1ebd di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i \u00fd nh\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ta tin, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3; c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0o \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d tin, t\u1ee9c: nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khoa h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch; ho\u1eb7c ch\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c do t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, khi ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y theo ki\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3o: kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2u! \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 y\u1ebfu-t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec7-tam-nh\u00e2n d\u00ednh d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o. V\u00e0, c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng n\u1ed1i-k\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0o v\u1edbi \u201cth\u1ef1c-t\u1ea1i\u201d ni\u1ec1m tin, h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: ta tin v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt. B\u1edfi, \u201ctin\u201d l\u00e0 tin v\u00e0o con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1ea5ng ta tin, ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1ch th\u1ea5u \u0111\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, m\u1ecdi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i b\u1ecb ni\u1ec1m tin xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf. Kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ta, v\u1eabn mu\u1ed1n \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1, nay b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n do c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ta kh\u00f4ng \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3-n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft, ho\u1eb7c v\u00ec v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t, ho\u1eb7c do ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ban \u0111\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec7-tam-nh\u00e2n, b\u1edfi kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n-di\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 thay th\u1ebf. Gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft g\u00ec th\u00ec \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d \u1ea5y c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u201cd\u0129 v\u00e3ng\u201d. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng\/tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng ra kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ki\u1ebfm t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p kh\u00e1 tr\u1ecdn h\u1ea3o. Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1, ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tin, l\u00e0 cung c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ef1c thi; l\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7-thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. L\u00e0, s\u1ed1ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i kh\u00f4n ngoan\/kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi. Ni\u1ec1m tin, khi\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn-h\u1eefu c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn hi\u1ec7u l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu. N\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn cho ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00edch-th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng d\u1ea1y ta tin<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn cho t\u00ednh m\u1ecfng d\u00f2n\/d\u1ec5 v\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin th\u00e0nh chuy\u1ec7n d\u0129 v\u00e3ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i-h\u00ecnh k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi c\u00f3 ho\u00e1n-chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1eefa t\u00edn-nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh \u201cm\u1ecfng d\u00f2n\u201d v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 \u0111oan-ch\u1eafc v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, th\u00f4i. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb \u201cqua m\u1eb7t\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cl\u01b0\u1edbt th\u1eafng\u201d. N\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c k\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u tra\/truy t\u1ea7m, ho\u1eb7c ng\u1eabm ngh\u0129.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u0169ng t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 \u201ctr\u00f2 ch\u01a1i\u201d, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 sai s\u00f3t, l\u1ee1 h\u1ee5t v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e0nh-t\u1ef1u, th\u1eafng cu\u1ed9c sao \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edd. Khi ta kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn v\u1ec1 nhi\u1ec1u \u201cs\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00fac ta tin v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng Duy Nh\u1ea5t \u2013d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf-\u00a0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ta tin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m khi th\u00ec l\u00ean cao l\u00fac l\u1ea1i xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5p. Tin, ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m; v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng. Tin li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. Khi x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n c\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec7n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00f4i ngh\u0129, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eabn xa r\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 khi h\u1ecd th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3i qua th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00ed \u00edt, l\u00e0 v\u00e0o l\u00fac m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cth\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1edbi\u201d Ch\u00faa g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng v\u00e1c th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ai kh\u00e1c. Trong kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc v\u00e1c th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u00ecm ra gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft v\u00e1c mang n\u00f3, th\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0: tin v\u00e0o \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng\u201d n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o m\u1ecdi l\u00fac. \u0110\u00f3 l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn c\u1ed9ng-\u0111o\u00e0n k\u1ebb tin v\u1eabn c\u1ee9 tin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00e1ch hay nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3. Truy\u1ec7n, k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh nhi\u1ec7m-m\u1ea7u, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u ho\u1eb7c b\u00ed \u1ea9n h\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u1ea3n kh\u00fac thi-ca, t\u1ee9c: th\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef n\u00e0o m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng s\u1edf h\u1eefu, n\u1eafm ch\u1eafc. T\u1ee9c: ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i theo, ho\u1eb7c th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh tho\u1ea3i m\u00e1i h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn. C\u00e1c truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n khi k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 Ng\u00e0i g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i Ph\u1ee5c Sinh quang vinh, t\u1ee9c: nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ta, cho ta. \u0110\u00f3, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do khi\u1ebfn ta l\u1ea1i h\u1ecfi: l\u00e0m sao nh\u1eefng truy\u1ec7n k\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 truy\u1ec7n th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u201cc\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng tin\u201d l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c?<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u1ede \u0111\u1ed9ng-t\u00e1c \u201ctin\u201d, v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ee7 thu\u1eadt \u201cgi\u1ea3 kim lo\u1ea1i\u201d t\u1eebng l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c tin nh\u01b0 th\u1eadt, l\u1ea1i bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201ctin\u201d khi\u1ebfn ta v\u01b0\u1ee3t kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c h\u1eefu. Th\u1ee9 kinh nghi\u1ec7m di\u1ec5n b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i di\u1ec5n tr\u00ecnh kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng tin \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, l\u00fd l\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Cao C\u1ea3 th\u00e0nh l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng cho t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n \u0110\u1ea5t Ch\u00faa h\u1ee9a ban cho d\u00e2n con c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u0169ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hay, \u0111\u1ec3 ta th\u1ea5y: kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec sai tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin ta \u0111ang d\u00e0nh ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c. B\u1edfi, bao gi\u1edd ta c\u0169ng mu\u1ed1n cam \u0111oan v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5ng th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u00f4ma c\u1ee9ng l\u00f2ng tin\u201d \u0111ang c\u00f3 b\u00ean trong ta m\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ta c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft: ai \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ngang qua giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t m\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tin Ch\u00faa: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>L\u00e2u nay, ta v\u1eabn quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed9ng-t\u00e1c \u201ctin\u201d Ch\u00faa theo l\u1ed1i tr\u00ean. Khi \u0110\u1ee9c-Ch\u00faa-l\u00e0-S\u1ef1-Th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh \u1edf tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ta, th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 Ch\u00faa \u0111ang ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ec3 ta hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch t\u01b0 ri\u00eang, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t. L\u1eddi ch\u1ee9ng \u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ta, v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u201ctin\u201d m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh. \u0110\u00f3, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn cho \u0111\u1ed9ng-t\u00e1c \u201ctin\u201d Ch\u00faa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ta ch\u1eb3ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: vi\u1ec7c \u1ea5y c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1c-\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u00e2n-hu\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn-l\u00e3nh, \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n huy\u1ec1n b\u00ed, kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u. L\u00e0, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i si\u00eau-nhi\u00ean \u1edf ph\u1ea7n s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m trong t\u00e2m can c\u1ee7a ta. L\u00e0, tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa qua \u0111\u00f3, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa bi\u1ebft Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Thi\u00ean-Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa cho ta. B\u1edfi, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng n\u00e0o. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng th\u00ec, ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi m\u1eddi gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o v\u1edbi \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf; v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d \u1ea5y tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u1eadt s\u1edf-h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a ta. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cM\u1ed1i Ph\u00fac Th\u1eadt\u201d. Th\u1eadt, \u1edf ch\u1ed7: \u201cPh\u00fac H\u1ea1nh\u201d c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed1i \u201cPh\u00fac th\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a ta, cho ta. \u0110\u00f3, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn hay g\u1ecdi b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean g\u1ecdi r\u1ea5t \u201cthi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d. \u1ede th\u1ebf gian, ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0 s\u1ebb san \u201cph\u00fac th\u1eadt\u201d \u1ea5y nh\u1edd cung c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u201cni\u1ec1m tin\u201d. Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi ta nh\u01b0 Nh\u00e2n Ch\u1ee9ng. Tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ta tin c\u00f3 Ch\u00faa, c\u00f3 S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh nh\u1edd l\u00fd l\u1ebd\/l\u00fd s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa, t\u1ee9c: nh\u1edd S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa. L\u00e0, S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa, Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eb7ng ban cho ta. \u0110\u00f3, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 b\u00ean ti\u1ebfng La-tinh th\u01b0\u1eddng hay bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u201cCredit Deum, credit Deo\u201d <\/em>(t\u1ee9c: \u201cTin Ch\u00faa, t\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa.\u201d<\/em>) <\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i th\u00eam m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u, r\u1eb1ng: \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf g\u00e1nh v\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00fd-ch\u00ed c\u1ee9 kh\u00e1t khao mu\u1ed1n k\u00e9o d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ee3i ch\u1edd vi\u1ec7c \u201ctin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa\u201d (Credit in Deum). <\/em>Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a \u00fd-ch\u00ed n\u01a1i ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng-th\u00e1i r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do. N\u00f3 t\u1ef1-do, ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u quy\u1ebft-\u0111\u1ecbnh \u201ctin\u201d. N\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, nh\u1eb1m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hoa qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00e2n hu\u1ec7. \u00c2n-hu\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Summa Theologica <\/em>c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Akin\u00f4, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f4i gi\u00f2ng ch\u1eef La tinh vi\u1ebft nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cIpsum autem credere est actus intellectus assentientis Veritati Divinae ex imperio voluntatis a Deo motae per gratiam\u201d<\/em>, <\/em>t\u1ee9c: \u201c\u0110\u1ed9ng-t\u00e1c tin\u201d, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng-th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3ng-thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi S\u1ef1 Th\u1eadt th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh theo l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd-ch\u00ed do Ch\u00faa \u0111i\u1ec1u-\u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng \u00e2n-hu\u1ec7.\u201d (x. Aquinas 2a 2ae, Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 \u0111o\u1ea1n 9)<\/p>\n

\u00a0X\u00e1c-quy\u1ebft tr\u00ean mang t\u00ednh c\u00f4ng khai, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 cung-c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng g\u00ec x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i mu\u1ed1n ghi th\u00eam ng\u00f4n-t\u1eeb mang t\u00ednh-ch\u1ea5t ri\u00eang-t\u01b0\/c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Nh\u00e2n-Ch\u1ee9ng cho t\u00ednh x\u00e1c-th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean-Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 do Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m-x\u00fac g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u00f3 quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa qua ni\u1ec1m tin th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, Ch\u00faa tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi B\u1ea3n Ng\u00e3 th\u00e1nh-thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng-y\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn-l\u00e3nh, t\u1ee9c: k\u1ebb tin; \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ctin t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng: ta \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 C\u1ea3 Tin c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u201ctin\u201d v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng-y\u00eau hi\u1ec7n-h\u1eefu \u0111\u1eb1ng sau vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i, d\u00f9 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng-y\u00eau ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u201cni\u1ec1m tin\u201d th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng-th\u00e1i Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed v\u1edbi ta nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u00f3, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Akin\u00f4, t\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 khi th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng-t\u1eeb \u201cth\u1ea5y\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa tho\u00e1t ra ngo\u00e0i, \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, nh\u01b0 h\u1ec7-qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa do Thi\u00ean-Ch\u00faa-l\u00e0-Cha sai ph\u00e1i Con Ng\u00e0i (nh\u01b0 \u201cL\u1eddi\u201d) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Th\u1ea7n Kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 T\u00ecnh Y\u00eau c\u00f3 s\u1ebb san.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ea5ng khi\u1ebfn ta c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng
\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng: h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1t khao t\u1eeb n\u01a1i Ch\u00faa ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n. V\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf, Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n g\u0169i Ng\u00e0i, m\u00e3i m\u00e3i. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u00f3 tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7; n\u00ean, do vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee9c: Ng\u00e0i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d c\u00f3 tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7 h\u1eb3n m\u1edbi \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ng\u00e0i. V\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebft\u201d Ng\u00e0i h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Ni\u1ec1m tin, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp theo c\u00e1ch t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n. Xem th\u1ebf th\u00ec, ni\u1ec1m tin kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng-t\u00e1c-\u0111\u1ea7y-s\u00e1ng-t\u1ea1o s\u1ebd b\u1ecb xo\u00e1 b\u1ecf, v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, do b\u1edfi v\u00e0 \u1edf trong th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u00fac th\u1eadt\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft ra \u0111i v\u00e0o v\u1edbi c\u00f5i ch\u1ebft. \u0110\u00f3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n, nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa, r\u1ed3i c\u00f2n h\u1ecfi: sao Ch\u00faa l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n cho ta, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y? L\u00fac n\u00e0y? Th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o-d\u1ef1ng. V\u00e0, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00f4-t\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n ra sao. B\u1edfi, v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u-ki\u1ec7n th\u1ebf tr\u1ea7n, th\u00ec \u201cni\u1ec1m tin\u201d l\u00e0 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn gi\u00fap ta \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean-ch\u1ee9c l\u00e0m \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa cho g\u1ea7n c\u1eadn. C\u00f3 th\u1ebf, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. \u201cHi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n di\u1ec5n-ti\u1ebfn qua c\u00e1c ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 sau; \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i, khi \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf t\u00ednh-ch\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n-c\u1eadn khi\u1ebfn ta \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, th\u00ec th\u1ecb-khi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 \u201cm\u1ed1i ph\u00fac th\u1eadt\u201d s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee7y b\u1ecf ni\u1ec1m tin ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o ng\u00f5 h\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin. \u0110\u00f3, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp \/sung m\u00e3n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 trong ni\u1ec1m tin, do b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7-nh\u01b0ng-h\u1ea1n-ch\u1ebf n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ra. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Akin\u00f4 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n-h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c \u201c\u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cs\u1eb5n c\u00f3\u201d trong ni\u1ec1m tin, l\u00e0 m\u1ec7nh-\u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c-tr\u01b0ng (ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c c\u1ea5p d\u01b0\u1edbi) c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb-ki\u1ebfn \u201cm\u1ed1i ph\u00fac th\u1eadt\u201d, r\u00f5 ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n khi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n-h\u1ecdc-gia kh\u00e1c hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb-v\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean. \u201cTin\u201d, l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch Ch\u00faa t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nhu-c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7-b\u1ecb-h\u1ea1n-ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c Ng\u00e0i g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi ta b\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa di-d\u1eddi \u00fd-ch\u00ed v\u00e0o v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c di-d\u1eddi th\u1ef1c ra ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c Ch\u00faa g\u1ea7n-g\u0169i ta nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea5ng khi\u1ebfn ta \u201chi\u1ec3u\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ghi ch\u00fa:<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0: trao cho nhau c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng-th\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh-x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u-h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch-th\u1ef1c \u201cc\u1ea3m x\u00fac\u201d gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi trao v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u-h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1eefa Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ta, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u-h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa ta v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Cha sai \u0111i gi\u1ea3ng rao Tin M\u1eebng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u-ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00f4ng-th\u1ee9c tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7 theo c\u00e1ch \u201cc\u1ea3m x\u00fac\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a ta v\u1eabn t\u00f9y v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh t\u00f4ng-\u0111\u1ed3. Ta nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ta nh\u1eadn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i. C\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m ta c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u1eebng n\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o theo truy\u1ec1n-th\u1ed1ng l\u1ecbch-s\u1eed d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, khi so s\u00e1nh h\u1ecd v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c; do c\u00f4ng-th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t-l\u00e0nh h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia, c\u0169ng l\u00e0 do b\u1edfi phong-th\u00e1i ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n, th\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u00fang. Th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o \u1ea3nh-h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh l\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng\/\u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o-\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n-khai. Th\u1ee9 ba n\u1eefa, l\u00e0: c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i h\u01a1n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1: s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1c t\u00edn-h\u1eefu th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 t\u00f9y v\u00e0o gi\u00e1o-h\u1ed9i. D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 c\u00f4ng-th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng: ni\u1ec1m tin s\u1ed1ng-\u0111\u1ed9ng (c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua) v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebb tin, h\u00f4m nay.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a duy-th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 duy-th\u1ee9c n\u01a1i ni\u1ec1m tin<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>(Xem H. Donneaud, o.p., La constitution dialectique de la th\u00e9ologie et de son histoire selon M.-D. Chenu, <\/em>Revue Thomiste, <\/em><\/span>1996 tr. 41-66)<\/p>\n

X\u01b0a nay, bao gi\u1edd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 hai t\u1ea7m-k\u00edch n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ed9ng-t\u00e1c \u201ctin\u201d v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a duy-th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 duy-th\u1ee9c. T\u00ednh duy-th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y: b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o ni\u1ec1m tin ta \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa \u2013v\u00e2ng! \u0110\u00fang l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u1ec3 lo\u00e3ng\/l\u1ecfng. Th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf. C\u00f2n, ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a duy-th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c cho th\u1ea5y: ta l\u00e0m th\u1ebf \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i v\u00e0 ngang qua \u0111\u1ec1-ngh\u1ecb, t\u1ee9c: c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng-th\u1ee9c. Ta v\u1eabn c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u1ee7-ngh\u0129a duy-th\u1ee9c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c khi\u1ebfn ta v\u1eabn b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng: ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec3u-bi\u1ebft\u201d mang t\u00ednh c\u1ea3m-x\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u-bi\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i-h\u00ecnh ta l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u01a1i ni\u1ec1m tin, Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o t\u00e2m can hi\u1ec7p-th\u00f4ng theo cung c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n-b\u00ed. Qui-lu\u1eadt nh\u1eadp-th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f2i Ch\u00faa ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban b\u1ed1 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0o v\u1edbi tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7, do \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111i\u1ec1u-h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n-di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa theo ch\u1ee7-thuy\u1ebft duy-th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0o cung c\u00e1ch \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3, c\u00f2n l\u00e0 hai b\u1ea3n-ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt ta v\u1eabn hy v\u1ecdng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m-tin \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00ecnh nghe bi\u1ebft. Ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kia. Ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kia nh\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ed7 cho ch\u1ee7-thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Chenu t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn-\u00e1n ti\u1ebfn-s\u0129 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n-h\u1ecdc Angelicum n\u0103m 1920 d\u1ef1a theo v\u1ecb th\u00e0y l\u00fac \u1ea5y c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb l\u00e0 Garigou (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y, c\u0169ng n\u00ean th\u00eam: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Chenu l\u00e0 h\u1ecdc tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a b\u1eadc th\u00e0y Gardeil t\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n Le Saulchoir). Trong lu\u1eadn \u00e1n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Chenu c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft: ni\u1ec1m tin l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u0129nh h\u1ed9i c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc quy\u1ebft h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d r\u1ea5t tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7, v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb-ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Chenu l\u1ea1i lu\u00f4n ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecdi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 con C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u201cBaroque\u201d qua Bellarmine, Suarez v\u00e0 Wolf; v\u00e0 t\u00e2m n\u00e3o nh\u00ecn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1ed1n t\u00e1ch ly kh\u1ecfi \u00e2n-hu\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn \u01a1n hu\u1ec7 l\u00e0nh th\u00e1nh. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0: Scheeben v\u00e0 Mohler c\u00f9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Tubingen, l\u1ea1i coi t\u00ednh-ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n-t\u1ea3 th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea7n-th\u00e1nh trong nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. V\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y, Chenu l\u1ea1i k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i v\u00ec th\u00e0y d\u1ea1y Garigou c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 l\u00fd-tr\u00ed (t\u1ee9c: nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n-qu\u1ea3) \u1edf tr\u00ean ni\u1ec1m tin nh\u01b0ng v\u00f4 t\u00ecnh l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0 th\u00e0y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u00f9ng v\u1ecb th\u1ebf v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Wolf. (Ri\u00eang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1eabn t\u00f4i ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Garigou t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ecdc k\u1ef9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Wolf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh hay kh\u00f4ng). V\u00e0, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Chenu l\u1ea1i c\u1ee9 ngh\u0129 th\u00e0y Garigou m\u00ecnh nh\u00ecn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n th\u1ebf th\u00f4i, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 huy\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 theo qui lu\u1eadt Ch\u00faa quan ph\u00f2ng. (\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00f4i l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Garigou l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Chenu ngh\u0129).<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, Chenu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u01b0\u1edbc-t\u1eeb t\u00ednh h\u1ed7n-t\u1ea1p c\u0103n-b\u1ea3n gi\u1eefa ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft duy-th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 duy-th\u1ee9c. Hai ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n-ch\u1ee9ng-ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng-h\u1ee3p, k\u00e8m theo. Nh\u01b0ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e2y l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb-kh\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecbu b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i rang-bu\u1ed9c trong nh\u1eadn-th\u1ee9c. Th\u1ebf n\u00ean, \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1eb3ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb Aristotle, r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i ngh\u0129: tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7 r\u00fat t\u1ec9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh x\u00e1c-th\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9ng-c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n t\u1eeb \u1ea3nh-h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7-th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean tr\u00ean \u00fd-ch\u00ed n\u1eefa. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1-b\u1ecf t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c-quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng-c\u1ee9 coi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n-m\u1ea1ch duy-nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft\u201d r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn. \u00d4ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i-t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 hai v\u1eeba c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed-tu\u1ec7, v\u1eeba c\u1ee7a \u00fd-ch\u00ed. V\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n-thi\u1ebft. K\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c l\u00e0, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa, lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfu-\u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0ng ngh\u1ec9 -v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7-\u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1eadp-tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4. B\u1edfi, v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh-nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec: \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong b\u1ea3n-ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin. \u0110\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y xe c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng truy-l\u00f9ng b\u1ea3n-ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u00edch-th\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng m\u00e3n-nguy\u1ec7n v\u00ec th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn r\u1ea5t ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn (nh\u01b0 \u1edf ni\u1ec1m tin) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m-th\u1ea5u v\u00e0o v\u1edbi ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ta s\u1eed-d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0-duy, ng\u01a1i ngh\u1ec9 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n II<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u00f4-h\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n-khai<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>\u201cGi\u00e1-tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi-h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh tin-t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 \u00fd-th\u1ee9c trong hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin\u201d (Fowler<\/em>, vv.) c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef \u201cGi\u1ea3ng rao Tin M\u1eebng theo c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1eabn bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, c\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh tri\u1ec3n-khai ni\u1ec1m tin \u1edf c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng chuy\u00ean gi\u00e1o-d\u1ee5c ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n-gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean t\u00e2m-l\u00fd tri\u1ec3n-khai v\u00e0 n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1c t\u00e1c-gi\u1ea3 kinh-\u0111i\u1ec3n thu\u1ed9c l\u0129nh-v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0: tr\u01b0\u1eddng-ph\u00e1i Piaget v\u00e0 Erikson t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Fowler v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb kh\u00e1c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho ni\u1ec1m tin. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c-d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp k\u1ebf-ho\u1ea1ch c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. N\u00f3 truy-l\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n-khai t\u1eeb giai-\u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn giai-\u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t g\u1ed3m 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 6 giai-\u0111o\u1ea1n. C\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9ng-l\u1ef1c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tri\u1ec3n-khai, m\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ni\u1ec1m tin trong t\u1eebng giai-\u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai-\u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3 khai-tri\u1ec3n. Hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eefng ch\u00e3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u00fd-th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m tin.<\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u00f4m nay \u0111\u00e2y, qu\u00ed v\u1ecb s\u1ebd c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i, ta t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh \u00edt c\u00f3 \u00fd-th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ec3 xem n\u00f3 c\u00f3 cho ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c-\u0111\u1ed9 phong-ph\u00fa trong ni\u1ec1m tin h\u01a1n lo\u1ea1i-h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3-n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o l\u1ee3i \u00edch qua khai-ph\u00e1 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng? T\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n qu\u00ed v\u1ecb c\u00f9ng t\u00f4i ti\u1ebfn-h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n quanh v\u00e0 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u1edbi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u00e2u-s\u1eafc h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh n\u00e0o mang t\u00ednh chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m, m\u00e0 l\u1ea1i \u00edt b\u1ecb \u00fd-th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed1ng-ch\u1ebf; \u0111\u1ec3 r\u1ed3i, qua \u0111\u00f3, ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra th\u1ee9 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 mang t\u00ednh b\u00ed-nhi\u1ec7m l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin phong-ph\u00fa. N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, t\u00f4i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda-c\u1ea1nh tri\u1ec3n-khai ni\u1ec1m tin, cho b\u1eb1ng h\u1ecfi: lo\u1ea1i ni\u1ec1m tin n\u00e0o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? C\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u0103ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n-khai con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t? V\u00e0, c\u00f3 \u00edt ch\u0103ng, n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o-d\u1ee5c \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u ni\u1ec1m tin xem th\u1ef1c ra n\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec, n\u1ebfu ta d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3? C\u00f3 l\u1ebd, \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecfi: sao m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea-b\u00ecnh nay g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 trong m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i, l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng\/\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t? V\u00e0, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng t\u1eadp-trung kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c s\u00e2u s\u1eafc h\u01a1n nh\u01b0: Ni\u1ec1m tin \u2013 Hy v\u1ecdng \u2013 B\u00e1c \u00e1i, thi\u00ean-v\u1ecb nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t-hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o chung cu\u1ed9c, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ee9ng sau Piaget v\u00e0 Erikson, nh\u01b0: nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng-ph\u00e1i Carnap v\u00e0 Kant, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n!<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng n\u00ean nh\u1edb, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u00f4-h\u00ecnh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec3n-khai ni\u1ec1m tin c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh \u0111\u00edch-th\u1ef1c. T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1edf giai-\u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4i \u0111\u1eb7t ra kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giai-\u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 tin cho b\u1eb1ng v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin.<\/p>\n

T\u00f4i ng\u1edd r\u1eb1ng, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u01b0\u1ee3t-tr\u1ed9i n\u00e0y, s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh h\u1eadu-hi\u1ec7n-\u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi: kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u0111i qu\u00e1 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u0103ng, nh\u1ea5t th\u1ee9l\u00e0 khi ta chuy\u1ec3n-giao c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c-nghi\u1ec7m m\u00e0 t\u00edn-h\u1eefu kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i cho bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 h\u1ecd? Nay, c\u0169ng t\u00f9y khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i, k\u00e9o d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 David Heywood \u1edf Oxford t\u1eebng l\u00e0m. \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0(c\u00f2n ti\u1ebfp)<\/p>\n

Lm Kevin O\u2019Shea CSsR<\/em><\/p>\n

Mai T\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng I \u00a0Tin, \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t t\u1ef1 con tim: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1eadt ra c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a g\u00ec?<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":2240,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[77],"tags":[41],"class_list":["post-3095","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-mai-ta","tag-nam-duc-tin"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3095","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3095"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3095\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3201,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/3095\/revisions\/3201"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/2240"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3095"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=3095"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=3095"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}