{"id":5851,"date":"2014-10-15T17:48:44","date_gmt":"2014-10-15T10:48:44","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=5851"},"modified":"2014-10-15T19:22:00","modified_gmt":"2014-10-15T12:22:00","slug":"veritatis-splendor-va-nhung-hanh-vi-xau-tu-noi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/veritatis-splendor-va-nhung-hanh-vi-xau-tu-noi\/","title":{"rendered":"VERITATIS SPLENDOR V\u00c0 NH\u1eeeNG H\u00c0NH VI X\u1ea4U T\u1ef0 N\u1ed8I"},"content":{"rendered":"

LTS<\/em>:<\/strong> Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00f3m h\u1ecdp t\u1ea1i R\u00f4ma \u0111ang \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tranh lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ly d\u1ecb t\u00e1i h\u00f4n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh. C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng TH\u0110 n\u00e0y s\u1eafp l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t “cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng” ? C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi e ng\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111ang \u0111i l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng? D\u0129 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng, khi nh\u00ecn Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ngh\u1ecb\u00a0 Ph\u1ee5 n\u00e0y hay Ngh\u1ecb Ph\u1ee5 kia. <\/em><\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y b\u00f3ng d\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican III”, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng di\u1ec5n ra \u1edf C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh tu\u1ea7n h\u1ecdp \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a TH\u0110, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef “t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i”, m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i trong ni\u1ec1m tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. TH\u0110 l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, nhi\u1ec1u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ec3u n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 “s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1ed9i”, “t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i”, “nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ed7n \u0111\u1ed9n hay x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i”… xem ra \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111ang c\u00f2n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn, ch\u01b0a ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng! <\/em><\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n c\u1ee7a cha Luis Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Vinh, Linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Kontum v\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i Ch\u1ee7ng Vi\u1ec7n Hu\u1ebf, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m “nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i” n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau b\u00fat m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u00e3 minh nhi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0NGUY\u1ec4N QUANG VINH<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>\u201c\u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh cho ph\u00e2n khoa cao h\u1ecdc <\/strong><\/p>\n

c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc LAVAL<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn h\u1ecdc v\u1ecb M.A<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u00e2n Khoa Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc LAVAL<\/strong><\/p>\n

CANADA<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1ng N\u0103m 1997<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

@Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Vinh 1997<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n


\n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>B\u1ea3n Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Vinh M.A<\/p>\n

Linh M\u1ee5c Kontum 2014<\/p>\n


<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0 T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Th\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p VERITATIS SPLENDOR (\u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd)<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ea3y bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau b\u00fat m\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gay g\u1eaft.\u00a0 T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf?\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00ean \u00e1n n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p? Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u1ea7y mu\u1ed1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p.\u00a0 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c l\u1eadp v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 then ch\u1ed1t ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nam n\u1eef v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gai g\u00f3c n\u1ea7y.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sinh\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Vinh\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0Pierre Gaudette<\/em><\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1edcI N\u00d3I \u0110\u1ea6U<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadn v\u0103n th\u1ea1c s\u0129 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi sinh vi\u00ean ngo\u1ea1i qu\u1ed1c, \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc xa x\u00f4i, kh\u00f4ng am t\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\u00a0 D\u00f9 v\u1eady m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qua.\u00a0 T\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn, linh m\u1ee5c Pierre Gaudette, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng vi\u00ean t\u00f4i trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n n\u1ea7y k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng.\u00a0 T\u00f4i ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00f2ng qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea7y c\u0169, linh m\u1ee5c Andr\u00e9 Lamothe Sj, \u0111\u00e3 chi tr\u1ea3 kinh ph\u00ed h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp,v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a cha Jacques Lemieux, B\u1ec1 tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a Ch\u1ee7ng Vi\u1ec7n Qu\u00e9bec, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian t\u00f4i t\u00e1 t\u00fac t\u1ea1i Qu\u00e9bec.
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb, <\/strong><\/p>\n

xin nh\u1eadn t\u00e2m t\u00ecnh tri \u00e2n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

S\u00c1CH THAM KH\u1ea2O<\/strong><\/p>\n

AGENCE FRANCE – PRESSE, BONN,<\/strong>, “Des th\u00e9ologiens contestent l’encyclique”, ds\u00a0 La Presse , <\/em>mercredi 6 oct 1993<\/p>\n

\u00a0AGENCE FRANCE-PRESSE<\/strong>. Cit\u00e9 du Vatican, <\/strong>“La nouvelle encyclique veut rehausser le niveau moral de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9”, ds\u00a0 La Presse , <\/em>mercredi 6 oct 1993<\/p>\n

\u00a0BAILLARGEON, St\u00e9phane<\/strong>, “La v\u00e9rit\u00e9 de Jean Paul II”, ds Le Devoir,<\/em> 7 oct 1993<\/p>\n

\u00a0BASSO, Domingo<\/strong>, “L’encyclique ‘Veritatis Splendor’ : nouvelle \u00e9tape capitale dans la clarification de la doctrine de l’Eglise” ds Dolentium Hominum<\/em>, 24 (1993) p. 9-11<\/p>\n

\u00a0BESRET,Bernard<\/strong>, Lettre ouverte au Pape qui veut nous ass\u00e9ner la v\u00e9rit\u00e9 absolue dans toute sa splendeur<\/em>, Editions Albin Michel S.A. Paris, 1993, 157 pages<\/p>\n

\u00a0BRUGU\u00c8S,Jean-Louis<\/strong>, “Pr\u00e9sentation” dans Jean Paul II, La Splendeur de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Mame\/Plon 1993, p.III-XX<\/p>\n

\u00a0BRUGU\u00c8S<\/strong>, Jean-Louis<\/strong>, “Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, une encyclique de combat”, ds Communio<\/em>, 29 (1994) p. 135-152<\/p>\n

\u00a0CAHILL, Lisa Sowle<\/strong>, “Splendor Veritatis<\/em>“,ds Concilium<\/em>, no.250<\/p>\n

(1993) p.145-148<\/p>\n

\u00a0CHAPELLE,Albert<\/strong>, “Les enjeux de Veritatis Splendor<\/em>“,ds Nouvelle revue th\u00e9ologique<\/em>, (1993) p.801-817<\/p>\n

\u00a0CHAPELLE,Albert<\/strong>,”Analyse” ds Jean Paul II, La Splendeur de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Mame\/Plon, 1993, p.195-211<\/p>\n

\u00a0COLL.<\/strong>,”Veritatis Splendor” (Dossier), A.R.M.<\/em>, no. 116,15 novembre 1993<\/p>\n

\u00a0COLL.<\/strong>,”Lettre ouverte aux \u00e9v\u00eaques du Qu\u00e9bec”, ds Eglise Canadienne<\/em>, vol 27 No 1, janvier 1994, p.14-15<\/p>\n

\u00a0COTTIER, Georges<\/strong>, “L’encyclique Veritatis Splendor<\/em>“, ds Nova et Vetera<\/em>,69 (1994) p.1-13<\/p>\n

\u00a0COTTIER,Georges<\/strong>,”Rep\u00e8re” ds Jean Paul II, La Splendeur de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/em>, Paris, Mame\/Plon, 1993, p.187-194<\/p>\n

CURRAN,Charles E<\/strong>, “‘Veritatis Splendor’:A Revisionist Perspective” ds Allsopp,M.E and O’Keefe,J.J.\u00e9d.,‘Veritatis Splendor’ : American Responses<\/em>, Sheed and Ward, 1995, p.224-243<\/p>\n

DAUBERCIES, Pierre<\/strong>, “Apr\u00e8s lecture de Veritatis Splendor<\/em>“, ds Esprit et Vie<\/em>, (1993) p.673-685, 698-703<\/p>\n

\u00a0DESCLOS,Jean<\/strong>, Resplendir de vraie libert\u00e9<\/em>. Lecture de Veritatis Splendor<\/em>,Montr\u00e9al\/Paris, M\u00e9diaspaul, 1994, 246 pages<\/p>\n

\u00a0DURAND, Guy<\/strong>, “L’encyclique “Veritatis Splendor” : la difficile question morale”, ds Eglise Canadienne<\/em>, vol 26 no 12, novembre 1993, p.373-375<\/p>\n

\u00a0DUQUOC, Christian<\/strong>, “L’encyclique Veritatis Splendor <\/em>: pr\u00e9sentation critique” ds Revue de th\u00e9ologie et de philosophie,<\/em> 126 (1994) p. 325-332<\/p>\n

\u00a0FUCHS, Eric<\/strong>, La morale selon Jean Paul II<\/em>. R\u00e9ponse protestante \u00e0 une encyclique, Gen\u00e8ve, Labor et Fides, 1994 , 65 pages<\/p>\n

\u00a0GAFFNEY, James,<\/strong> “The Pope on Proportionalism” ds Allsopp,M.E and O’Keefe,J.J.\u00e9d.,‘Veritatis Splendor’ : American Responses<\/em>, Sheed and Ward, 1995, p.60-71<\/p>\n

\u00a0GRANCHE, Charles<\/strong>, p.s.s.,”Le Christ et la question morale aujourd’hui” ds La Splendeur de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/em>, no.2, Editions du Grand S\u00e9minaire de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al,1995, p.1-15<\/p>\n

HANIGAN, James P.<\/strong>,”Veritatis Splendor<\/em> and Sexual Ethics” ds Allsopp,M.E and O’Keefe,J.J.\u00e9d.,‘Veritatis Splendor’ : American Responses<\/em>, Sheed and Ward, 1995, p.208-223<\/p>\n

HOOSE, Bernard<\/strong>, “Circumstances, Intentions and Intrinsically Evil Acts” ds Selling and Jans \u00e9d., The Splendor of Accuracy<\/em>, Kampen, 1994 p.136-152<\/p>\n

HUBERT, Mgr Bernard<\/strong>,”Une \u00e9nergique intervention de Jean Paul II”.ds Eglise Canadienne<\/em>, vol 27 no 1, janvier 1994, p.12-13<\/p>\n

JANS,Jan,<\/strong>“Participation – Subordination: (The Image of) God in Veritatis Splendor<\/em>” ds Selling and Jans \u00e9d., The Splendor of Accuracy<\/em>, Kampen, 1994 p.153-168<\/p>\n

LEONARD, Mgr Andr\u00e9 Mutien<\/strong>, La morale en questions<\/em>,(Bonnes nouvelles no.3), Paris, Editions de l’Emmanuel, 1994, 110 pages<\/p>\n

LEONARD, Mgr Andr\u00e9 Mutien<\/strong>, Le fondement de la morale<\/em>.Essai d’\u00e9thique philosophique, Paris,\u00e9ditions du Cerf,Paris, 378 pages<\/p>\n

MATHON, G\u00e9rard<\/strong>, “La splendeur de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9. L’encyclique de Jean Paul II sur l’enseignement moral de l’Eglise”, Ensemble<\/em>, d\u00e9cembre 1993, p.105-120<\/p>\n

PINCKAERS, Servais-Th.<\/strong>, Pour une lecture de “Veritatis Splendor”<\/em>, Mame,Paris, 1995, 75 pages<\/p>\n

PINCKAERS, Servais-Th.<\/strong>, Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire<\/em>.La question des actes intrins\u00e8quement mauvais . Histoire et discussion, Editions Cerf,Paris 1986<\/p>\n

ROBERGE, Pierre<\/strong>, “Pour les \u00e9v\u00eaques du Qu\u00e9bec, un guide” ds\u00a0 La Presse<\/em>, Montr\u00e9al , mercredi 6 oct 1993<\/p>\n

\u00a0SAINT-MAURICE, Denis <\/strong>, “Quand des th\u00e9ologiens pontifient”,ds journal La Presse<\/em> 21 novembre 1993<\/p>\n

\u00a0SEGUIN, Michel<\/strong>,p.s.s.,”L’agir humain au carrefour de la libert\u00e9” ds La Splendeur de la v\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/em>, No 2,Editions de Grand S\u00e9minaire de Montr\u00e9al, Montr\u00e9al,1995, p.17-38<\/p>\n

\u00a0SELLING, Joseph A<\/strong>.,”The Context and the Arguments of ‘Veritatis Splendor’ds Selling and Jans \u00e9d., The Splendor of Accuracy<\/em>, Kampen,\u00a0 1994 p.11-70<\/p>\n

\u00a0THEVENOT, Xavier<\/strong>, “Pr\u00e9sentation de l’encyclique” ds Jean Paul II, Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, Paris, Cerf, 1993, p.VII-XLV<\/p>\n

\u00a0THEVENOT, Xavier<\/strong>, Compter sur Dieu<\/em>, Cerf, Paris 1992, 310 pages<\/p>\n

\u00a0THOMAS d’Aquin<\/strong>, saint<\/strong>, Somme Th\u00e9ologique ,<\/em>Tome 2, I-II, Cerf 1984<\/p>\n

\u00a0TREMBLAY, R\u00e9al<\/strong>,”Le Christ et la morale selon l’encyclique de Jean Paul II Veritatis Splendor<\/em>, ds Lateranum<\/em>,(1994) p.29-66
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u201c\u00c1NH R\u1ea0NG NG\u1edcI CH\u00c2N L\u00dd\u201d <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>V\u00c0 <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0NH\u1eeeNG H\u00c0NH VI X\u1ea4U T\u1ef0 N\u1ed8I.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH NH\u1eeeNG PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG \u0110\u1ea6U TI\u00caN<\/strong><\/p>\n


<\/strong><\/p>\n

NH\u1eacP \u0110\u1ec0<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd (Veritatis Splendor = V.S) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ng\u00e0y 5 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1993.\u00a0 L\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c loan b\u00e1o t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y \u201c1 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1987 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m hai tr\u0103m n\u0103m th\u00e1nh Alphonse-Marie de Liguori\u201d[1]<\/a> qua \u0111\u1eddi.\u00a0 Ph\u1ea3i m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u00e1u n\u0103m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 quan y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00e9t ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 g\u1eedi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu ho\u1eb7c cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i [2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u1ed9i dung th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n \u201ctrong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111ang b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay\u201d[3]<\/a>, hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n: \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat nghi ng\u1edd, m\u00e0 bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n k\u00e9o theo g\u00e2y tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u201d[4]<\/a>.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u l\u1ea5y \u201cgi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n\u201d (2 Tm 4, 3) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ed1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 lan tr\u00e0n ngay c\u1ea3 trong ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan y\u1ebfu h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d[5]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb chung chia v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u201cTheo Cha P. Cottier, th\u1ea7n hoc gia Vatican, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eedi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5\u201d, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00eau b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m do ti\u1ebft l\u1ed9 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00e1ch l\u00eca v\u1edbi \u2018gi\u00e1o l\u00fd th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n\u2019\u201d[6]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean ngay khi v\u1eeba xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ngh\u1ecbch.\u00a0 N\u01a1i th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9t l\u00e0m cho th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gai g\u00f3c n\u01a1i t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u201cnh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn n\u1ea7y di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha, ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp kh\u1ecfi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m \u1edf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2u v\u00e0 v\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 th\u1eddi n\u00e0o, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec do ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 do b\u1edfi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n d\u1ea1y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u00a0 L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn.\u00a0 V\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m d\u1ed9i l\u00ean qua c\u00e1c nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1p m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng r\u1ed1i ren n\u1ea7y, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y th\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch l\u00e0m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 Th\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng tin, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u0103ng trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.\u00a0 Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn v\u0103n th\u1ea1c s\u0129 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u qu\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa, lu\u1eadn v\u0103n xin t\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 C\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ea7y cho ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t c\u1eaft tr\u00edch ngang c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 v\u1eady m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ai \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng nam \u00c1, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n 20 n\u0103m kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t Vi\u1ec7t Nam ng\u00e0y 30 th\u00e1ng 4 n\u0103m 1975 do ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u00a0 Ra kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u0103m 1995 \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Laval, t\u00f4i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean, l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3ng hu\u1ea5n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, nay b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t kh\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG I<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00c1C PH\u1ea2N \u1ee8NG TR\u01af\u1edaC TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P : <\/strong><\/p>\n

PH\u00c2N T\u00cdCH<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “Veritatis Splendor<\/em>” g\u1ed3m ba ph\u1ea7n.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta theo s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sau khi th\u00f4ng di\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1ng b\u1ed1.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1ea7y cho ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 can thi\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u1ed9i dung tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “Veritatis Splendor<\/em>” qua hai nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n quan tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0 Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00fang ta kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t m\u01b0\u1eddi ba b\u00e0i b\u00e1o trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed hay t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1994.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t:<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ban \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/p>\n

1. 1. C\u00e1c T\u1ea1p Ch\u00ed<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ngay h\u00f4m sau ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u nhau \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c trang b\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed.\u00a0 C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 g\u1eedi \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc[7]<\/a> v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 g\u1eedi cho \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng[8]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u h\u01a1n t\u00ednh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t \u1ea9n ch\u1ee9a trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p quan tr\u1ecdng n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

Ngay h\u00f4m sau ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed La Presse <\/em>c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Monr\u00e9al[9]<\/a> Canada \u0111\u00e3 cho ra b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0 : “La Nouvelle encyclique veut rehausser le niveau moral de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9” (Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edbi mu\u1ed1n v\u1ef1c d\u1eady lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i), v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u1eddng thu\u1eadt cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Vatican d\u1ecbp c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

“Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor d\u00e0nh tr\u1ecdn cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb s\u1ef1 xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ed1c ch\u1ed1ng m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “s\u1ed1ng – ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i”, h\u1ed3ng y Joseph Ratzinger ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1edbi b\u00e1o ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf . . .\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ed3ng y Joseph Ratzinger t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c s\u1ef1 leo thang b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t phe nh\u00f3m coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i”.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Fran\u00e7is Stafford, <\/strong>t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Denver, M\u1ef9 qu\u1ed1c, tham d\u1ef1 bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp b\u00e1o h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, “c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ed5 x\u00fay gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u1ed5 v\u0169 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa h\u1ecd v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed”, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Ba lan Andrzej Szostek kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.\u00a0 “Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 v\u00f4 ng\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c h\u1ed3ng y Joseph Ratzinger \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u00f4 ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i t\u1edbi n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb, ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i th\u00eam[10]<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m vang l\u00ean nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee9u v\u1edbt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o; \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, n\u1ec1n lu\u1eadn l\u00fd n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00e1i x\u00e1c l\u1eadp:<\/p>\n

“K\u1ebft \u00e1n m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u00e1t nh\u00e2n, di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, ph\u00e1 thai, l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u00eam d\u1ecbu v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 t\u1eed theo nguy\u1ec7n v\u1ecdng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1ec9 \u1ed5i kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh h\u1ea1 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, m\u1ea1i d\u00e2m, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ebb.\u00a0 V\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c coi vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, \u0111ang khi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o nh\u1eafm v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p b\u1ea5t khoan dung.”[11]<\/a>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c cho th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e0 sa s\u00fat \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00f3ng m\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 sai l\u1ea7m th\u00ec th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 thu\u1eadn theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p hay ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb ng\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Trong tinh th\u1ea7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n v\u0169, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9bec \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng minh h\u1ecda.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed \u00a0La Presse <\/em>nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Qu\u00e9bec.[12]<\/a>
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ecba Ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9bec
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

“V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1 thai, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Montr\u00e9al, Canada, n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo nh\u00e3n quan Tin M\u1eebng . . . “
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c cha Jacques Berthelet, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ph\u1ee5 t\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Saint-Jean-Longueuil ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai th\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ea3y ra, Tin M\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m cha m\u1eb9” trong sinh s\u1ea3n, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 con c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u1ea1y x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u1ed5 v\u0169 gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u00f4ng con.\u00a0 V\u00e0 n\u1ebfu “c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f2n b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea5m ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean”.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, \u0110\u1ee9c cha Maurice Couture, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9b\u00e9c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng ‘s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 do ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i’ “<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef x\u00e9t n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1ecdi d\u01b0\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh v\u1ecb x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia.\u00a0 B\u00e0i b\u00e1o vi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n

“Tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m khinh \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c nhau thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi, th\u1ebf ch\u1ed7 cho ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan”, \u0110\u1ee9c cha Couture tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i d\u00f9 sao ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c “kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n ch\u1ec9 tay n\u0103m ng\u00f3n”. \u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh tan t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111ang c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0 theo ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f3\u00a0 “cho d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u00ec s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u1eabn l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p”.\u00a0\u00a0 “V\u00e0 n\u1ea7y ! \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng qu\u1ea3 quy\u1ebft, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i qu\u00e1 xa trong chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea7y, \u0110\u1ee9c cha Couture c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a . . . Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00fa ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia (m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng).\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 thi h\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0 V\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng c\u00f3 v\u0103n b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y. ” …[13]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9bec kh\u00f4ng di\u1ec5n ta s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edbi Veritatis Splendor; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i h\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ph\u00e1 thai, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i coi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng; c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gai g\u00f3c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i: c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i; v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111ang c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t.\u00a0 Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Qu\u00e9bec b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia kh\u00e1c trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Qu\u00e9bec ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i k\u1ebft \u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ng\u1eeba thai.\u00a0 C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3ng vai “l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o” trong sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do: ch\u00ednh ch\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ef1 do, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u0169ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 “m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n v\u0103n v\u00e0 Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng” theo t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Karl Lehmann, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i d\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c.[14]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebfu g\u00ec ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eeb ph\u00eda c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia.\u00a0 Ngay trong nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y:<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc Gia Ph\u1ea3n Kh\u00e1ng Th\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>“H\u00f4m qua nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh danh ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch t\u00e0n t\u1ec7, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 m\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Veritatis Splendor (\u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd) . . .<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Th\u1eadt th\u1ea3m h\u1ea1i khi th\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ra \u0111\u1eddi sau c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II, Hans K\u00fcng m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u1ed5i danh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1t l\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111ang gi\u1eef gh\u1ebf gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Tuebingen.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y “th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec”, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m Eugen Drewermann \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng\u00a0 r\u1eb1ng “th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 k\u00e9m c\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 g\u00ec c\u1ea3” . Eugen Drewermann \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb v\u1ea1 ng\u00e0y 26. 3. 1992 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m h\u00e0nh s\u1eed ch\u1ee9c linh m\u1ee5c do \u0110\u1ee9c t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Paderborn.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh Nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Bernhard Haering \u0111\u00e3 \u00e2n h\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Khi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n.\u00a0 “T\u00f4i n\u00e0i xin \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng nhi\u1ec1u <\/strong>h\u01a1n n\u01a1i ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu”, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i th\u00eam.[15]<\/a><\/p>\n

St\u00e9phane Baillargeon <\/strong>ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i <\/strong>trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II”: \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng im \u1ec9m m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u00e1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ecdc th\u1ee7ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt” [16]<\/a>.\u00a0 Veritatis Splendor l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c cho “th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i \u00e1c th\u1ea7n ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c, b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1ee9 tuy\u00ean t\u00edn, b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft duy lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u00e0n gi\u1ea5y, b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ef1c \u0111oan, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 trong s\u00e1ng cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng”, ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 “h\u01a1i h\u01b0\u1edbng di\u00eam sinh”[17]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p tr\u1eebng tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong su\u1ed1t c\u00e1c th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nh\u01b0 Boff, Hans K\u00fcng ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do theo ki\u1ec3u Drewermann.\u00a0 “Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng theo th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 . . . M\u1eb9 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 r\u1ea5t cao ni\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ngoan c\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a”[18]<\/a>.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1eefng trong c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n b\u1ecb l\u1ea5n s\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh74ng g\u00ec Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang d\u1eafn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u1ee5c t\u00ednh.\u00a0 V\u00ec Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 kho t\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u00a0ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ed3i nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai, \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, ng\u1eeba thai . . . m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i b\u00e1o k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Monde<\/em>:\u00a0 “M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea1m vi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i : th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa quy\u1ec1n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m, \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i”.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ecfi n\u00eau l\u00ean th\u1eafc m\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Henri Tincq n\u00eau ra “L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khi r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i\u00a0 t\u1ef1 do tra c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ?”[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Guy Durand<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor c\u1ed5 v\u0169 M. Guy Durand, thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e2n khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Montr\u00e9al, nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m cu\u1ed9c x\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.\u00a0 \u00d4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh [20]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Guy Durand ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ecbch th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.\u00a0 \u00d4ng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0 l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn trong “c\u00e1ch mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u01a1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed” v\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 ca t\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 do ngay n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u”[21]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u00d4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd r\u1eb1ng “Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc (V.S s\u1ed1 29), tuy nhi\u00ean \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi t\u00e2n-kinh vi\u1ec7n, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft-th\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 v\u00e0 Aristote”[22]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y “r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m c\u1edfi m\u1edf cho nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1edbi”.\u00a0 T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp t\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong suy t\u01b0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.\u00a0 “C\u0169ng v\u1eady, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ec7m ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma th\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y”\u00a0 Nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh: “Tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1ea7y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y sabbat \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e1ng ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n b\u1ea3n T\u00e2n \u01b0\u1edbc, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3”[23]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ng\u1ecf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0 “v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn li\u00eam ch\u00ednh t\u00e2m ph\u1ee5c kh\u1ea9u ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”[24]<\/a>.\u00a0 V\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u00f4ng “quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3n l\u1ea1i ngay c\u1ea3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1nh r\u1ea1ng ng\u1eddi c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 T\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng . . . v\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y \u0111i kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 tin c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i”[25]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf G\u1eedi C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ecba Ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9bec<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>C\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng, l\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf g\u1eedi cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9bec c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i nam n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd t\u00ean t\u1ea1i Montr\u00e9al ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1993[26]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nam n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia l\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, l\u00e1 th\u01b0 cho th\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1edfi m\u1edf kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch, d\u00e1m n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh th\u1eadt trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 L\u00e1 th\u01b0 n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 trung th\u1ef1c n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng chung c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tinh th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ngo\u00e0i ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1, n\u1ed9i dung l\u00e1 th\u01b0 g\u1ed3m s\u00e1u ph\u1ea7n, ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 ch\u1eef k\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi danh t\u00e1nh.\u00a0 Xin theo d\u00f5i:<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eafc nh\u1edb \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nam n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia chia s\u1ebb \u01b0u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 \u00a0“s\u1ef1 tr\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111e d\u1ecda x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang ta”.\u00a0 C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u1eedi t\u1edbi:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Tin m\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p . . .\u00a0 \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa . . .\u00a0 C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng sai tr\u1ec7ch . . .\u00a0 Ph\u1ea3i, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo \u0111\u00fang gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra ch\u00fang.”[27]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ea7y n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng chung chung c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m trong b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0o.\u00a0 Ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (duy t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7) c\u0169ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng “\u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0: l\u00e0m sao bi\u1ebft khi n\u00e0o h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1\u00a0 bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t kia ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u00f9ng trung l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng?”[28]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i, \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu kh\u00f4n ngoan khi t\u00f3m t\u1eaft trong v\u00e0i h\u00e0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean d\u1ea5n v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 “nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng”[29]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf sinh s\u1ea3n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u n\u0103ng “th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ng\u1eeba thai qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m cho kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee5 thai l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh”.\u00a0 C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia k\u00fd t\u00ean trong th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf n\u1ea7y n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

“Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ghi l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c nam n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia t\u00e0i ba nh\u1ea5t, sau hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ng\u1eeba thai c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9”. [30]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p; c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nam n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc xem ra th\u1eadt t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i l\u00ean v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ngay th\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng n\u01a1i “tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c mi\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ebft th\u00eam nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu tin c\u1eady trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ghi nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng “lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu truy t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 th\u00f4 b\u1ea1o n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea9y t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ecd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia k\u00fd t\u00ean ca th\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 l\u00e1 th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c M\u1ef9 ch\u00e2u Human<\/em> Life in Our Day<\/em> (1968). \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 “c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi d\u1eb7n d\u00f2 g\u1eedi g\u1eafm t\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 d\u1eb9p y\u00ean m\u1ecdi b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t, v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xem nh\u01b0 \u1edf th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c”.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 g\u00e2y ra m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m trong l\u00fac m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi suy t\u01b0 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 H\u1ecd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u00a0l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i “th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u00edt coi tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.”[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111o\u00e0n<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0D\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 “r\u1ea5t \u00edt t\u00ednh gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111o\u00e0n”.\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a cho Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n trong s\u1ef1 truy t\u00ecm l\u1eddi g\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Khi C\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc L\u00ean Ti\u1ebfng Gi\u1ea3ng D\u1ea1y<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u1edf trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c chi\u1ec1u, nh\u1eefng n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn v\u00e0 chua ch\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, nh\u1eefng ki\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn hay b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng pha l\u1eabn nhau.\u00a0 Theo sau l\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9bec c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia nam n\u1eef, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o nh\u01b0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho l\u00e1 th\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3\u00a0 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 “Khi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y”[32]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3c ra nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1eb7n h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng:<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh b\u1edfi v\u00ec “\u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mu\u1ed1n ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u”.\u00a0 “T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1ea7y bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng khai s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng”, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb d\u1ed9i b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ki\u00ean v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean khi mu\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ng\u1eeba thai, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.[33]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi l\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c lo s\u1ee3 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd tr\u1ed1ng v\u1eafng v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed: “S\u1ebd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u h\u00f4m nay ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, n\u1ebfu, m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh ch\u1edd th\u1eddi h\u1ea7u th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y \u0111\u00f3”; ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0m cho nh\u00e0 th\u1edd tr\u1ed1ng v\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf:\u00a0 “T\u1eeb ng\u1eef ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t trong l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc” ( . . . ), m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u b\u01a1i l\u1ed9i trong thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c qua th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y.”[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do khoa b\u1ea3ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c k\u1ebft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tu\u00e2n theo gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u1edf ngo\u00e0i, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c tin th\u00ec si\u00eau h\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i “kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng ca t\u1ee5ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0i g\u00e2y b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n, ng\u00e0i t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ch\u1ecbu n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 t\u01b0 duy c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ( . . . ) \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.”[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh: “L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1eeb kh\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c to l\u1edbn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? . . .\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1ea7y, t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n; t\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1ed5 th\u1eb9n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 khi chia s\u1ebb th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia v\u1edbi h\u1ecd.”[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t S\u1ef1 Can Thi\u1ec7p C\u00f4ng Khai<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Saint-Jean-Longueuil, \u0110\u1ee9c cha Bernard Hubert, ra tay can thi\u1ec7p \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u00e0i \u0111i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong b\u00e0i b\u00e1o “M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p d\u0169ng m\u00e3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II”[37]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y th\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec5m nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 \u00edt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ban h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u00f2i l\u1eafng nghe l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ch\u0103n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn qua th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, \u01b0u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng vi\u1ec7c can thi\u1ec7p b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.”[38]<\/a> ; N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec bao nhi\u00eau v\u00e0 m\u1ed7i mi\u1ec1n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft khuy\u1ec3n nho (xinic, v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u0129), \u0111a nghi, tu\u1ed9t d\u1ed1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 “Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t xem th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec trao ban cho gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00fang kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ec7nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 sida nh\u1edd v\u00e0o bao cao su.”[39]<\/a>\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c cha Bernard Hubert nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 C\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u1eabn m\u1edf.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Cha c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc :<\/p>\n

\u00a0” V\u00ec v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean coi nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m nhan hay t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng trao \u0111\u1ed5i, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i\u1ec7u ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa, t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111i v\u00e0o chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn, ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n.”[40]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Cha Bernard Hubert coi nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi trong ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i; v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i coi nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.” \u00a0\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i, ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn, t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, khi\u00eam h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u1eady tr\u00f4ng.”[41]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a01.2. Veritatis Splendor<\/strong>[42]<\/a> trong\u00a0 t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed A.R.M. , c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>M\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed A.R.M. cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1i Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u.\u00a0 Giancarlo Zizola vi\u1ebft l\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 “M\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ebf gi\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u1eb1ng n\u00e9t b\u00fat l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, Giancarlo Ziziola[43]<\/a> v\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1i ng\u00e0nh ng\u1ecdn b\u1ee9c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 C\u00f3 hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II gi\u1eb1ng co nhau.\u00a0 Phe “R\u00f4ma” g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tin ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t\u00a0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ng\u1ed9; c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho phe n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 : \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Christoph Sch\u00f6nborn, H\u1ed3ng y Joseph Ratzinger, linh m\u1ee5c Andrezej Szostek, bi\u00ean t\u1eadp vi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0110\u1ee9c cha Carlo Caffara.\u00a0 Phe b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n thu\u1ed9c “th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb3ng b\u1edfi hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes”.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn ng\u1ea5m ng\u1ea7m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a hai phe v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd tr\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Paul Ric\u0153ur<\/strong>[44]<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

l\u00e0 <\/strong>tri\u1ebft gi\u00e0 v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia tinh l\u00e0nh tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: “Kinh th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u kh\u00f4ng?”<\/p>\n

\u00a0Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u00f4ng t\u00e1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Mt 19,16-22.\u00a0 Th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a M\u00e1tth\u00eau l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt M\u00f4s\u00ea v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4; s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p trong M\u00e1tth\u00eau nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t.\u00a0 C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “V\u1ec1 b\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gia s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a anh” (c. 21) l\u00e0 l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 am h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n <\/strong>v\u1edbi “l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t”; tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

Khi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Mt 19, 9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c r\u1eaby v\u1ee3 : “V\u00ec c\u00e1c \u00f4ng l\u00f2ng chai d\u1ea1 \u0111\u00e1, n\u00ean \u00f4ng M\u00f4s\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c \u00f4ng r\u1eaby v\u1ee3, ch\u1ee9 thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e2u,” Ric\u0153ur<\/strong> l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “Kinh th\u00e1nh d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ‘uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n’, v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t li\u00ean k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 hai tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n v\u0103n: – “nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u” \u2013 ” m\u1ed9t t\u00edch t\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ef1c \u0111oan\u00a0 (isme)”.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “qu\u00e1 thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o”, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 “lu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” m\u00e0 qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u01b0 Luther n\u00f3i “m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng chu to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3.”<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, trong s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o \u0111i\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00ean \u00e1n.\u00a0 “Thuy\u1ebft v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00e1ng\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n,” v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e0o th\u1ea3i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn “vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.”<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 “qu\u00e1” \u0111\u00e1ng trong \u0111i\u1ec1u “ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean r\u1ea5t bu\u1ed3n r\u1ea7u b\u1ecf \u0111i ” (c.22).\u00a0 Tin m\u1eebng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u “qu\u00e1” \u0111\u00e1ng.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111i\u1ec1u “qu\u00e1” \u0111\u00e1ng n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u1edf trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00ea-su d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp so v\u1edbi th\u1eddi gian l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Xavier Emmanuelli<\/strong>[45]<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean B\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00f4ng bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi : “S\u1ef1 d\u00e3 man c\u00f3 lan tr\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng?”, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi “h\u00f4m qua” v\u00e0 h\u00f4m nay.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 d\u00e3 man v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ee9ng y\u00ean.\u00a0 “H\u1ecfa ng\u1ee5c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2n th\u1eddi h\u00f3a.\u00a0 Theo sau nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf x\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n”, cho d\u00f9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor ra \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eafc cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cao \u0111\u1eb3ng.<\/p>\n

Jean-Paul Willaime<\/strong>[46]<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e0 t\u00edn h\u1eefu tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi : Ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tai h\u1ecda t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn kh\u00f4ng?” , t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn t\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng.\u00a0 Thuy\u1ebft Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o Do th\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ed5i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 N\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i ch\u1ea3y ra thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, \u01b0\u1edbc ao m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb (x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o . . . ).\u00a0 Cho n\u00ean, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta k\u1ebft \u00e1n thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft \u00e1n lu\u00f4n ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i lo s\u1ee3 m\u1ed9t \u0111a nguy\u00ean t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 Trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.\u00a0 “N\u1ebfu Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, l\u1eddi rao gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u00e1ch l\u00eca kh\u1ecfi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb b\u00e1c b\u1ecf”.<\/p>\n

Michel Barat<\/strong>[47]<\/a><\/p>\n

theo ph\u00e1i tam \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: “Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u00f3 \u0111i tr\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ?” .\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, tuy nhi\u00ean lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft duy lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft theo th\u1eddi.\u00a0\u00a0 “M\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 duy th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i”.\u00a0 Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2n th\u1eddi c\u00f2n gi\u1eef ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfp l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan li\u00ean v\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd m\u1edbi c\u1ea3, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2n trang b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3; tuy nhi\u00ean, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ng\u00e0y qua ng\u00e0y l\u00e0m n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ee5c.\u00a0 “Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 chinh ph\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Denis Muller<\/strong>[48]<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia tin l\u00e0nh, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi : ” T\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m tham gia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec ?”\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Jean Paul Sartre.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo \u00f4ng, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u00f4-t\u00f4 sao ch\u00e9p m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ho\u00e0n v\u0169 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p”, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m th\u00ec n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u00ec “\u0111\u1ed9c tho\u1ea1i” (monologique) \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Muller ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a gia tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn “s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c k\u00e9p trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, “s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c minh h\u1ecda th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y: c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 do v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00f4i d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n.\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do bao nhi\u00eau khi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e0ng t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau.”<\/p>\n

\u00a0Paul Valadier<\/strong>[49]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng T\u00ean, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia, tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1: “N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh h\u00f9ng?”.\u00a0 N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn theo ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5.\u00a0 “Ch\u00ednh ngay trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4”, “\u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u00e3n quan lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Tin m\u1eebng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u1ea3i theo m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nhi\u1ec1u hay \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh”.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u1edbi c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em kh\u00e1c \u0111ang khi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o.\u00a0 Cha gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c cho s\u1ef1\u00a0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e2n, t\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u00f2a \u00e1n c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t.\u00a0 “B\u00e1m r\u1ec3 s\u00e2u trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kinh qua \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng huynh \u0111\u1ec7, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1eeb ra ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a anh h\u00f9ng”.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea5ng anh h\u00f9ng tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ki-t\u00f4 h\u1eefu ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c m\u00ecnh cho \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Pierre de Locht<\/strong>[50]<\/a> <\/strong><\/p>\n

tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi : “Ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f4ng?”\u00a0 \u00d4ng l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfc l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ea5y “b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng n\u00e0o cho s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu trong ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”.\u00a0 D\u00f9 v\u1eady m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng, “c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf m\u00e0 h\u1ecd l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5ng b\u1ea3n quy\u1ec1n”.\u00a0 Xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00ec b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng “si\u00eau qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7” n\u01a1i m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm h\u1ebft ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ecf qu\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n th\u00e1nh g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o cho c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 “Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng bu\u1ed3n cho m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n ( . . . ) l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i cao ng\u1ea1o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u1ef7 v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, r\u1ea5t tr\u1ecdng nam nh\u00e2n, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng?”<\/p>\n

Tony Anatrella<\/strong>[51]<\/a>, <\/strong>nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 : “N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf qua khoa ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u0103ng? : Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n (x. VS 33), v\u00e0 xin \u0111\u1eebng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng “ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e2m linh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb quy ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u1eafng nghe c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111au kh\u1ed5”.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a khoa ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1ed9c hai l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 v\u00f4 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c . . . nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 c\u0169ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Patrick Michel<\/strong>[52]<\/a> <\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 : “Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mang \u01a1n g\u00ec n\u01a1i b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Ba-lan?” \u2013 B\u00e0i h\u1ecdc th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba-lan \u1edf cu\u1ed9c tuy\u1ec3n c\u1eed v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1993: kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea3ng ph\u00e1i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0o qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn kinh ho\u00e0ng t\u00e1t v\u00e0o m\u1eb7t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ba-lan.\u00a0 N\u01b0\u1edbc Ba-lan tho\u00e1t ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n nh\u1edd vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111ang \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi “m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng d\u1ef1a th\u1ebf Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd”.\u00a0 T\u1eeb nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba-lan kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n g\u1eafn b\u00f3 tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Sau khi h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc n\u1ea7y, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u00e0n g\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 trao t\u1eb7ng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3\u00a0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a.\u00a0 V\u1eady ph\u1ea3i xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t l\u1ea1i b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh.”<\/p>\n

\u00a0Eugen Drewermann<\/strong>[53]<\/a><\/p>\n

ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 : “N\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, b\u1ea1n s\u1ebd n\u00f3i g\u00ec?”\u00a0 N\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i, v\u00e0 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00ea-su.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i; \u00f4ng t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a v\u1ec1 l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111i theo ki\u1ec3u kinh vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13.\u00a0 “H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a”.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i cho to\u00e0n c\u00f5i \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ea7u, \u0111ang khi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng, \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111a phu v\u00e0 \u0111a th\u00ea t\u1ea1i Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f4i li d\u1ecb t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00d4ng ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e0ng thanh ni\u00ean b\u00e1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u00f3: “Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong ngh\u0129a theo m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd” v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u00e0i lo l\u1eafng v\u1ec1 “N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea5t t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c”.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u1ea5y l\u00fd do Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ed9c tho\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1eadp h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed A.R.M. ra m\u1eaft r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm: ch\u1eebng b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i ng\u00e0y sau khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n.\u00a0 B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p; B\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng hoan ngh\u00eanh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u00edt ra l\u00e0 n\u01a1i t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n thu\u1ed9c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cao c\u1ea5p nh\u01b0 tri\u1ebft gia, nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, b\u00e1c s\u0129, nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 tam \u0111i\u1ec3m, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng T\u00ean, nh\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc, chuy\u00ean gia t\u00e2m b\u1ec7nh h\u1ecdc, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u l\u0103ng k\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1c, s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 tin l\u00e0nh : Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng mang t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 th\u1ec7 ph\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Paul Ric\u0153ur c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 gia tr\u1ecb ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 trong nh\u00f3m n\u1ea7y thu\u1ed9c phe ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i, c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Paul Ric\u0153ur h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c \u00f4ng t\u00e1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Mt 19, 16-22 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u nhau c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 V\u1edbi “m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat ‘uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n’ c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng” t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1edfi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 C\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 khi d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng \u00e1m d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i tr\u1eafng ra, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i nh\u01b0 “qu\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o”, “m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng”, “c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh”, “si\u00eau qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7”, “c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c”, “c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh \u0111\u1ecba v\u1ecb”, hay l\u00e0 “N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i”.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec3m ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t khi \u0111\u1ecdc h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 C\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tung ra, nhi\u1ec1u \u00edt g\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n r\u1eb1ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 n\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111a th\u00ea ho\u1eb7c \u0111a phu\u00a0 trong n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ?\u00a0 Kinh th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh truy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00ec trong n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y sao?\u00a0 V\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng hay l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II ?\u00a0 Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0o m\u00e0 Eug\u00e8ne Drewermann mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i t\u1edbi khi \u00f4ng c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9\u00a0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea5t phu nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ee5 ?<\/p>\n

1.3. T\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p “Veritatis Splendor” : M\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c thanh l\u1ecdc gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/strong>[54]<\/a>.<\/strong> Par P. DOMINGO BASSO, O.P.<\/p>\n

B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a : T\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

a.Nh\u1eefng di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t
\n<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng s\u1ed1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p pha tr\u1ed9n nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u1ef1 do, v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean n\u0103m m\u01b0\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 “V\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u00e1c \u00e1i, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9, thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v.v . . .[55]<\/a>\u00a0 Kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1ea7y v\u01b0\u01a1ng cao v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae.\u00a0 “S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o, vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n quy chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c, phong tr\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o”.\u00a0 M\u1ed9tt s\u1ed1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n uy c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

b. C\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb Veritatis Splendor qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean b\u1ecb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 C\u00f2n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp gi\u00e1p nhau v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.” N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ebf ch\u1ed7 cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00e0 th\u00f4i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh hay s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a “s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n” v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c \u0111o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng trong “s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3” . . . hay trong s\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn theo nh\u01b0 “s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn gi\u1eefa hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn “\u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n” ho\u1eb7c “c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n” th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh (VS 75)”[56]<\/a><\/p>\n

c. M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u00dd mu\u1ed1n s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ean l\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ed1 \u00fd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi ng\u1eeba thai trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, trong quan h\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee7 d\u00e2m n\u01a1i c\u00e1c thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ho\u1eb7c n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e1 thai, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap khoa h\u1ecdc trong sinh s\u1ea3n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u00e2y ch\u1ebft \u00eam d\u1ecbu, vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng bao cao su \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba b\u1ec7nh sida v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee9ng b\u1ec7nh kh\u00e1c, v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb b\u1ea5t trung n\u01a1i v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, v.v. . . “.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0m chy\u1ec3n rung n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang”; Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp d\u00e8 d\u1eb7t ho\u1eb7c d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, d\u00f9 b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, v\u00ec m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ec9nh ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0d. \u0110\u00f3n nh\u1eadn trong \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh: “R\u00f4ma l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng, vi\u1ec7c b\u00e0n lu\u1eadn k\u1ebft th\u00fac”, th\u1ec3 theo l\u1eddi n\u00f3i danh ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh \u00c2u-tinh.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi v\u00ec, “\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap c\u00e1ch \u0111\u0103c bi\u1ec7t c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ch\u0103n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong s\u1ef1 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd”[57]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u00e8n soi s\u00e1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o h\u1ecd \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00f2ng tr\u00f4ng c\u1eady v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt l\u1ea1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i : Bao l\u00e2u ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t b\u1eb1ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t”.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c : “\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ecdng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng chu\u00f4ng khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi”<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y, th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Domingo Basso l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 t\u1eeb s\u1edbm v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng sai s\u00f3t \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra \u00e2m m\u01b0u nh\u1eb1m b\u00e3i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn n\u01a1i d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t n\u00e0o h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5m t\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng?<\/p>\n

\u00a0Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Domingo Basso r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u00a0 L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb c\u00e1c k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7.\u00a0 L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ef1 v\u1eady kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n, n\u01a1i giao l\u01b0u c\u00e1c lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

1.4. Splendor Veritatis<\/strong>[58]<\/a> b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a LISA SOWLE CAHILL<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Cahill nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn hai \u0111i\u1ec3m :<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span><\/strong>.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi m\u1ed1i ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng hi\u1ec7n nay trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f4n vinh t\u1ef1 do, ca t\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ri\u00eang t\u01b0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n “nh\u1eefng l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean quan g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho m\u1ecdi quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt t\u01b0 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n v\u0169 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chung.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c<\/span><\/strong>.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb suy y\u1ebfu do m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p xem ra \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chung quanh s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, c\u1ed5 v\u0169 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 \u0111a v\u0103n h\u00f3a, h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chung quanh nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n “\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb”, v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n” v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 “thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng”; Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch trung t\u00e2m trong \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i”, v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ch\u00eat v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i”[59]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ngo\u00e0i ra th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a th\u01b0\u1eddng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e2n khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf t\u00e0i h\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ch\u1eafp v\u00e1 trong tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p : “\u0110ang khi c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 “l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng” v\u00e0 l\u00e0 “nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee9ng” cho \u0111\u1ee9c tin (VS. 89), v\u00e0\u00a0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n k\u1ebft n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m cho m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a tri th\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”[60]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Cahill k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u00e0i b\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc: “S\u1ebd th\u1eadt l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u h\u1ed5 cho nh\u1eefng ai so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng ai th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chia r\u1ebd m\u1edbi trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.”\u00a0 “Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a Veritatis Splendor th\u00ec kh\u1eaft khe v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Cahill \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft \u00e1n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.\u00a0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u tr\u1eb1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e0u \u0111en, m\u00e0u \u0111en l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 to\u00e1t l\u00ean m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd do vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung chung, vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Cahill v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb c\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Cahill c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi s\u1ee3 s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra li\u1ec1n theo sau xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, gi\u1eefa hai phe nh\u00f3m b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, h\u1ecd c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i l\u1eabn nhau t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II.\u00a0 M\u1ed1i lo s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 Cahill di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i lo s\u1ee3 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor,\u00a0 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft duy truy\u1ec1n” d\u00f9ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 bung xung \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft \u00e1n “nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n ti\u1ebfn” \u0111\u1ed9c \u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea7y\u00a0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t: \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra trong d\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa do s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eafm c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd.<\/p>\n

\u00a01.5 L\u00e1 Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong>[61]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 BERNARD BESRET<\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u01a1n hai th\u00e1ng sau khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1\u00a0 ( ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1993), L\u00e1 Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Bernard Besret \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t trong c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n (ng\u00e0y 18 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1993).\u00a0 M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00eau l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

a. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng v\u0103n b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn, \u0111\u1ea7y c\u0103m ph\u1eabn v\u00e0 h\u1eadn th\u00f9, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u danh d\u1ef1 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 \u00d4ng ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb ngang vai.\u00a0 \u00d4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh v\u00e0o th\u1eadp gi\u00e1” v\u00e0 l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 thanh to\u00e1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”[62]<\/a> l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn \u00fd v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 \u00d4ng minh \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng “ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch”[63]<\/a> v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

b. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret l\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t chi ti\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed7i ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef (x. VS 40).\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0 Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00e2y bi\u1ebft l\u00e0nh bi\u1ebft d\u1eef \u1edf St 2, 16-17 n\u00f3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i\u00a0 “B\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y, M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i” (VS 35).\u00a0 Y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1ee9 hai, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt ngay t\u1eeb khi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi “T\u1ed9i nguy\u00ean t\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, t\u1ed9i n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m hoen \u1ed1 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y t\u1eadn th\u1ebf “.\u00a0 “Lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta n\u1eefa, m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m luy\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u01a1ng”[64]<\/a>.\u00a0 V\u1eady con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Bernard Besret c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (VS 34), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0 \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd: “\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ( . . . ) nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea9y x\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c”[65]<\/a>.\u00a0 Trong quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy t\u00ecm Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 truy t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 “T\u00f4i c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eafm c\u00e1c c\u1ecdc ti\u00eau c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n \u1edf m\u1ecdi ph\u00eda.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f4i l\u00e0, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng lu\u1eadt \u0111i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u1ea3 t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng theo \u0111\u00fang ch\u00e2n ch\u1eef”[66]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0d. V\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u2013 V\u1ec1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u2013 V\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Bernard Besret l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4-ma v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa : “N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi”[67]<\/a>. \u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i \u00f4ng h\u00e2m m\u1ed9 c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia[68]<\/a> v\u00e0 x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00cdtraen v\u00e0o trong h\u00e0ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n th\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u1eefa \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ebfc”[69]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret say m\u00ea t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Eugen Drewermann, \u00f4ng n\u1ea7y coi c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o l\u00e0 huy\u1ec1n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Kyt\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n tho\u1ea1i[70]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0e. M\u1eb7c Kh\u1ea3i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “\u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ee9c t\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi”.\u00a0 \u00d4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ri\u00eang t\u01b0.\u00a0 Lo\u1ea1i m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c \u00cdtraen[71]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0g. Nguy\u00ean t\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Bernard Besret cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n sa ng\u00e3 c\u1ee7a A\u0111am v\u00e0 Ev\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh, m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n hoang \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0 “S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”.\u00a0 Bernard Besret l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c-h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y qua n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh n\u1ea7y qua n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 Pascal \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u00e0 cho r\u1eb1ng “T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd nghe n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 C\u00e1c\u00a0 Bia \u0110\u00e1 c\u1ee7a M\u00f4-s\u00ea, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i”[72]<\/a>.\u00a0 M\u1ed7i kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 n\u1ea9y sinh t\u1eeb h\u01b0 v\u00f4, Th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00fac ph\u00fac l\u00e0nh nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y, l\u1eddi ch\u00fac ph\u00fac n\u1ea7y l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n sinh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0i.<\/strong> \u00a0M\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Bernard Besret t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i n\u01a1i d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c H\u00edp-ri, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n v\u0169 c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n[73]<\/a>. \u00a0Nh\u00e2n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi n\u1ea7y: “Ng\u00e0y sa-b\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho ng\u00e0y sa-b\u00e1t” ( Mc 2, 27), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa xem ra xa v\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u0169ng b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 v\u1eady[74]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Bernard Besret t\u00e1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00e2u Kinh th\u00e1nh M\u00e1tth\u00eau 19, 21 : “H\u00e3y v\u1ec1, b\u00e1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec anh c\u00f3 r\u1ed3i ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5”, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n v\u0169 n\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0 C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u1edf trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh r\u1ea5t c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n v\u0169[75]<\/a>, c\u00e2u n\u00f3i n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng tu s\u0129 \u01b0u t\u00fa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0j. T\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Bernard Besret kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c vi\u1ec7n l\u00fd do t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c kh\u00f4ng li\u00ean can \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng[76]<\/a>.\u00a0 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 “vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta.\u00a0 N\u00f3i th\u1eadt ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd ni\u1ec7m t\u1ed9i, cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1ed9i, t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9 hay t\u1ed9i n\u1eb7ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong \u0111\u1ea7u \u00f3c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.\u00a0 \u00dd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m soi s\u00e1ng n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e3 bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y \u00fd ngh\u0129a”[77]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i. \u00a0\u00d4ng ch\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng b\u00e1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae b\u1eb1ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u00fd do nh\u00e2n m\u00e3n v\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh sida (aids), nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. \u00d4ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quan ni\u1ec7m t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c th\u00ec lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n sinh[78]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n\u00a0 “gi\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i” (d\u00e9s-intrins\u00e9quer) cho c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai b\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00ean \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Bernard Besret c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u1eafng nghe ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9, \u00f4ng n\u00eau ra “Cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1992 c\u1ee7a t\u1edd b\u00e1o Time Magazine \/ CNN, cu\u1ed9c th\u0103m d\u00f2 n\u1ea7y cho th\u1ea5y 80 \/ 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c\u00a0 Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y b\u1ecb b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c tu\u00e2n theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai v\u00e0 ng\u1eeba thai, d\u00e2n ch\u00fang th\u00edch c\u00f3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd h\u01a1n, ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i 14 \/ 100 cho r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn tu\u00e2n theo ch\u1ec9 th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i”[79]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ednh luy\u1ebfn \u00e1i, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f4i h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n li d\u1ecb, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng nam n\u1eef trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 gh\u00e9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef.<\/p>\n

\u00a0k. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>L\u00e1 Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ngo\u1ea1i giao: “Th\u01b0a ng\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 huynh \u0111\u1ec7 r\u1ea5t th\u00e2n m\u1ebfn” (Monsieur le Pape et tr\u00e8s cher fr\u00e8re).\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin; \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng “kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc” v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ta \u0111ang tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “L\u00e1 Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd” <\/strong>l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00f3 t\u00ednh g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau t\u1eeb a \u0111\u1ebfn z.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean : nh\u1edd lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh v\u00e0\u00a0 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c d\u1eef (VS 40) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf (St 2, 16-17): kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (VS 35).<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng hi\u1ec3m h\u1ecda b\u1ec7nh li\u1ec7t kh\u00e1ng sida \u0111ang \u0111e d\u1ecda m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau inh \u1ecfi xin c\u1ee9u gi\u00fap tho\u00e1t l\u00ean t\u1eeb t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi g\u00f3c tr\u1eddi.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o-h\u1ed9i-v\u00ec-con-ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ee9ng khoanh tay v\u00e0 d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u1ecbnh sida tha \u0111i.\u00a0 Trong m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi gi\u00e1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 trong tay \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t khi v\u00f2i r\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a l\u00ednh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa t\u1edbi, c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c trang b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 h\u01a1n l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec3 cho l\u00ednh c\u1ee9u h\u1ecfa gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda.\u00a0 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ea7n c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 trong c\u01a1n h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi ngay khi ph\u00e1t ra ng\u1ecdn l\u1eeda. M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00e0i h\u1ea1n v\u1eady.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec c\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u01b0 nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1eady.\u00a0 B\u1ec7nh li\u1ec7t kh\u00e1ng sida l\u00e0 c\u01a1n h\u1ecfa ho\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef3 ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00f4i th\u00fa nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, t\u00f4i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc “L\u00e1 Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf” n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 L\u00e1 th\u01b0 qu\u00e1 c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh v\u0103n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong h\u1ed7n x\u01b0\u1ee3c, b\u00fat chi\u1ebfn, di\u1ec5u c\u1ee3t h\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbc, tr\u00e0n ng\u1eadp h\u1eadn th\u00f9, c\u00e1c gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u n\u1ea7y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e1 th\u01b0, v\u00e0 phong c\u00e1ch \u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed7i suy t\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh.\u00a0 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u00eam g\u00ec cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i trong m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111i t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 C\u00e1i b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1i n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ee9 ra t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong.\u00a0 L\u00e1 Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf c\u1ee7a Bernard Besret bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00ednh ch\u00ednh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Besret d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ho\u00e0i nghi, \u00f4ng ho\u00e0i nghi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i v\u00e0o tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng tr\u1ed1ng tr\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ea3, v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Kinh th\u00e1nh, v\u1ec1 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee9ng trong c\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ecba th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, cho n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0n th\u1ea3o v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.\u00a0 C\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e3y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Bernard Besret, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft hay t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb9, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c kh\u00e1ch quan v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n v\u0169:\u00a0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf d\u0129 nhi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft tham chi\u1ebfu \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u1edf trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd hay \u0111ang \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c.\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u00f4 \u0111\u1eadm n\u00e9t trong Th\u01b0 Ng\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Kinh th\u00e1nh, c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c trong s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u1eeb tr\u00e1i sang ph\u1ea3i, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng vang d\u1eady trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfng vang ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u1ea7y nh\u1ecbp l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c l\u1ea7n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n kh\u00e1c nhau, trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed, trong c\u00e1c pho s\u00e1ch.\u00a0 C\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp, b\u1eb1ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng soi s\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ea1nh \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111i sang ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta xem x\u00e9t s\u01a1 qua l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong hai nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n l\u1edbn b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0111i v\u00e0o Th\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a01.6. B\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Xavier Th\u00e9venot<\/strong>[80]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0a. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Xavier Th\u00e9venot \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa nh\u1eb1m tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 “t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1 d\u00e0i, m\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u”[81]<\/a>, \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c do l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n-kinh vi\u1ec7n.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng n\u00eau b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a nh\u01b0 : Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u00ednh t\u1eadn c\u0103n, x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n v\u0169, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u00eam kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc theo di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 minh gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m bao h\u00e0m trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u00e9o s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hai \u00fd nh\u1eafm c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u : “M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c sai l\u1ec7ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc”[82]<\/a> v\u00e0 “ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh” (VS.30)[83]<\/a>.\u00a0 Trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 Xavier Th\u00e9venot tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft Duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 <\/strong>(cons\u00e9quentialisme)<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Xavier Th\u00e9venot tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n; t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00eau t\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh (t\u00e9l\u00e9ologisme), m\u1ed9t khynh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfu c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m :<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p (VS 71-83) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ( . . . ) m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a duy c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh thuy\u1ebft \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 John Boyle, Lisa Cahill, Charles Curran, Magaret Farley, Daniel Maguire, Richard McCormick, Timothy O’Connell.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea v\u00e0o danh x\u01b0ng thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 J. Fuchs, L.Janssens, B. Sch\u00dcler, nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u1ea7y, th\u1eadt ra ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau”[84]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor kh\u00f4ng n\u00eau t\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u00e0o.\u00a0 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc mong ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd b\u1ecb t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c sai l\u1ea1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. \u00dd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i ba ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh ra t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi (VS 77-78), Xavier Th\u00e9venot nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“C\u1eaft ngh\u0129a c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh theo tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma c\u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 theo vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho ai \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 m\u01b0\u1ee3n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o tay c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho m\u01b0\u1ee3n nh\u1eefng t\u1edd gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea1c).\u00a0 C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi.\u00a0 Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma , \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 ‘c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng’ (VS 78)” (ibid).<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Jacques Maritain v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Andr\u00e9 L\u00e9onard.\u00a0 C\u1ea3 hai nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 C\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a hai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh t\u00e2n-kinh vi\u1ec7n, vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y t\u1ea1o h\u1ee9ng th\u00fa cho Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hai c\u1ee7a kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0d. S\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa : n\u01a1i th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>“T\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 Kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 <\/strong>Lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1edd l\u00fd tr\u00ed t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu l\u00e0 “lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean”), v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i si\u00eau nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa”) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t\u00a0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ebf to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p theo lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 khi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do th\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 tu\u00e2n theo \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac trong lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 trong lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa”[85]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0e. H\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 no65u.\u00a0 th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u00dd ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 am t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eam nhi\u1ec5m n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft qua h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng ” v\u1eadt l\u00fd ” b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 V\u00e0 t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn hay kh\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 giam h\u00e3m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m \u00e1y n\u00e1y lo \u00e2u hay kh\u00f4ng?”[86]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Xavier Th\u00e9venot \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t t\u00ecn ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t thu\u1eadn ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t “c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea5t khoan dung, nh\u01b0ng kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a khoa kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n nay”. \u00a0C\u00f3 n\u00ean ch\u0103ng d\u00f9ng l\u1ea1i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ‘l\u1ec7 \u0111\u00ecnh lu\u1eadt’ (\u00e9pikie) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cung \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gi\u1ea3i ca, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t\u00a0 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t ?”<\/p>\n

\u00a0f. Th\u1ebf gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Xavier Th\u00e9venot n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u1eefa nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n.\u00a0 Trong tr\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00eau l\u00ean uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee9c tin nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra : “trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan, nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng mi\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t’[87]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh, Xavier Th\u00e9venot tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 minh b\u1ea1ch h\u00f3a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e3y g\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t gi\u1eefa hai kh\u1ed1i b\u00ea-t\u00f4ng.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4n kh\u00e9o.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 truy t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i kh\u00e1c \u0111ang khi v\u1eabn t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n h\u01a1n.\u00a0 Xavier Th\u00e9venot th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e9o l\u00e9o t\u00e0i t\u00ecnh ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 chi\u1ebfn thu\u1eadt hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 J. Maritain v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Andr\u00e9 L\u00e9onard \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m y\u00ean t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 lay chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00e2m nh\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd\u00a0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Xavier Th\u00e9venot kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay trong nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf gi\u00fap cho c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed ch\u0103n d\u1eaft c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n, h\u1ecd \u0111ang c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn xin m\u1ee5c t\u1eed l\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\u00a0 C\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau b\u1eadt khi \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Xavier Th\u00e9venot.<\/p>\n

\u00a01.7. “B\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y” c\u1ee7a Jean Louis Brugu\u00e8s O.P. <\/strong>[88]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Jean Louis Brugu\u00e8s c\u00f3 b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor “La Splendeurr de la V\u00e9rit\u00e9” <\/em>do <\/em>nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Mame \/ Plon.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p y nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u00f4ng.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd do s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u00f4ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1ea7y v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II :\u00a0 “Gaudium et Spes”, “Dei Verbum” , Dignitatis Humanae”, “Optatam Totius”, v\u00e0 “Lumen Gentium”.\u00a0 Sau \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i li\u1ec1n v\u00e0o n\u1ed9i\u00a0 dung ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00eau l\u00ean \u00fd nh\u1eafm c\u1ee7a ba ch\u01b0\u01a1ng: Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 b\u00e0i hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t<\/strong>: “B\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m<\/strong>” n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 v\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su (Mt 19, 16-21), T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1ea3y ra n\u0103m l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh:<\/p>\n

a-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng (VS 6).<\/p>\n

b-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ch\u1ec9 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p tr\u1ea3 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n (VS 9).<\/p>\n

c-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n t\u1ea1o n\u00ean\u00a0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (VS 16).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00faa Gi\u00ea-su tr\u1ea3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eef c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n.<\/p>\n

d-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 19-21).<\/p>\n

e-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (VS 24).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai<\/strong>: “L\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o<\/strong>” t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

\u00a0a-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt.<\/span> Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y trao ban cho l\u00fd tr\u00ed quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 th\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (x. VS 36).\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 minh \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed trong s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i l\u00fd tr\u00ed qua lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (cf. VS 50, 53).<\/p>\n

\u00a0b-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span> .\u00a0 Jean Louis Brugu\u00e8s <\/strong>nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (cf. VS 56).\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0 minh b\u1ea1ch n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, lu\u1eadt x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc (cf. VS 60).\u00a0 Uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu (Cf. VS 64).<\/p>\n

c-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n<\/span> l\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ea3ng b\u00e1 trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc \u0102ng-l\u00f4 X\u1eafc-x\u00f4ng: N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 (lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t.\u00a0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1eefa.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

d-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span>.\u00a0 C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt g\u00e1n cho (Cf. VS 71).\u00a0 Thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng th\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nhau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc (VS 76); c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cung c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u00fd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y (VS 80) theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1t (m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n minh cho h\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c).<\/p>\n

e-\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00e0i hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ee9c<\/span> n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecf cho m\u1ecdi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n d\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u1ecd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebd v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n “v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e2m l\u0103ng” (Cf. VS 88).\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i nguy\u00a0 hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c” m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c (Cf. VS 101 v\u00e0 113).\u00a0 C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i (Cf VS 109-110).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c t\u1eed v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 cho s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng (Cf VS 114 v\u00e0 116).\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1ee7y th\u00e1c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ai\u00a0 th\u00e0nh t\u00e2m thi\u00ean ch\u00ed cho “\u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t”.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp v\u1eafn g\u1ecdn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jean Louis Brugu\u00e8s tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tu\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb h\u00e0m h\u1ed3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft sai l\u1ea1c b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean k\u1ebft ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn l\u00fd\u00a0 theo c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u b\u00f4i tr\u01a1n trong m\u1ed9t gu\u1ed3ng m\u00e1y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 (t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u1ed5 m\u00e1y \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ti\u1ebfn l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

1.8. “C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n” c\u1ee7a Georges Cottier O.P.<\/strong>[89]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u1ede cu\u1ed1i quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch La Splendeur de la V\u00e9rit\u00e9<\/em>, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0 “C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n” c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Georges Cottier, o.p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch” c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Albert Chapelle, S.J.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Georges Cottier cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp con ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u.\u00a0 “H\u00e3y tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea1n \u0111ang l\u00e0”.\u00a0 “\u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn vi\u00ean cho t\u1ef1 do\u00a0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh”[90]<\/a>.\u00a0 N\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ba n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu: s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, ch\u00fang bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Georges Cottier qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra qua l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Cho n\u00ean lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 T\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh x\u1eed t\u1ef1 do trong c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ef1 do<\/span><\/strong> c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m, t\u1ef1 do n\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a c\u1eady v\u00e0o \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea9y sinh ra bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng gi\u1eefa t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 cao m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tri\u1ebft gia, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa; th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 r\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o m\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y theo ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft h\u01b0 v\u00f4.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span><\/strong> trong c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, tuy nhi\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, l\u00fd tr\u00ed tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1 (th\u00e9onomie particip\u00e9e: th\u00e9o= dieu= th\u1ea7n ; nomos=norme= ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n).\u00a0 L\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng am t\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u00f3 soi s\u00e1ng \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u1ee3p l\u00fd nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ed1i cao v\u00ec lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng, lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng S\u00e1ng T\u1ea1o.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00f3i v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed, lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 Kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1edd v\u00e0o M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xin l\u1eddi c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n n\u01a1i l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 L\u00fd tr\u00ed t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, l\u00fd tr\u00ed tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tuy nhi\u00ean v\u00ec l\u00fd tr\u00ed tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, cho n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor khai tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c suy t\u00f4n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 cung th\u00e1nh n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1eafng nghe ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng anh em kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t.\u00a0 Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Cho d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, Georges Cottier h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ed5i c\u00e1i then ch\u1ed1t m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y: Nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7; lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 9. “B\u1ea3ng Ph\u00e2n T\u00edch” c\u1ee7a Albert Chapelle S.J.<\/strong>[91]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>M\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c soi s\u00e1ng gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor. \u00a0Albert Chapelle h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Kinh th\u00e1nh trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: “\u0110\u1ec3 th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 kh\u1ecfi tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u” (1Cr 1, 17; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 ba th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor).\u00a0 \u00dd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.\u00a0 T\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u00a0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 “B\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”, “S\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa”, “S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (VS 92), “T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn”, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ed1i Cao trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0, \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng V\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac[92]<\/a> trong s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ti\u1ebfp theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch chi ti\u1ebft c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 \u00d4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng, m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft l\u00ean \u00e1n . . . Trong ph\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn sai l\u1ea1c, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 s\u1edf h\u1eefu ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tranh c\u00e3i nh\u1ea5t (Cf.VS 30), v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00eau l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd tha thi\u1ebft v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (cf.VS 31).<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, Albert Chapelle n\u00eau \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 sau.\u00a0 “T\u00ednh duy l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p hay m\u1ed9t \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do, nh\u01b0ng quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n v\u0103n, \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, trong chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu, ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”[93]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00fa nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng “Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u00f9 m\u1edd, c\u00f3 khi c\u00f2n h\u00e0m h\u1ed3 n\u1eefa”[94]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Albert Chapelle l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t chu \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.\u00a0 B\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn giao th\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea7y chi ti\u1ebft ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tra c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi d\u1ea5n b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1eadt hi\u1ebfm khi th\u1ea5y ba t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cao th\u1ee7 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t pho s\u00e1ch, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111\u00fang vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0K\u1ebft Lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u0103n phong trong hai t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta v\u1eeba h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n n\u1ea7y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5.\u00a0 C\u1ea3 hai ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung v\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00fap am hi\u1ec3u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00eam ch\u00ednh h\u01a1n trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Xavier Th\u00e9venot mang nhi\u1ec1u s\u1eafc th\u00e1i h\u01a1n ba th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy t\u1ee5 l\u1ea1i trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Mame\/Plon.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t trong chu\u1ed5i m\u01b0\u1eddi ba t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch khi \u0111i v\u00e0o chi ti\u1ebft v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1ecbp th\u1ee9 hai trong ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong s\u00e1ng, ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n Th\u1ee9 ba<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0v\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a01.10.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t trong Veritatis Splendor<\/strong>[95]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ALBERT CHAPELLE,S.J.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y Jean-Louis Brugu\u00e8s, Georges Cottier v\u00e0 Albert Chapelle \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ng\u1ed9 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd<\/em> (La Splendeur de la V\u00e9rit\u00e9),<\/em> <\/strong>\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Mame\/Plon cho ra m\u1eaft n\u0103m 1993.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 vi\u1ebft ri\u00eang trong nh\u1eefng t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Albert Chapelle \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa\u00a0 hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et Spes<\/em> c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendori<\/em> ; v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendori<\/em> n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd C\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>a.\u00a0 L\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Albert Chapelle, gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 do\u00e3n l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II.\u00a0 C\u00e1c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft l\u00ean \u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau l\u00ean trong hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et Spes<\/em> s\u1ed1 27 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i trong Veritatis Splendor<\/em> s\u1ed1 80, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed x\u1ea5u xa li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, ph\u00e1 thai, l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u00eam d\u1ecbu, t\u1ef1 t\u1eed, c\u1eaft m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, tra t\u1ea5n th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t v\u00e3ng l\u01b0u \u0111\u00e0y, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh x\u1eed v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u00e1c gh\u00ea t\u1edfm nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c hay m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau t\u00ean trong hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng<\/em> c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II s\u1ed1 79.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u00a0\u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea5m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi (semper et pro semper), nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 52) v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi “lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang” (VS 80).\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng sau C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p” \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 n\u0103m 1967 trong m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed5i hu\u1ea5n d\u1ee5[96]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. Nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Albert Chapelle li\u1ec7t k\u00ea nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o[97]<\/a> \u00a0( SGLHTCG = CEC) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch l\u1ea1i trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 \u01a0n g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac (SGLHTCG s\u1ed1 1716-1729), b\u1edfi v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (GLHTCG 1730).\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ec3 theo l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 v\u1edbi l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (SGLHTCG 1795), tuy nhi\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m ( SGLHTCG 1801).\u00a0 \u00c2n s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdn l\u00e0nh (SGLHTCG 1700).\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o trong n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ngay t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh qua mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu tr\u00ean n\u00fai B\u00e1t Ph\u00fac ch\u1ec9 ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac. (VS 11; Cf. GLHTCG 2052) : “Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i m\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n \u0111ang t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c m\u1eb7t ch\u1eef \u1ea5y” (SGLHTCG 2054).\u00a0 C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (SGLHTCG 2070 = VS 13), t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c quay t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ra t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p[98]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng “SGLHTCG nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng hai m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng : “S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (SGLHTCG 1699) v\u00e0 ” Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ebfn h\u01b0\u1edfng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i l\u00e0m cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadt, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 \u01a0n tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi qua Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt, l\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (SGLHTCG 1949).\u00a0 C\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y – \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng (S.Th Ia IIae)- v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor[99]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c : d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m (VS 61; Cf. SGLHTCG 1781) v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn (VS 63;Cf. SGLHTCG 1793).\u00a0 Uy quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p VS 116 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong SGLHTCG 2034-2037[100]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Albert Chapelle bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 mau m\u1eafn \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u00fat ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng chen ch\u00e2n v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ecb C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II l\u00ean \u00e1n.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng hai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd C\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o<\/em>, l\u00e0 pho s\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd C\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn trong n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/em> v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, l\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb gia s\u1ea3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 B\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Albert Chapelle m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 11. Veritatis Splendor m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u<\/strong>[101]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 JEAN-LOUIS BRUGU\u00c8S<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ra \u0111\u1eddi.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 s\u00e1u n\u0103m, t\u1eeb khi loan b\u00e1o 1987 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1993.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 ba h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edf v\u1ec1\u00a0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb c\u00f4ng phu<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>L\u00fd do \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1\u00a0 S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd C\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o<\/em> ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1992.\u00a0 S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u1ecdn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7, t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn l\u00e2u b\u1ec1n trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i \u0111ang x\u1ea3y ra (VS 112).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tham chi\u1ebfu S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd (VS 5, 12, 13, 16, 42, 78, 100) trong x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u00fd do th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc ngay sau khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae, S\u1ef1 S\u1ed1ng Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1968, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y c\u1ea5m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf sinh s\u1ea3n theo khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y lan r\u1ed9ng sau khi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3ng tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 Persona Humana v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1975 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng k\u00edch uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0o d\u1ecbp hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 t\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Familiaris Consortio \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ra n\u0103m 1981.<\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5 c\u00f2n do hai l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111i v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u1edbi.\u00a0 “Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00ecnh c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd lu\u00e2n l\u00fd” (VS 115).<\/p>\n

\u00a0“L\u00fd do th\u1ee9 hai c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n”.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i v\u00e0o b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb (l’ autonomie de la conscience) , v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (le choix fondamental, VS 69) v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh (t\u00e9l\u00e9ologisme, VS 75).\u00a0 C\u1ea3 ba ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hoa tr\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean do \u00a0s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II mang l\u1ea1i (Cf. S\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh Optatam Totius, 16), ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng bao tr\u00f9m tr\u00ean c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1edf M\u1ef9 qu\u1ed1c, Anh qu\u1ed1c, Canada v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c qu\u1ed1c.\u00a0 C\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y ra ly gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng? [102]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0b. M\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u00e2y kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng ?<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u00e2y kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n : “Ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd” (A.C).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn ba \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng : – C\u1ee9u di s\u1ea3n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ngh\u00ecn n\u0103m (Cf. VS 3) \u2013 Kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch “kho t\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin” (Cf. VS 26-27) \u2013 Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2n th\u1eddi, n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd .\u00a0 N\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng th\u1eddi m\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ly c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn c\u0103n gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f2i s\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea7n th\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o[103]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ra ba m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 trong tr\u1eadn chi\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y: “M\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ; Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i ; T\u00e2n ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i bao h\u00e0m s\u1ef1 rao gi\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd” (A.C).<\/p>\n

\u00a0e. M\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Emmanuel L\u00e9vinas v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u0111o\u1ea1n Tin m\u1eebng Mt 19, 16-22.\u00a0 Theo L\u00e9vinas, ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n tin m\u1eebng th\u00ec thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; ngay khi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi “N\u1ebfu anh mu\u1ed1n n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. . . ” (c\u00e2u 21), Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 ra kh\u1ecfi khung lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111i sang ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 si\u00eau \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u1ecf cho m\u1ecdi t\u00edn h\u1eefu : “H\u00e3y n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 Cha anh em ng\u1ef1 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n” (Mt 5, 48).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc (VS 26), chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u1ea7y n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft n\u00ean m\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn ph\u00e9p r\u1eeda (cf. VS 11): S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (VS 18).\u00a0 C\u00f3 m\u1ed1i gi\u00e2y li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 V\u1edbi l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu tham d\u1ef1\u00a0 v\u00e0o t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (Cf. VS 94), h\u1ecd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ee9u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc ch\u1ec9 l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh (h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng) (Cf. VS 75), “n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c” (Cf. VS 113) th\u00ec qu\u00e1 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c[104]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111i t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n m\u1edf ra cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn ph\u00e9p R\u1eeda v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 18).\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (VS 22).\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n mang t\u00ednh si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, c\u00f3 danh t\u00e1nh l\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0d. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Kh\u00f4ng ai s\u1edf h\u1eefu Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0ng trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm soi s\u00e1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 117).\u00a0 H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft “th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1” (VS 41) l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y, th\u1ee9 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd soi s\u00e1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ef1 do nh\u00e2n linh l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c quay chung quanh \u0111\u00f3 xoay chuy\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (VS 31).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor t\u00f4n vinh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, t\u1ef1 do n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (VS 34).\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 do nh\u00e2n linh th\u00ec h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m, t\u1ef1 do n\u1ea7y c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u01a1i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 42).\u00a0 V\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecb tr\u1ecb (h\u00e9t\u00e9ronomie t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n chi ph\u1ed1i t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i) nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do nh\u00e2n linh (VS 41), b\u1edfi v\u00ec t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong n\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh (VS 43, 46).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1edfi v\u00ec lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh (VS 48-50).\u00a0 \u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn (VS 50-51), lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t trong nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c.\u00a0 B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3” si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 v\u0103n h\u00f3a (VS 53).\u00a0 T\u1ef1 do nh\u00e2n linh t\u1ef1 m\u1edf ra \u0111\u00f3n l\u1ea5y si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u01a1i thi\u00ean lu\u1eadt ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n<\/span><\/p>\n

Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jean-Louis Brugu\u00e8s l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u00e0 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a (Cf. VS 32, 55, 56).\u00a0 Theo nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Cung th\u00e1nh b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng c\u1eeda.\u00a0 G\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 so v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt chung \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i (VS 56).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn (VS 40) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 cung th\u00e1nh (VS 54) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c l\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt, n\u01a1i cung th\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i th\u00e2n m\u1eadt gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o (VS 58).\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ra c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 quan t\u00f2a ph\u00e1n x\u1eed nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m (VS 62) v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t (VS 64).\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 “quy ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n” v\u00e0 l\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 “quy ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh” (VS 60).<\/p>\n

\u00a03. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi, th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi, m\u1ed9t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (th\u00e9orie de l’option fondamentale. VS 65), theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 hai tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh : lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a b\u00ed t\u00edch r\u1eeda t\u1ed9i, \u0111ang khi \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1ch quan m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1eafc t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i g\u00ec.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n quy ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3 (Cf. VS 67) v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t linh h\u1ed3n m\u00ecnh trong m\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng (VS 67), v\u00ec “m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n ra trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi” (VS 71).<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 ” l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft duy c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh” (T\u00e9l\u00e9ologisme. VS 71), l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra trong c\u00e1c thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 (cons\u00e9quentialisme) v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (proportionalisme).\u00a0 C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt (VS 76).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u1eadt b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh khi l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 d\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i th\u00ec v\u1eabn b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi (semper et pro semper. VS 79-82).\u00a0 N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 \u1ede \u0111\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 83).<\/p>\n

\u00a0e. T\u00e2n ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u00f4i v\u1edbi rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh (VS 25-26) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec7c t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o (VS 90-93).\u00a0 V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i loan b\u00e1o m\u1ed9t “t\u00e2n ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a” (VS 106).\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 rao gi\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (VS 107).\u00a0 V\u00ec gi\u00e1o l\u00fd lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ebf b\u00e0o d\u1ec7t n\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt s\u1ed1ng chung (VS 97).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i (VS 99), \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (VS 98) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 97).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7t cao gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a quy ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh\u00a0 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Jean-Louis Brugu\u00e8s cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u01b0u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean v\u00f4 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eafng b\u00f3ng Th\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebf.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t th\u00e2m s\u00e2u n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01a1n kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra cho si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t t\u00ednh.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0110\u1ea5ng Tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong khi ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, Jean-Louis Brugu\u00e8s xem ra \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 h\u00f3a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, thuy\u1ebft h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3, thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng r\u00fat ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00ec \u00edch l\u1ee3i n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jean-Louis Brugu\u00e8s \u00a0\u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 khai m\u00e0o gi\u1eefa hai phe ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f2 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00edch nh\u1eafm c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi, tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u1eeba trong s\u00e1ng v\u1eeba chu\u1ea9n x\u00e1c.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ra tay b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0m th\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng l\u01b0ng cho th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 12. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “Veriatis Splendor”<\/strong>[105]<\/a> “\u00c1nh r\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd”<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 GEORGES COTTIER O.P.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Georges Cottier tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 \u0103n kh\u1edbp c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng trong lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc trong tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd C\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. Theo ch\u00e2n Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 “Sequela Christi”<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u00e9p \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch ly gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111o\u1ea1n Kinh th\u00e1nh Mt 19, 16-21.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t “Sequela Christi” theo ch\u00e2n Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

Georges Cottier quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 “N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u1eeb g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa”. (xem Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c V\u1ee5 Gaudium et Spes s\u1ed1 22)<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00f3i l\u00ean t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt.\u00a0 \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y xa \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadn c\u00f9ng, t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f2i y\u00eau s\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, “t\u00ednh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng”; T\u1ef1 do l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean “s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o” ra ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u1eb7c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra “c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb” (Cf. VS 35), t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (Cf. VS 36).\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 (Cf. VS 37).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0a ra \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1: Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham d\u1ef1.\u00a0 \u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (Cf. VS 44).<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u00dd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t di d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y”.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y (GS 10), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i (VS 53).\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i “kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p m\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef nguy\u00ean v\u1eb9n h\u00f4m qua, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 h\u00f4m nay v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i mu\u00f4n \u0111\u1eddi, ch\u00fang \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4”.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; “V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ngay c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a cho th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\u00a0 C\u00e1i “\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3” ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i” (Cf. VS 53).<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd coi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n “s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o” (Cf. VS 54), l\u1ed1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 th\u00f4i. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o th\u1ebf ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1eabu thu\u1eabn v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o l\u00fd tr\u00ed.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ea7y, m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb suy t\u01b0 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra b\u1edfi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n \u0111ang khi \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed1 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb (ibidem Cf. VS 55-56).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i m\u1eb7t gi\u00e1p m\u1eb7t quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 trung t\u00edn ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t trung t\u00edn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt.\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t; l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 l\u00fac n\u1ea7y (hic et nunc) trong m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 “L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn.\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean quy ph\u1ea1m chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n” (Ibidem Cf. VS 60).\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

\u00a0d. T\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea5y \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0m quan tr\u1ecdng, h\u1ecd xem nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (cd. VS 75).\u00a0 S\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd b\u1edfi \u00a0\u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129” (VS 78).\u00a0 Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, “\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed”[106]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi trong kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 \u00dd h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u00ec b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Cf. VS 81).\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m b\u00e2y gi\u1edd v\u00e0 m\u00e3i m\u00e3i (semper et pro semper) trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0e. Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ed1 83 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor: “Trong v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh ra”.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh sau.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1.\u00a0 B\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (Cf. VS 34 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng s\u1ed1 11).<\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ni\u1ec7m trong su\u1ed1t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd : “H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y lu\u00f4n quay v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ao \u01b0\u1edbc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean m\u1eabu”[107]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fac b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Giao \u01b0\u1edbc (cf. VS 76).\u00a0 Trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f3, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.\u00a0 Vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: h\u00e0nh vi th\u00ec t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p khi h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 khi h\u00e0nh vi h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc b\u1edfi l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 “C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ch\u00fang ta l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u00ec lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn ch\u00fang trong t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng trong t\u01b0\u00a0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1eafn qua lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n” [108]<\/a>.\u00a0 Tuy kh\u00f4ng coi nh\u1eb9 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng: “”T\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd b\u1edfi\u00a0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129” (VS 78).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor k\u00e9o s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 “c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i”, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 \u00dd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 th\u00ec v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng bi\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i \u1ea5y tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n hay s\u1ef1 d\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n phong gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn\u00a0 v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3.\u00a0\u00a0 B\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c g\u1ee3i nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Georges Cottier t\u1ef1 minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 do, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i . . .<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Georges Cottier th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: c\u00f3 kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan n\u1ea7y d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Ki t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong suy t\u01b0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y cho ph\u00e9p n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00ean \u00e1n .<\/p>\n

\u00a0Georges Cottier r\u1ea5t c\u1eadn k\u1ec1 v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i v\u00e0 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1edf.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m sao n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ?\u00a0 C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00f4-g\u00edch tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c?\u00a0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f2n c\u00e1ch xa nhau, ch\u00fang c\u00f2n l\u00e2u m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 13 \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/strong>[109]<\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a SERVAIS-TH\u00a0 PINCKAERS, O.P.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ngo\u1ea1i bi\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p: “Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u00e3 thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u1edbn n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n”, “Veritatis Splendor th\u1ec3 theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai”, tuy nhi\u00ean “b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00e1 nhi\u00eau kh\u00ea” v\u00ec “th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i suy t\u01b0 . . .\u00a0 tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00fang ta”, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “th\u00ec m\u1edbi m\u1ebd h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i b\u1edfi v\u00ec th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng \u00e2m th\u1ea7m k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o”[110]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Servais-Th. Pinckaers s\u01a1 l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4n l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor: Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI n\u0103m 1968 “\u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh trong khai tri\u1ec3n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc”.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1eadu c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 n\u1ea3y sinh ra c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u00e0 duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f2n th\u00eam m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch c\u1ea9m nang: ch\u00fang g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n (lu\u1eadt \u2013 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i) v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t (Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi \u2013 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u2013 tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed h\u1ecdc) [111]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. Canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/strong>[112]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Theo Servais-Th. Pinckaers, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “thu\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng” v\u00e0 coi tr\u1ecdng “s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n n\u1ea7y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3, ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ecnh y\u00eau.\u00a0 “Trong\u00a0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 g\u00f3c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c cho t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd . . . Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1ch \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh qu\u00e1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi th\u00f3i v\u1ee5 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i”[113]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 khai tri\u1ec3n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a “Lu\u1eadt Tin m\u1eebng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m”.\u00a0 “Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ti\u00ean tri c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 Gi\u00ear\u00eamia n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o \u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edbi, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong c\u00e1c t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng con tim (31, 31), \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u01b0 Do th\u00e1i l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 (8,6-13).\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o Th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Th\u1ea7n kh\u00ed (Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 3 v\u00e0 8)”[114]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 \u0111i theo v\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 m\u00e0 “h\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u00e2n” c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd l\u00ean trong B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “\u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Tin m\u1eebng”[115]<\/a>.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f3c n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u01a1i ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0D\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean, Pinckaers n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua k\u00e9p v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi s\u1ed1ng theo c\u00e1c l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean ph\u00fac \u00e2m s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n.\u00a0 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi tr\u1edf n\u00ean ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n “\u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, v\u01b0\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh th\u1ea7n”[116]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y xem ra kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng t\u1ef1 s\u1ee9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 v\u1edbi \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. Ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Servais-Th. Pinckaers t\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u00edch \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi, t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u00ean \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh b\u1ecb c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i hay duy c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor k\u1ebft \u00e1n l\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m. \u00a0C\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m rung chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f3 theo tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Pinckaers.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia l\u00e0m hai b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n\u00a0: b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7nsi\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7nc\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a \u01a1n c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c (VS 37) n\u01a1i ph\u1ea1m vi n\u1ea7y t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.\u00a0 \u1ede \u0111\u00f3 “s\u1ef1 cung \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c . . . Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o”; v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n\u00a0c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7nn\u1ea7y thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u01a1i ph\u1ea1m vi x\u1ea3y ra c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 \u1ede tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea7y, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Ki-t\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n linh, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00fd tr\u00ed ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tu \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc[117]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/p>\n

L\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p \u0111\u00f4i \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1eefa c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng “th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi”.\u00a0 H\u1ecd coi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, h\u1ecd chia n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 ra l\u00e0m hai tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9: B\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh qua hai th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m : tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed, h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f2n \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Sau khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111i qua b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 “trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch theo \u0111u\u1ed5i”. \u00a0C\u00f2n \u1edf “b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed trong \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m\u00a0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”[118]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 \u1ede b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 “s\u00edt sao hay ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c”, \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 “t\u1ed1t”.\u00a0 Ki\u1ec3u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u1ea7y ng\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft duy l\u1ee3i, thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, trong n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00f4ng k\u1ef9 s\u01b0, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng, v\u00ec c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp v\u00e0o trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0 H\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa, c\u00e1c \u00e2n hu\u1ec7, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i kh\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd li\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb trong khi b\u1ecf r\u01a1i L\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh to\u00e0n trong b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4[119]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Pinckaers \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd do \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129”, c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng”, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p hay kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (VS 78).\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 minh gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng\u00a0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau hay s\u1ef1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c”. ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00fang ta.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bao h\u00e0m trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa”[120]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Hai \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi l\u1ea1i sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “Pour une lecture de Veritatis Splendor<\/em>” c\u1ee7a Servais-Th. Pinckaers.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c coi \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 b\u00e0i hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc s\u00e1ch thi\u00eang li\u00eang.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0; t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac cho n\u00ean lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong s\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1eadu-c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng tren-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u1eb1m s\u00e1t \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u1edbi m\u1ebd m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p mang l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Sau \u0111\u00f3 Servais-Th. Pinckaers d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111i v\u00e0o c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 minh gi\u1ea3i r\u00e0nh m\u1ea1ch nh\u1eefng \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea7y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ec7ch, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che ph\u1ee7 d\u01b0\u1edbi chi\u00eau b\u00e0i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn d\u1ec5 d\u00e3i h\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00f4i k\u00e9o ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc nghe theo.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110ang khi so s\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Pinckaers v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n, ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Brugu\u00e8s, c\u1ee7a Cottier v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Chapelle ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f2n l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Servais-Th. Pinckaers nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi.\u00a0 L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Pinckaers kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hi\u1ec7n nay, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Pinckaers c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn h\u01a1n l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Xavier Th\u00e9venot, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a ho\u00e3n k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00e2n th\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1eb7t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecdc v\u00e0o v\u1ecb th\u1ebf bi\u1ebft l\u1eafng nghe \u0111\u1ea7y tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 b\u1ecb x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 Servais-Th. Pinckaers l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn s\u0129 h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u cho \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong cu\u1ed9c v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 14. Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p “Veritatis Splendor”<\/strong>[121]<\/strong><\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a PIERRE DAUBERCIES<\/p>\n

\u00a0Daubercies c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 ng\u1ed9t ng\u1ea1t “n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ‘ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng qu\u00e1 kh\u00edch’ n\u1ea7y, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea1 tuy\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn, v\u1ec1 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y ra ly khai ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c thanh tr\u1eebng . . .\u00a0 Qu\u1ea3 bom \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00e9m ra, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i di\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.\u00a0 “C\u00e1i ‘kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y’ s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Daubercies tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y\u00a0 trong s\u1ed1 49 v\u00e0 50 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Esprit et Vie<\/em>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. M\u1eabu m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0o?<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Veritatis Splendor theo s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 kh\u00e1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.\u00a0 Daubercies x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u1ed1n m\u00f4 m\u1eabu quy v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, quy v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed.\u00a0 M\u1ed7i m\u00f4 m\u1eabu c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf[122]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u00f4 m\u1eabu quy v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra<\/span>[123]<\/a>:<\/p>\n

\u00a01- M\u00f4 m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a “tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c<\/em>“, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n ch\u00fang, c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean ‘vox populi vox dei’, tr\u00ean ‘\u00fd d\u00e2n l\u00e0 \u00fd tr\u1eddi’, tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c VS 109 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf M\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 Lumen Gentium s\u1ed1 16 v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 12 : “To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn ph\u00e9p Th\u00eam s\u1ee9c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7m l\u1eabn trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin”.\u00a0 Suy ngh\u0129 cho t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng, m\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u1ea7y m\u1edf ra h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1ecb ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p (cf. VS 13, 35 v\u00e0 112). Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e3nh l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi h\u00f3c b\u00faa nh\u1ea5t (VS 30 v\u00e0 64). M\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u1ea7y \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0 qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n.<\/p>\n

\u00a02- M\u00f4 m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i. <\/em>\u00a0C\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Kinh th\u00e1nh th\u00ec \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u1ea7y : c\u00e1c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 cung \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0, cho m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 minh h\u1ecda ?\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau ra t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, Ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu (Cf. VS 15, 19, 20, 66). Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh v\u00e0o th\u1eadp gi\u00e1 \u0111em l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do (Cf. VS 85).\u00a0 S\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 theo ch\u00e2n Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn (VS 119).\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n (Rm 2, 15) v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u “x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i” (Rm 3, 8 . ‘VS 79’ ). L\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i, m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i n\u1ea7y c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4.\u00a0 C\u00f3 l\u1eddi tr\u00edch d\u1eabn s\u00e1ch Hu\u1ea5n ca 15, 14: “Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e0n h\u1ecfi v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi truy t\u00ecm Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt cho tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t (Cf. VS 34, 38, 39, 59).<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u00f4 M\u1eabu quy v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai m\u00f4 m\u1eabu<\/span>[124]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a03- M\u00f4 m\u1eabu v\u1ec1 Truy\u1ec3n th\u1ed1ng <\/em>nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n trong Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng qua c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor c\u00f3 ch\u1eebng hai m\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, v\u00e0 ch\u1eebng b\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II.\u00a0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc (Cf.VS 4, 37, 76, 49, 70, 54, 76).\u00a0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn \u1edf VS 24 trong khi \u0111\u00f3 VS 27 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh.\u00a0 Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u1ea7y v\u1eeba s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eeba l\u00e0 kho b\u00e1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng c\u00e1i m\u1edbi v\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u0169 (Cf. VS 109, 114).<\/p>\n

\u00a04- M\u00f4 M\u1eabu v\u1ec1 Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eb1ng Th\u00e1nh Truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Kinh. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ch\u1eebng m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u0103m l\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i L\u1edcI c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, x\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh hay \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 cho c\u00e1c linh h\u1ed3n (VS 27); l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 dung h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin (VS 110).\u00a0 S\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu trao ban cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y, tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh n\u1ea7y g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea5ng k\u1ebf v\u1ecb th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 th\u1ef1c th\u1ee5 (VS 114, 115).\u00a0 Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng vi ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o (VS 64) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (VS 95, 96).\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng duy quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, “M\u1ecdi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng” (VS 53).<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u00f4 M\u1eabu t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean<\/span>[125]<\/a>cho ph\u00e9p bi\u1ebft \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa qua trung gian thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, m\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra:<\/p>\n

\u00a05- M\u00f4 M\u1eabu t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean “sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc<\/em>” (nature biologique)gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (VS 4).\u00a0 \u1ede hai \u0111o\u1ea1n, m\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i (VS 47 v\u00e0 50).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb “t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” khi l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u1eddi tr\u00edch c\u1ee7a Donum Vitae:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ghi kh\u1eafc c\u00e1c c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh quy ph\u1ea1m (normativit\u00e9) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n theo ngh\u0129a sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc tuy nhi\u00ean lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 thu\u1ea7n l\u00fd” (VS 50).<\/p>\n

\u00a06- M\u00f4 M\u1eabu c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t “b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh<\/em> si\u00eau h\u00ecnh<\/em>” (d’une nature m\u00e9taphysique) minh ch\u1ee9ng l\u00fd do hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n v\u0169 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan.\u00a0 C\u00e1c h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 :\u00a0 “Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” v\u00e0 “ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb”.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng t\u1eeb s\u1ed1 VS 80 tr\u1edf \u0111i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n d\u1ecbch, trong c\u00e1c s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 sau n\u1ea7y h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb “ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb” kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n n\u1eefa v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i n\u00f3i “b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh” c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy V\u1ecdng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng ph\u1ecfng theo (VS 50).<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh si\u00eau h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra trong lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ea7y th\u00ec ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t “th\u1eadt v\u1eady lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (VS 51); lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn b\u1edfi v\u00ec lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ng\u00f4i v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh” (VS 53).\u00a0 V\u00e0 “Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh n\u1ea7y, theo C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II, l\u00e0 \u00a0v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i” (VS 97).\u00a0 H\u01a1n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb “con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.\u00a0 B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u00f9ng t\u00ednh t\u1eeb “c\u0103n b\u1ea3n”.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n (VS 90), v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (VS 92), v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 vi ph\u1ea1m (VS 97), v\u1ec1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t (VS 99).<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u00f4 M\u1eabu t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed<\/span>.\u00a0 \u00dd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1edd v\u00e0o l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u00e0m trung gian.\u00a0 M\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia ra:<\/p>\n

\u00a07. M\u00f4 M\u1eabu c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i ca <\/em>(casuistique) nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung cho c\u00e1c ca \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa \u00fd “gi\u1eef c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t sinh ra \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (VS 76).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh\u00a0 “r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ca m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt \u1edf t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh n\u1ea7y b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb”.\u00a0 “C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh t\u00edch c\u1ef1c . . . b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn, c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t:\u00a0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh n\u1ea7y b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1eebng c\u00e1 th\u1ec3, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n v\u00e0 trong m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” (VS 52).\u00a0 C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng (Cf. 52, 67, 75, 76, 80, 95, 97).<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>8- M\u00f4 M\u1eabu c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin<\/em> h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u1ea7y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00ec “khoa th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111ang m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 d\u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1ec3 theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 (Cf. 1P 3, 15), bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1eady tr\u00f4ng n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7u xin h\u1ecd” (VS 109)[126]<\/a>.\u00a0 B\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd th\u00e1c cho Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn n\u1ea7y “tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng qua mi\u1ec7ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3” (VS 27).\u00a0 ” L\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p khi truy c\u1ee9u l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a th\u00edch \u1ee9ng nh\u1ea5t cho c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n v\u0169 v\u00e0 v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau” (VS 53).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Truy t\u00ecm c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc (Cf.VS 29, 110), h\u1ecd c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eaft l\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn “\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u, v\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng ch\u00fang ra c\u00f9ng l\u00fac v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0m h\u1ed3, c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m . . .” (VS 34, 21).\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c truy c\u1ee9u n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u00e0i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng (cf. VS 74). M\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u1ea7y \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0 tri\u1ec3n khai h\u01a1n c\u00e1c m\u00f4 m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Trong ph\u1ea7n hai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o, Daubercies t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II, ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t : con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch (VS 48) v\u00e0 “c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh cho c\u00e1ch \u1ee9ng x\u1eed, tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u1ea7y; h\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn suy ra l\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec b\u1ea5t c\u1eeb th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, v\u00ec c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 minh ch\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng” (Cf. VS 80, 84, 100).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng “x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng” (VS 5), m\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 g\u00f3c t\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a nh\u1ecbp gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng (Cf.VS 26), \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng (VS 88) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Ki-t\u00f4 (VS 89).\u00a0 V\u1eady lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111em \u0111\u1ee9c tin th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p theo kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, P. Daubercies \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111i v\u00e0o b\u00ean trong ‘l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i’ th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor b\u1eb1ng t\u00e1m c\u1eeda l\u1edbn kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “m\u00f4 m\u1eabu”.\u00a0 L\u00e2u \u0111\u00e0i n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, s\u1edf h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh lang, nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i th\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec1n-ph\u00f2ng v\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng \u1ed1c ch\u00fang \u0111an ch\u00e9o nhau, ch\u00fang gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n l\u00ean g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cho\u00e1ng v\u00e1ng m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai kh\u00f4ng quen v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 do t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cung c\u1ea5p.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1eeb m\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u1ea7y qua m\u00f4 m\u1eabu kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng lo s\u1ee3 \u0111i l\u1ea1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn tinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n.\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u v\u1eady ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mong mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ra theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00f4 m\u1eabu n\u00e0o n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 15 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II [127]<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a REAL TREMBLAY<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0i b\u00e1o n\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c b\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1edbc. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c : Ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecdc l\u1ea1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi h\u00e0nh v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o: s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4” (sequela Christi).\u00a0 Ph\u1ea7n hai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4-trung t\u00e2m.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin, Ng\u00e0i s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u00e1c \u01b0u ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ee5c sinh.\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edbc hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i cho th\u1ea5y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00fang th\u1eadt l\u00e0 “T\u00f4n Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh”, tuy nhi\u00ean Ng\u00e0i c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng Ph\u1ee5c sinh, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 “Kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 C\u00f9ng t\u1eadn” c\u1ee7a “nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9” v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 “\u0110\u1ea5ng m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Cha”, l\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 Kh\u00f4n ngoan” trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 Kh\u00f4n ngoan” nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh v\u00e0o th\u1eadp gi\u00e1, l\u00e0 “S\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt”, l\u00e0 “Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd” l\u00e0m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ecd s\u1ed1ng vi\u00ean m\u00e3n, \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, qua c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sai \u0111\u1ebfn, Ng\u00e0i ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i”[128]<\/a> .<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 Ng\u00e0i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Ch\u00faa d\u1eabn d\u1eaft con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u1eeb C\u1ef1u \u01b0\u1edbc (Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi) cho \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng (Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, Lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu), ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 “h\u00e3y b\u01b0\u1edbc theo” (Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi, “T\u00e1m m\u1ed1i Ph\u00fac th\u1eadt”).\u00a0 L\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ea5ng V\u00f4 c\u00f9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean k\u1ebb h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n.\u00a0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f2i t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c, Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd g\u00e1nh l\u1ea5y.\u00a0 Ai mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn Ng\u00e0i th\u00ec tr\u1edf n\u00ean con nh\u01b0 Ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o gia t\u00e0i c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o B\u1ea3n th\u00e2n h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf “L\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i t\u1eeb s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1i-t\u1ea1o, nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y theo c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef7 tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau”[129]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n bao quanh trung t\u00e2m<\/span><\/p>\n

1. Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n<\/em> l\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n Kit\u00f4, m\u1ed9t tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4<\/em> \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho “ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean” c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu trong nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p b\u00ed t\u00edch v\u00e0 ph\u00e9p Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u00a03. “Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u1edf trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u1ea5u b\u1edf s\u1ef1 th\u00f4ng minh th\u1ea7n thi\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau m\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean anh em c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Con m\u1ed9t Cha.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00edch n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4.\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u01b0\u1edbc tr\u00ean con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u00ednh tr\u1ef1c gi\u1eefa t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a04. N\u1ec1n Lu\u00e2n L\u00fd<\/em> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai m\u1edf b\u1edfi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea5ng Kit\u00f4 c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1edfi v\u00ec lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 c\u0103n nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef.\u00a0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5ng m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i “Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o” v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o minh ch\u1ee9ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa “Lu\u1eadt” v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do.\u00a0 Trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi “tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh con”, l\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt kh\u00f4ng c\u00e1n ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef1 do.\u00a0 L\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng, “l\u00e0 \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m con c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong Con \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t”[130]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. Thuy\u1ebft quy v\u1ec1 Con c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p <\/strong>(filiocentrisme)[131]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Vai tr\u00f2 bao tr\u00f9m c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 che khu\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0 L\u00e0m sao x\u00e1c minh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y “quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trung t\u00e2m” c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u00e1m ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 m\u00ecnh l\u00e0?<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u.\u00a0 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft Nest\u00f4ri\u00f4 (hai ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 trong \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4).\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 “Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng tri\u1ec7t ti\u00eau t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u00f3; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (VS 35).<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng g\u00ecn gi\u1eef th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 trong c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trung t\u00e2m” m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng “v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4”.\u00a0 M\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u1ea7y, m\u1ed1i d\u00e2y T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u1edbi Cha n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft “th\u1ea7n linh” v\u00e0 “nh\u00e2n linh” m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u00fang c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang.\u00a0 N\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i “T\u01b0\u01a1ng quan\u00a0 tham d\u1ef1 n\u1ea7y”[132]<\/a>.\u00a0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a nhau, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu, hay h\u01a1n th\u1ebf n\u1eefa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 Cha v\u00e0 con (Cf. VS 18, 45, 73, 115).<\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft quy v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft quy v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1edfi thuy\u1ebft “quy v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 trung t\u00e2m” c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea5ng hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00a0\u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1edfi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hay b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi \u0110\u1ea5ng v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Con \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh x\u00e1c ph\u00e0m, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i”[133]<\/a>.\u00a0 H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c suy t\u01b0 m\u1edbi m\u1ebd n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft “quy v\u1ec1 Con” (filiocentrisme) m\u1edf ra h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 “quy v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i” (trinocentrisme).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a R\u00e9al Tremblay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft ra trong tham chi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u1edf s\u00e1t b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea5ng l\u00e0 Alpha v\u00e0 Om\u00e9ga c\u1ee7a n\u00ean lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o:\u00a0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng “nh\u00e2n linh” hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng “th\u1ea7n linh”, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0a v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng kh\u00e1c, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft quy\u1ec1n d\u1ecb tr\u1ecb hay quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 N\u01a1i th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch minh ch\u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c “th\u1ea7n linh” v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u thu\u1ed9c “nh\u00e2n linh” trong Con Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 Trong h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec7u \u1ea5y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t vai tr\u00f2 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb m\u1ed9t Th\u1ea7y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Cha, m\u1ed9t b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu lu\u00f4n quan t\u00e2m ch\u1ec9 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1edbi “filiocentrisme”, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.\u00a0 C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00edt sao v\u00e0 to\u00e0n tri\u1ec7t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 16. Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u00f4m nay [134]<\/strong><\/a><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a CHARLES GRANCHE, P.S.S<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp nhau t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Monttr\u00e9al (Canada) c\u1ea3 hai h\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb n\u1ea7y ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y Th\u00f4ng \u0110i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e1c t\u00edn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Charles Granche tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadn l\u00fd x\u00e1c t\u00edn kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn, c\u00f2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c “qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3”, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y “c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p”, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor n\u1eb1m trong khung c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e1c t\u00edn.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c truy t\u00ecm \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do nh\u00e2n linh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, x\u00f3a vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfu Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 g\u1eb7p s\u1ef1 h\u1ee5t h\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n sinh.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, m\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n c\u1ea3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 b\u00e0i thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00f3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i (VS 93), th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi [135]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. C\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng Kinh th\u00e1nh cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u00ean Kinh th\u00e1nh.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ph\u1ea7n n\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng ghi nh\u1eadn hai kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi tr\u1edf n\u00ean th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh ni\u00ean gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.\u00a0 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a anh ta \u0111i t\u1eeb Lu\u1eadt c\u0169 b\u01b0\u1edbc sang Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chu t\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u00f3 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi t\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tha nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e2n trang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f3a b\u1edfi B\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng Tr\u00ean N\u00fai.\u00a0 C\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ef1c nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i l\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang[136]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ebfn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4.\u00a0 C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111i theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1eabn d\u1eaft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 quy ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n su\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t sinh ra t\u1eeb B\u00e0i Gi\u1ea3ng Tr\u00e2n N\u00fai.\u00a0 \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn nh\u01b0ng m\u1edf ra cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u00ec b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 khuy\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c t\u00e2n ph\u00fac \u00e2m h\u00f3a[137]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Charles Granche li\u1ec7t k\u00ea th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor v\u00e0o h\u1ea1ng m\u1ee5c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e1c t\u00edn; th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y l\u1ea5y Kinh th\u00e1nh l\u00e0m c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 ch\u1eefa c\u01a1n b\u1ec7nh s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i.\u00a0 L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, t\u00f4i\u00a0 x\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i, tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u1edf h\u00e0nh tinh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u00a0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 Kh\u00e1t v\u1ecdng chung \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt, tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn li\u1ec1u thu\u1ed1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u01a1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7n M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn uy t\u00edn c\u1ee7a Kinh th\u00e1nh.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y xem ra th\u1eadt xa r\u1eddi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Ph\u1eadt th\u00edch ca c\u0169ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0 V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i t\u1eeb b\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Charles Granche th\u00ec c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef “ho\u00e0n v\u0169”.\u00a0 Suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a Michel S\u00e9guin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

1. 17. H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n linh n\u01a1i g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a\u00a0 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong>[138]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a MICHEL S\u00c9GUIN, P.S.S.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o n\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb khai tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 Michel S\u00e9guin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u01a1i ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y th\u00ec ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi: “C\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb nh\u01b0ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u00f3 tho\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1edbi r\u0103n m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i trong Kinh th\u00e1nh”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra trong s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i ra trong L\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 “Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 Th\u1eadp gi\u1edbi n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung nh\u01b0 nhau, x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng tu\u00e2n gi\u1eef lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean “c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u, \u1edf d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng c\u1eeda \u1ea5y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd xu\u1ed1ng t\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh”.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan kh\u00f4ng “\u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn”[139]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Michel S\u00e9guin mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor: ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan, ph\u00eda b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u1edf ph\u00eda gi\u1eefa c\u00f3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn trong VS 59.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec3m tham chi\u1ebfu ph\u00eda b\u00ean tr\u00ean “b\u1edfi v\u00ec (n\u1ebfu) quy ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u1eefa, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m b\u1ecb b\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t; l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng \u0111i\u1ec7n b\u1ecb c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t: l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng”[140]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi S\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi\u00a0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m : L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng trong th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1eefa” (VS 32).<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00e1 th\u00fa v\u1ecb:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 khi m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y “t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong” b\u1edfi \u00f4ng hay b\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra n\u00f3 (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n” ), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ng gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3”.\u00a0 “\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 “\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng” v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 “ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi”[141]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y trong ph\u1ea7n t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>C\u1ea3 hai cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o t\u1ea1i Grand S\u00e9minaire de Montr\u00e9al b\u1ed5 t\u00fac cho nhau \u0111\u1ec3 khai tri\u1ec3n gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Charles Granche \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn, n\u1ec1n\u00a0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tin v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong khi \u0111\u00f3 Michel S\u00e9guin \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u00e2n ch\u01a1i chung \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng chung chia ni\u1ec1m tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan, nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0m cho d\u1ec5 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 C\u00e1ch l\u00fd lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y th\u00ec thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f9i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng cho r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f3 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 mang quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m n\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a “\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng” v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a “c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ch\u1ee7 quan t\u00ednh, ch\u00fang l\u00e0m n\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y S\u00e9guin tr\u00edch d\u1eabn McCormick ch\u00ednh \u00f4ng n\u1ea7y theo thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p chi\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u1edbng.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y trong ph\u1ea7n hai c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 18 Ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong>[142]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Mgr ANDR\u00c9 LEONARD<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard b\u00ean v\u1ef1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “La Morale en Questions” c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 hai \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng: x\u00f3a b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.\u00a0 T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ecfi\u00a0 – \u0111\u00e1p b\u1eb1ng v\u0103n phong gi\u1ea3n d\u1ecb.\u00a0 Trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t k\u1ebb bi\u1ebft th\u00e0nh th\u1ea1o v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a.\u00a0 Quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1p th\u1eafng g\u1ea5p ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e0 tu\u1ed9t d\u1ed1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u00e0i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00ecn gi\u1eef kho t\u00e0ng v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thao t\u00fang t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n kho t\u00e0ng \u1ea5y[143]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 n\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 tr\u1ee5c quay m\u00e0 chung quanh \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II r\u1eb1ng “ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u01a1i m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do”[144]<\/a>.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 do n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1ea1o v\u1eadt”.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i trong Kinh th\u00e1nh d\u1ea1y ch\u00fang ta vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta” (Cf. St 2, 16-17)[145]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0 “n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd”.\u00a0 T\u1ef1 do lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 M\u1ed1i li\u00ean k\u1ebft n\u1ea7y cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1.\u00a0 Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb cho r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y: “Th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong cung th\u00e1nh th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m”[146]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 lu\u1eadt sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Leonard x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u00e0, qua lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed ch\u00fang ta ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang ta tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n<\/em> tham d\u1ef1.\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u00ec \u1edf <\/strong>trong v\u00e0 \u1edf ngo\u00e0i ch\u00fang ta, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch chung l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean[147]<\/strong><\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a t\u1ea1i sao Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i d\u00f9ng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y :<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, khi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i d\u00f9ng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y bao h\u00e0m, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n sinh \u2013 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n theo nh\u01b0 t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft ! \u2013 nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eefa”[148]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Kh\u00f4ng ai tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo ngh\u0129a \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 “V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u00e2m s\u00e2u, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 hay b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan g\u00ec v\u1edbi thuy\u1ebft duy t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay duy sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i l\u00fac n\u00e3y H\u1ed9i th\u00e1nh . . . “[149]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0d. B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Khi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i s\u1ed1 VS 50, \u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed9ng nguy hi\u1ec3m ! ( . . . ).\u00a0 V\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c b\u1ecb s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 lu\u00f4n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 tham v\u1ecdng ho\u00e0n v\u0169 \u00a0v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 chinh tr\u1ecb. ( . . . )\u00a0 N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u1eefa”[150]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh.\u00a0 L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ea7y th\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i duy v\u1eadt l\u00fd hay t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y ph\u00e2n chia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ra th\u00e0nh ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd[151]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0e. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>\u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb trong lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 , “cho vay \u0103n l\u00e3i” tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y xem ra ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c”[152]<\/a>.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 c\u00f2n gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn hay kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1ea7y, \u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard \u0111\u00e1p “cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh dung lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m si\u00eau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng “nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i khi quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1eddi gian.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00a0v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u”[153]<\/a>.\u00a0 L\u1ed1i c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n bi\u1ebfn d\u1ecb; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0 Ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3” theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, “c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3” kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 “b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (Cf. VS 53).<\/p>\n

\u00a0f. C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng k\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd chia n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ra \u00e0m hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9, c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u01b0 nhau: th\u00e1o c\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng[154]<\/a>.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng n\u1ea7y khai tri\u1ec3n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p VS 75.<\/p>\n

\u00a0g. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>D\u00f9 v\u1eady m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng \u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p ngo\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a\u00a0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t \u00a0nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n ng\u1eeba thai v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i theo nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.\u00a0 \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard :<\/p>\n

\u00a0“C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ch\u00fang ta, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1eadt l\u00fd …\u00a0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung mang t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n linh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi qua vi\u1ec7c “ng\u1eeba thai” kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nu\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eeba thai, v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, h\u1ecd u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c ng\u1eeba thai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u00e2n linh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 V\u00e0 t\u00f4i n\u00f3i ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng : v\u1ec1 tinh y\u00eau nh\u00e2n linh, v\u00ec, khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba th\u1ee5 thai, d\u1ea7u v\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eeba thai theo ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 b\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n sinh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, cho d\u00f9 vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ng\u1eeba thai th\u00ec c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 nhau x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd[155]<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u1ea7y ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c trong s\u1ef1 am t\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1eadt l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, l\u1ed1i c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a xem ra m\u1edf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng c\u1ea5m vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m “Ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd” minh ch\u1ee9ng r\u1eb1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Cha L\u00e9onard \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n l\u00e3nh di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef b\u00ecnh d\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u xem ra khoa b\u1ea3ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c.\u00a0 T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a: l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, ng\u00e0i c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh qu\u00e1 gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1edbi hay kh\u00f4ng.\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t th\u00fa v\u1ecb l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i t\u00e2m tr\u00ed khi g\u1ea5p t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Cha Andr\u00e9 L\u00e9onard ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh n\u00e1t r\u01b0\u1ee3u.\u00a0 L\u1ed1i can thi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng xuy\u00ean qua b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng b\u0103ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 s\u1ef1 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 19. \u00c1nh R\u1ea1ng Ng\u1eddi Ch\u00e2n L\u00fd, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng <\/strong><\/p>\n

Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/strong>[156]<\/a>.<\/strong><\/p>\n

B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a G\u00c9RARD MATHON<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Mathon ghi nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft: “V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n cao \u1edf ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai”, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u1ec9 ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang \u0111ang ch\u1edd mong c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. H\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Mathon l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t tinh t\u1ebf.\u00a0 \u00d4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 trong khi \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 pha tr\u1ed9n nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1; nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch, nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, m\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng \u0111i c\u00f9ng chi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 nhau.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t th\u1eadt kh\u00e1 l\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Cho n\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho quan tr\u1ecdng vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n\u00a0 khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ch\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 n\u01a1i m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng nh\u1eafm v\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i . . .\u00a0 L\u1ea5y v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 V\u00e0o th\u1eddi b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed ph\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u00e1c.\u00a0 V\u00e0o th\u1eddi chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n th\u00e0nh anh h\u00f9ng.\u00a0 C\u0169ng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n sinh”[157]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nghi ng\u1edd n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 “c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u1ea7y, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan”[158]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc (VS 68). V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00f3i : “V\u1edbi m\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa . . . n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t . . . h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u0129nh h\u1eb1ng”.\u00a0 Mathon ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam “Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 bao nhi\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 \u0111au x\u00f3t v\u00e0 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng con dao to b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft”[159]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb l\u00e0m ra h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 duy tr\u00ec t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa . . .\u00a0 H\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp l\u00e0\u00a0 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e3m h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, qua h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3, x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa[160]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t coi tr\u1ecdng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“C\u0169ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.\u00a0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n cho m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111ang c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u1ea5y v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1.\u00a0 Gi\u1eef m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0103n c\u1eafp kh\u00f4ng hay tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t?\u00a0 C\u00e1c “ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb”[161]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. Nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 G\u00e9rard Mathon, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1edfi m\u1edf.\u00a0 C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o, tuy nhi\u00ean “h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecbt k\u00edn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u”[162]<\/a>, \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ng\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ho\u00e0n v\u0169 th\u00ec \u00edt th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n.\u00a0 L\u00fd do l\u00e0 lo s\u1ee3 th\u1ea5y thuy\u1ebft \u0111a nguy\u00ean nghi\u00eang chi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft th\u00fac, \u00f4ng n\u00f3i tr\u1eafng ra \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd “nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”[163]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Mathon tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch kh\u00e1 n\u1eb7ng l\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch n\u1ea7y kh\u00f3 am h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t l\u00f4-g\u00edch lu\u1eadn l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i m\u1edbi th\u1ea5y “\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng” v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n m\u00e0 th\u00f4i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00fang nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n.\u00a0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham chi\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m kh\u00e1ch quan ?<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn.\u00a0 L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Mathon r\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00e2n th\u1eddi, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u00edt am h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3\u00a0 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 20.\u00a0\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor : Ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch<\/strong>[164]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a CHRISTIAN DUQUOC<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Christian Duquoc theo \u0111u\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00e2n \u0111o s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t v\u1eafn t\u1eaft v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u1ee5ng v\u1ec1<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>C\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y trong ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u00fd mu\u1ed1n “ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00e1p l\u00fd”, “m\u1ed9t c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u00eam \u0111i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 theo x\u00e1c t\u00edn”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh” thay v\u00ec thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, l\u1ea1i tr\u1edf n\u00ean “ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng mang t\u00ednh b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3n n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o. H\u1ecd c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u00e1i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ed1i h\u00e0nh x\u1eed quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u1ebfu h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe”[165]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a t\u00e2n-kinh vi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u00f9ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n-kinh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean \u0111i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ra tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ly thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1ecb ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1edfi v\u00ec l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y coi tr\u1ecdng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y\u00a0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t g\u00e2y n\u00ean t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u00a0c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ra kh\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh, v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u1ed9t nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn.\u00a0 “Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n b\u1eb1ng vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n n\u01a1i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i”[166]<\/a>.\u00a0\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1ef1 vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hay nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t n\u1eb7ng: L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7t ch\u00fang trong m\u1ed9t n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch.\u00a0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho ra n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi vi ph\u1ea1m hay vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng l\u1ef1c v\u0129nh c\u1eedu b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i xem ra m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i.\u00a0 L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y coi tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh then ch\u1ed1t trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi”[167]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi : “T\u00ednh tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi hay nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t \u00edt khi th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: Nh\u00e2n linh th\u00ec r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd”.\u00a0 M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0 “v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi hay nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi “.\u00a0 Kh\u1ed1n thay “th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e0o ra n\u00f3”[168]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e1c b\u1ebb vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea9y qu\u00e1 xa lu\u1eadn l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng (Cf. VS 75. 80) v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng : kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh, ngay c\u1ea3 khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t quy ph\u1ea1m c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n ho\u00e0n v\u0169”.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau :<\/p>\n

\u00a0“T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi l\u00f4-g\u00edch c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, v\u00ec ba l\u00fd do:<\/p>\n

\u00a01- Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban ra c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean, th\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trau chu\u1ed1t.\u00a0 Ngay c\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t sau \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 qu\u00e9t s\u1ea1ch s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

\u00a02- C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3:\u00a0 C\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ef1 \u0111an quy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 qu\u1ea5n l\u1ea5y nhau.<\/p>\n

\u00a03-\u00a0 C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mu\u1ed1n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn : s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef do gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n cung c\u1ea5p, th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn h\u00e0nh vi ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc minh ch\u1ee9ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn ngo\u00e0i cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3”[169]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 3. L\u00e3ng qu\u00ean th\u1eddi gian<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0Khi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00ean m\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 th\u1eddi gian, y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 trong ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf \u0111\u00f4i ng\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0103n c\u1ea3 hay ng\u00e3 v\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb trong ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd “b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ed1i kh\u1edbp m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ecf s\u00f3t c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c tham chi\u1ebfu gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean n\u1ea7y th\u00ec \u0111\u00e1ng ti\u1ebfc h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p chia c\u00e1ch nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn .\u00a0 “S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh, l\u1eddi t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ( . . . ) r\u01a1i v\u00e0o trong tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”[170]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>V\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, Duquoc \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng minh b\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec7u quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n “\u0111e d\u1ecda”, “ki\u1ec3m tra ph\u00e1p l\u00fd”, “gi\u1ea5y b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec3m”, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o ra nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1m \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u1ea7y c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a n\u1eafm v\u1eefng l\u00f4-g\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn trong c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed1i \u0111a \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n trung th\u1ef1c v\u1edbi l\u00f4-g\u00edch c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y v\u00e0 cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u00e2u l\u01b0\u1ee3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00edch l\u1ee3i g\u00ec n\u01a1i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3.\u00a0 Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y trong s\u1ef1 truy t\u00ecm s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.\u00a0 v\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh\u00a0 nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 tra t\u1ea5n d\u00e3 man, cho vay \u0103n l\u00e3i, tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00e1c c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i n\u1ea7y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i:\u00a0 hai tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i chi\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00e1c qu\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e9m xu\u1ed1ng hai th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagazaki, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 \u00e1c m\u1ed9ng trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0a \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd r\u01a1i v\u00e0o thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Duquoc nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 cung \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea3i; tuy nhi\u00ean s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u00e0 nua, l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t ra hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u1ea7y, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Christian Duquoc r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0o\u00a0 kh\u00e1c hay m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u1ea7y s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t. D\u00f9 v\u1eady m\u1eb7c l\u00f2ng, c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng quan t\u00e2m.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 21. N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II<\/strong>[171]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ERIC FUCHS<\/p>\n

\u00a0Eric Fuchs l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia tin l\u00e0nh \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, “khi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng m\u1ecdi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7”[172]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. Nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng : “V\u0103n phong c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 khi l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n”, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 “ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p (VS 28-83) ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 v\u0103n phong kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n”, b\u1edfi v\u00ec “ph\u1ea7n n\u1ea7y gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y nay”.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ebfn phi\u00ean m\u00ecnh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 : Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hay \u01b0u ti\u00ean rao gi\u1ea3ng \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ?”[173]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Eric Fuchs, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, c\u00f3 uy quy\u1ec1n, mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1eadt t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd”[174]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u00dd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II l\u00e0 s\u1eeda tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II[175]<\/a>.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady “c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0o \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u1ea7y nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o l\u00fd l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh”, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf “t\u00e1i s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”[176]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u1ea7y, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ba \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7: 1 – \u0110\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i tham chi\u1ebfu Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 S\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 2 \u2013 Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma l\u01b0u gi\u1eef \u0111\u1ee9c tin n\u1ea7y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng minh cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng trung t\u00edn. 3 \u2013 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy ph\u1ea1m ho\u00e0n v\u0169 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0b. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Eric Fuchs n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng “B\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1) t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0 lao tinh th\u1ea7n, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00fat e d\u00e8 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p”.\u00a0 R\u1ed3i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u ch\u00fac : “\u01af\u1edbc g\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo v\u0103n phong n\u1ea7y”[177]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i gi\u1eefa suy t\u01b0 tin l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p VS 23, l\u00e0m tri\u1ec3n khai t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a bi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee9ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch Phaol\u00f4.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0m cho t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng\u00a0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1edbm hi\u1ec3u ra r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng m\u1edf ra cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea7y, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y”[178]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra b\u1ed1n \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0c. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadt. <\/strong>\u0110\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2n th\u1eddi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ( Cf. VS 32, 36), theo \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2n th\u1eddi n\u1ea7y\u00a0 l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn (Cf. VS 37).\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec3m t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc[179]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ebft l\u00fd n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i: m\u1ecdi suy t\u01b0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9ng minh th\u00e0nh ra y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m[180]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh[181]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Eric Fuchs ghi nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 chao \u0111\u1ea3o qua l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed l\u00e0 “cung th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafng nghe” (VS 55) v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3[182]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u1ea1n d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh : Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1eb1ng u\u1ed1n m\u00ecnh theo ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y ho\u1eb7c n\u1ebfu v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn hay thi\u1ebfu hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, l\u00e0 quy ph\u1ea1m t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ( . . . ) Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i cao v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i cao n\u1ea7y thu h\u00fat con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 Thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n” (VS 59-60).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Eric Fuchs ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam : “Trong \u01b0u t\u01b0 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor qu\u00ean \u0111i nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u1ed9t g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp: n\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00f3i l\u00ean, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 th\u1ee7 ph\u1ea1m ![183]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 <\/strong>T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n.\u00a0 C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi .\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00e1o gi\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 quan t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ng\u00e0i ph\u00e2n chia duy nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5 : <\/strong>Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng x\u00e1c quy\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ee3 m\u00ecnh bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng ta \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tr\u00e1nh\u00a0 l\u00e0m cho b\u00e0 v\u1ee3 th\u1ee5 thai m\u1ed7i l\u1ea7n quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3 \u00f4ng ta d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai, \u00f4ng ta \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1ch quan ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng hay bi\u1ebft”, v\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: “Nguy hi\u1ec3m bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau khi k\u00e9o m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf l\u00e0 t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 Kinh th\u00e1nh n\u00f3i t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, v\u00e0 Kinh th\u00e1nh k\u00e9o s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi[184]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi<\/strong>. Trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i (cf. VS 80).\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh,<\/p>\n

\u00a0” \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecb ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft\u00a0 l\u00e0 “x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i”, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, \u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 \u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i\u00a0 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 “vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i”, v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u1ed1 \u00fd ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t hay h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb kh\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n l\u00e0m h\u1ea1 gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”[185]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ebfm v\u00e0 tra t\u1ea5n[186]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t chung trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch (VS 80) nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 nhau:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai hay ph\u00e1 thai, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, l\u00e0m sao ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 so s\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba thai v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tra t\u1ea5n, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng hay v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef?\u00a0 C\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n x\u1ea5u (ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u1eeba thai) b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 b\u00e0i x\u00edch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 thay m\u1ed9t “k\u1ef9 x\u1ea3o” gian l\u1eadn tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c gieo ho\u00e0i nghi cho to\u00e0n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c \u00e1c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi”[187]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0d. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Eric Fuchs l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p : V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 d\u1eedng d\u01b0ng, tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i “s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd” th\u00ec r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p\u00a0 tr\u00e1 h\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i”.\u00a0 L\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 “b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o vai tr\u00f2 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u00e0 trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma”[188]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch ngay th\u1eb3ng r\u1eb1ng “th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p . . . ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n” v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; r\u1eb1ng \u00f4ng th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u00ean thi\u00ean v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 kho t\u00e0ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ee5ng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3[189]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn: “T\u00f4i e s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng\u00a0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ed1ng hi\u1ebfn,\u00a0 l\u00e0m n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 th\u00eam s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u, s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”[190]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a <\/strong>Eric Fuchs \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Eric Fuchs \u0111\u00e3 r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea h\u1ed7n t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p khi \u0111\u1eb7t chung c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c nhau d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u m\u00e0u s\u1eafc, nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u1ec3 ra trong VS 80.\u00a0 L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u1eadt thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd n\u00ean t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec3m danh c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean khi n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn “gian l\u1eadn” tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i ho\u00e0i nghi v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1o b\u1ea1o v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng.\u00a0 Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho to\u00e0n ph\u1ea7n kh\u00f4ng ?\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady n\u1ebfu \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u1ea7y, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 bao tr\u00f9m tr\u00ean t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tin l\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady v\u0103n phong c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p xem ra kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Eric Fuchs v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ai s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.\u00a0 Trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n gia tin l\u00e0nh Eric Fuchs c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh theo gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, theo \u01b0u ti\u00ean : \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00f3, theo \u01b0u ti\u00ean : \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, h\u00e0nh vi, h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong kinh Tin k\u00ednh (Credo), ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ecdc : “T\u00f4i tin Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i duy nh\u1ea5t . . . ” l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u ngay ra \u01b0u t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i theo nh\u01b0 \u00fd Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin, trong ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t qua th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 T\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i tin l\u00e0nh coi\u00a0 th\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0 Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 V\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eb7t theo m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u00e1t c\u1eaft t\u1ec9a ?\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu Eric Fuchs \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ef1 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, \u00f4ng ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y uy quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00edn h\u1eefu c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u1eafng nghe quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c anh em tin l\u00e0nh, h\u1ecd c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 22. T\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng l\u00ean t\u1ef1 do ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt<\/strong>[191]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 <\/strong>B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Jean Desclos<\/p>\n

\u00a0Resplendir de vraie libert\u00e9<\/em> (T\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng l\u00ean t\u1ef1 do ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt) c\u1ee7a Jean Desclos c\u00f2n c\u00f3 ti\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec1 “\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor”. \u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1ch th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1ch m\u00f3c.\u00a0 N\u01a1i \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m cho Jean Desclos \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1eb7n k\u1ebd c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n chi ph\u1ed1i trong so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o ra th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 Trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n, t\u00f4i ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn hai \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ra th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh ra th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/strong>[192]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0a.1. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4\u00a0 XIII<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus annus s\u1ed1 4, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II tham chi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Libertas Praestantissimum c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII (20. 6. 1888).\u00a0 \u00d4ng n\u00f3i: M\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do nh\u00e2n linh v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t kh\u1eafng kh\u00edt \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i g\u1eafn b\u00f3 m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1ebd r\u01a1i t\u1ecfm v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i v\u00e0 s\u1ebd k\u1ebft th\u00fac b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea sa \u0111\u1ecda nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh”[193]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Libertas Praestantissimum tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do.\u00a0 T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 con dao hai l\u01b0\u1ee1i: t\u1ef1 do c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111em l\u1ea1i h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac v\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 qu\u00fd b\u00e1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 “Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i theo ch\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea5ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh cho t\u1ef1 do”[194]<\/a>.\u00a0 Theo \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho t\u1ef1 do t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ef1 do n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed suy \u0111o\u00e1n.\u00a0 . . . Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ef1 do ph\u1ea3i v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c l\u00fd tr\u00ed.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m.\u00a0 C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ef1 do kh\u1ecfi sai l\u1ea7m.\u00a0 L\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong c\u00e1c h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ef1 do ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf ch\u1ed7 bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c \u00fd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 T\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ed1i cao.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, Ng\u00e0i ban cho Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef g\u00ecn, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t uy quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng.\u00a0 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 b\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3[195]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00ednh ra m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m n\u0103m t\u1eeb th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea-\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u0169ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y, c\u0169ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. 2. \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1968, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1.\u00a0 V\u00e0o d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee9 20 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II\u00a0 t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI:<\/p>\n

\u00a0” Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o l\u00fd m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn ra: gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc b\u1edfi b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh qua M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i”[196]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ng\u1eeba thai \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0110\u1ee9c Phao-l\u00f4 VI n\u00ean d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn. \u00a0Ng\u00e0i xin s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia: “C\u00e1c v\u1ecb h\u00e3y l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn thanh li\u00eam, trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i “[197]<\/a>.\u00a0 Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Giaon Phaol\u00f4 II l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i ( Cf. VS 110).<\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u1ea3 hai th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m d\u1ea5y l\u00ean ni\u1ec1m ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd th\u00ec cao \u0111\u1eb9p v\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.\u00a0 C\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. 3. \u0110\u1ee9c Karol Wojtila v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Karol Wojtila<\/span> .\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Karol Wojtila \u00a0l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadn \u00e1n ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Gioan Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1[198]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i r\u1ea5t ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ee9c phong l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho suy\u00a0 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i.\u00a0 Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i kh\u1edfi \u0111i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb “t\u00f4i suy ngh\u0129”\u00a0 nh\u01b0 Descartes nh\u01b0ng kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb “t\u00f4i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng”.\u00a0 Khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m r\u00f5 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111em tr\u1ed3ng n\u00f3 v\u00e0o trong H\u1eefu th\u1ec3 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0m h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng theo ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh.\u00a0 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ra \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho t\u1ef1 do[199]<\/a>.\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Karol Wojtyla \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ea5y trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i “Amour et responsabilit\u00e9”[200]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1eefu \u00edch.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m x\u00fac, nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m ch\u00f3ng qua \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o trong ch\u00e2n l\u00fd[201]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch quan t\u00ednh ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u1ea5t[202]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd l\u00ean c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u1ea7y (“Amour et responsabilit\u00e9”).\u00a0 T\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II, t\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Cracovie \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 y\u00eau th\u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i : non datur libertas sine veritate[203]<\/a>.\u00a0 C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0a. 4. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Hai \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor th\u01b0\u1eddng hay \u0111\u1ea3o \u0111i \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ea1i trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 : \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do[204]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 y\u00eau m\u1ebfn Ng\u01b0\u1eddi[205]<\/a>.\u00a0 H\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 li\u00ean nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5ng kh\u00e1c “t\u00f4i”.\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 tha nh\u00e2n[206]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ebfn th\u00e2n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c hay cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ( . . . ).\u00a0 Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb tha h\u00f3a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u1eadn hi\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u00e2n linh \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa[207]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/span><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 La tinh (CELAM) h\u1ecdp \u1edf Puebla v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1979 r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u01b0u quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, v\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u1ef1 do th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi[208]<\/a>.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Centesimus Annus kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 quy ph\u1ea1m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd r\u01a1i t\u1ecfm v\u00e0o trong s\u1ef1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, r\u01a1i v\u00e0o trong ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i[209]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh<\/p>\n

“ti\u00ean v\u00e0n l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 truy t\u00ecm ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c s\u1ed1ng theo ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3”[210]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m<\/span><\/p>\n

N\u01a1i th\u00e2m s\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 “lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa quy h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1eb7ng ban n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng cao tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c”.\u00a0 S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u1ea7y th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, v\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng “c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4n ngoan n\u1ea7y ban \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ecdi th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i”[211]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng “con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u01a1i n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan n\u1ea7y x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi”[212]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1edfi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo t\u1ef1 do ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh trong tham chi\u1ebfu ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ng\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01a1n[213]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng duy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 B\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi ch\u00e2n l\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i.\u00a0 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u lo\u1ea1n b\u1edfi b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n n\u00e0o, v\u00ec ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd g\u1ecdi t\u00ean s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt b\u1eb1ng t\u00ean c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, theo nh\u01b0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ebd l\u00ean trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 b. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jean Desclos n\u00eau l\u00ean kh\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n. <\/span>\u00a0Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb quy ph\u1ea1m”.\u00a0 “Veritatis Splendor kh\u00f4ng minh nhi\u00ean n\u00f3i t\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ng\u1ed9, nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p r\u1eafc quy\u1ec1n n\u1ea7y tr\u00ean to\u00e0n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 B\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n l\u00e0 t\u00f9 binh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 l\u00f4-g\u00edch c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n”, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c\u00a0\u00a0 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a”, Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfm ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi d\u1ecdn s\u1eb5n[214]<\/a>.\u00a0 V\u00e0 “l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban cho \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m ( \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean), v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh ?[215]<\/a>” Gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng giam h\u00e3m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tho\u00e1t x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n binh <\/span><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i cung \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nhi\u00eau kh\u00ea v\u1ec1 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m (VS 117).\u00a0 Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i (Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Lumen Gentium, 37); c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 ng\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed th\u00ec ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng cung \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t “l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1ee9c th\u00ec\u00a0 cho m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u1ecd” (Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et Spes, 33, 2), c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu “quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n”. “Ch\u00ednh ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh” (Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et Spes, 43, 2).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Khi \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea3m t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb ch\u01b0a tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady[216]<\/a>, v\u00e0 r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ho\u00e0i nghi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. ( . . . )\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia hay g\u00e2y th\u1eafc m\u1eafc v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n gia n\u1ea7y gieo v\u00e3i s\u1ef1 ng\u1edd v\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n. Ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi h\u1ecd m\u00e0 s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p ng\u1ecf l\u1eddi : kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a H. K\u00fcng, c\u1ee7a Charles Curran, v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a P. Andr\u00e9 Guindon), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n b\u1ea1ch nh\u01a1n danh m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do suy t\u01b0 (VS 113)”[217]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u1ef1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c truy t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 d\u1eadp t\u1eaft tim \u0111\u00e8n leo l\u00e9t[218]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0H\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II<\/span><\/p>\n

Jean Desclos l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et Spes \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p thi\u1ebfu v\u1eafng h\u01a1i th\u1edf c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi v\u00e0 k\u1ebft \u00e1n, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tham chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0o v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng d\u00e1m n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n linh nh\u01b0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn (Gaudium et Spes, 33, 2).\u00a0 M\u1ed9t b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed ti\u1ec1n C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng bao tr\u00f9m th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta so s\u00e1nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u0110\u1eb7t song song t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd De Ordine Morali[219]<\/a> v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 II,\u00a0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 nhau c\u0169ng m\u1ed9t cung gi\u1ecdng , c\u0169ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, ngay c\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u01a1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng”[220]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a P. Delhaye[221]<\/a>, m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh: Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n ph\u1ea3i thi h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 d\u1eef ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh[222]<\/a>.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Vatican\u00f4 II khi \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt . . . nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n v\u0169, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m . . . \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m cho n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n bu\u1ed3n th\u1ea3m v\u00e0 s\u1ee3 s\u1ec7t, ngay c\u1ea3 ng\u1ea1i ng\u00f9ng b\u1ed1i r\u1ed1i”[223]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t tin vui<\/span><\/p>\n

Jean Desclos y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n, c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u1ed5 v\u0169 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0nh ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u \u00e1c[224]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfp : “L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, l\u1ea1i v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t?”[225]<\/a>\u00a0 Trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ea7y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 “\u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1eadt nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 do, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do l\u1edbn l\u00ean trong v\u00e0\u00a0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ea5ng Kh\u00e1c[226]<\/a>“.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd “ch\u1ea5t ng\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7” l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ec n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 “ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00e0m che khu\u1ea5t \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eddi cao” (ibid).\u00a0 L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t can \u0111\u1ea3m n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ?\u00a0 Theo thi\u1ec3n \u00fd c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 : N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean tin vui n\u1ebfu n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta c\u00f9ng nhau x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”[227]<\/a>.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Jean Desclos n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00ecnh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Resplendir de vraie libert\u00e9<\/em> c\u1ee7a Jean Desclos l\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1 phong ph\u00fa cho m\u00f4n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy t\u00ecm c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh n\u00ean th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor kh\u00e1 l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ef1\u00a0 truy t\u00ecm n\u1ea7y cho ph\u00e9p \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh \u00c2u-tinh v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i T\u00f4ma, cho ph\u00e9p nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng chi ph\u1ed1i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd gi\u1eefa Veritatis Splendor, B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin, \u1ee6y ban th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd C\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/em>T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor th\u00ec n\u1eb1m trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u00edt ra, trong c\u00e1ch c\u01b0u mang th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean trung th\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh nghi\u00eam kh\u1eafc ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1eadm ch\u00ed t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1c \u0111oan c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Vertitatis Splendor b\u1ecb c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, thi\u1ebfu s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II, b\u1ecb cho l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 De Ordine Morali, s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o do m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f2n b\u1ecb c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ng\u1ed9p th\u1edf b\u1edfi ch\u1ea5t n\u1eb7ng c\u1ea3 “m\u1ed9t n\u00fai lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7”, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 ch\u1ed7 cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1ecb Jean Desclos ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia kh\u00e1c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy ph\u1ea1m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u00e2y n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 quen thu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd t\u1edbi ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 cung gi\u1ecdng truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m an l\u00f2ng nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i trong c\u01a1n kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng v\u0103n phong n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u01b0u t\u00fa.\u00a0 T\u00ecm cho ra m\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n.\u00a0 L\u1eddi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec \u0111\u00fang, s\u1ef1 truy t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb cho ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 y\u00eau s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 mu\u1ed1n x\u00f3a \u0111i h\u1ebft c\u00e1c quy ph\u1ea1m.\u00a0 T\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng Jean Desclos c\u00f2n \u1edf tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n linh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1eadt.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 qu\u00ean \u0111i : \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m chu\u1ea9n m\u00f3c m\u00e0 h\u1ecd tham chi\u1ebfu trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed5i thay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o di chuy\u1ec3n trong nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng xa l\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng s\u00e1 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ? Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n r\u1eb1ng, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00ecnh mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u00edch, v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111i theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1i quan.\u00a0 Ph\u00e1 h\u1ecfng h\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng; \u0111\u1ec1 cao t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u01a1i v\u00e0o tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n suy t\u00f4n t\u1ef1 do.\u00a0 L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u1ebft \u00e1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0 PH\u1ea6N K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc nh\u1eefng b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, duy\u1ec7t qua nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a hai nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n danh ti\u1ebfng, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi ba t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.\u00a0 T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng g\u00e2y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor \u0111\u00e3 khu\u1ea5y l\u00ean n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 tin l\u00e0nh.\u00a0 Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y s\u1eafp t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i theo nhi\u1ec1u chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u00fang g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 nhau, ch\u00fang \u0111an ch\u00e9o nhau; th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi nhau.\u00a0 Trong b\u1ea7u kh\u00ed gi\u00f3 l\u1ed1c n\u1ea7y, \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111inh tai nh\u1ee9c \u00f3c nh\u01b0 \u0111i v\u00e0o trong v\u00f2ng xo\u00e1y, v\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u00e0 v\u01b0\u1ee3t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u01a1n l\u00f3c xo\u00e1y \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea5y cho m\u00ecnh m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 L\u00fac n\u1ea7y ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc xong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: c\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.\u00a0 \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gai g\u00f3c c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng cho nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u00fa v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn c\u1eaft ngang nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i t\u1eeb v\u1eafn g\u1ecdn v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m chung m\u00e0 ai c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn: n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy v\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4.<\/p>\n

CH\u01af\u01a0NG\u00a0 II<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110I\u1ec2M NH\u1ee8C \u0110\u1ea7U<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0X\u1ea4U T\u1ef0 N\u1ed8I<\/strong><\/p>\n

2.1.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn : <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1 n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i mu\u1ed1n b\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y qua th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y n\u00f3i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7t g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eb7t Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o trong n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n c\u1ee9 tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Pinckaers<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n s\u00e2u s\u1eafc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n t\u00edch “s\u00e1u n\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o”, s\u00e1u \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Pinckaers so s\u00e1nh c\u00e1c l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ti\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebd c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Veritatis Splendor. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Lu\u1eadt ph\u00fac \u00e2m.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp b\u1ea3ng Th\u1eadp Gi\u1edbi cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ecnh y\u00eau.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 Lu\u1eadt m\u1edbi b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ea1y \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Lu\u1eadt ph\u00fac \u00e2m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m[228]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 R\u00e9al Trembley<\/strong> khai tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1 s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 “Quy t\u00e2m Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc” (concentration Christologique) c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecdc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i g\u1ed3m 120 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m tr\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc[229]<\/a>.\u00a0 B\u00e0i b\u00e1o c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y nh\u1eafm m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o: \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng “humanum” hay m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc nu\u1ed1t ch\u1eedng “divinum” nh\u01b0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n nh\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n hay quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 minh nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn. \u00a0N\u1eb1m s\u00e2u b\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 n\u01a1i trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n quy\u1ec1n tham d\u1ef1, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai trong m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u1edbi “filiocentrisme” (Thuy\u1ebft quy v\u1ec1 Con) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Trembley s\u00e1ng ch\u1ebf ra.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Eric Fuchs <\/strong>chia s\u1ebb quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd quy v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4.\u00a0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u01a1n l\u00ean, “m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0 lao”, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

“B\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1) t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0 lao tinh th\u1ea7n v\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00ean, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ch\u00fat e d\u00e8 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p. (. . . )\u00a0 \u01af\u1edbc g\u00ec to\u00e0n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft theo v\u0103n phong n\u1ea7y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd r\u1ea5t h\u00e2n hoan ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1eafm s\u00e2u v\u00e0o Kinh th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, t\u1eeb nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 khai tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4[230]<\/a>“.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Charles Granche<\/strong> c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i, tr\u00ean Kinh th\u00e1nh.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i theo s\u1ebd l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 theo ch\u00e2n Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4[231]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong lu\u1ed1ng c\u00e0y suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3, Georges Cottier<\/strong> c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch VS 83 v\u00e0 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh sau \u0111\u00f3[232]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn trong Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4.\u00a0 Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 b\u00e0i suy ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 Tin M\u1eebng M\u00e1t th\u00eau 19, 16-22, m\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 M\u1eb7c Kh\u1ea3i C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc v\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc v\u1ec1 “s\u1ef1 t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa”.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 “Sequela Christi” , ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc theo Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4.\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 “g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu”[233]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. 2. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>N\u01a1i trung t\u00e2m cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p g\u00e2y n\u00ean c\u00f3 v\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i<\/em><\/strong>.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea5y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed5 ra bi\u1ebft bao b\u00fat m\u1ef1c n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00f3ng b\u1ecfng nh\u01b0 ph\u00e1 thai, l\u00e0m ch\u1ebft \u00eam d\u1ecbu, ng\u1eeba thai, tra t\u1ea5n d\u00e3 man, th\u1ee5 thai trong \u1ed1ng nghi\u1ec7m . . . C\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i hay kh\u00f4ng?\u00a0\u00a0 V\u00e0o m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y, b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Pinckaers, t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i l\u00e2m nguy b\u1ecb x\u00f3a s\u1ed5, ngay c\u1ea3 l\u00e2m nguy cho m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o[234]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

2.2.1. C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Albert Chapelle<\/strong> ghi nh\u1eadn h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c m\u00f9 m\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u00e0m h\u1ed3[235]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ch\u1eafc h\u1eb3n ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i.\u00a0 Cho n\u00ean th\u00e1nh \u00c2u-tinh vi\u1ebft trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Contra Mendacium<\/em> : “C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 tr\u1ed9m c\u1eafp, ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, ph\u1ea1m th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, ai d\u00e1m n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng khi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y v\u00ec m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i hay k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn c\u00f2n v\u00f4 l\u00fd h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng”?[236]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Nh\u01b0ng theo Pinckaers<\/strong>, h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb h\u00e0nh vi ” intrinsese malum<\/em>” “x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i” kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“T\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a th\u1ebf n\u1ea7y: C\u00f3 hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang\u00a0 th\u00ec x\u1ea5u xa, kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y x\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m, ch\u00fang kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9?\u00a0 M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng, s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi th\u00ec c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa, \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u xa c\u00f3 sau lu\u1eadt, lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u.”[237]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: Ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, hay l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t n\u1ea7y t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i?\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i hay ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u ng\u1ea7m su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi gian l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00fac n\u00e0o c\u0169ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 minh nhi\u00ean.\u00a0 Trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y: Ce qu’on ne peut jamais faire<\/em> (\u0110i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m), t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Servais Pinckaers nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y l\u1eddi d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd duy danh c\u1ee7a Guillaume d’Ockham.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt h\u1eefu \u00edch cho ch\u00fang ta d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 G. d’Ockham.<\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Guillaume d’Ockham<\/strong> \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng tr\u00ean \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean do lu\u1eadt kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng.\u00a0 \u00dd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 ra trong l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 N\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u00fang v\u1ebd n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e9t gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u00fang \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0G. d’Ockham \u0111\u1eb7t ngay v\u00e0o t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay.\u00a0 Theo \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00f3, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, ng\u00e0i cho r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u00ec t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ra ngo\u00e0i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a d’Ockham th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea5u.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang n\u00ean nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u00a0 ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra l\u1ec7nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi gh\u00e9t Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi d’Ockham, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00ean t\u1ed1t hay n\u00ean x\u1ea5u.[238]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i t\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00fd ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean trong khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m, cho d\u00f9 \u1edf trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9.\u00a0 Trong tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Th\u00e9venot ghi nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u00dd ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i th\u00ec r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec3m n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft qua kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 Cho n\u00ean, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea9y sinh ra nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ec7ch m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, ch\u00fang giam h\u00e3m c\u00e1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed1i lo \u00e2u th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i?”[239]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a02.2.2. S\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i: C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/span><\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y c\u00e1ch ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn; \u0111ang khi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II mu\u1ed1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan thuy\u1ebft trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n hay s\u1ef1 d\u1eef c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n theo \u0111u\u1ed5i, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh x\u1ea5u trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 l\u00e0m n\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 H\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e2m kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb t\u00f4n s\u01b0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c trong suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ch\u00fang ta n\u00ean d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y. Vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0 l\u1ea5y kh\u1edfi h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh m\u1ee5c Pinckaers th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n[240]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a02.2.3. C\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh\u00a0 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi “Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u00ean t\u1ed1t hay n\u00ean x\u1ea5u c\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng “.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1eadt tinh t\u1ebf.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, Pierre Ab\u00e9lard<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 \u0110i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ab\u00e9lard kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1\u00a0 h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o tr\u1edf n\u00ean x\u1ea5u, cho d\u00f9 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ch\u00fang c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111i ch\u0103ng n\u1eefa[241]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111em l\u1ea1i th\u1ebf c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u0169a hai l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ra trong m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 hai m\u1eb7t, m\u1eb7t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n linh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ed1 \u00fd.\u00a0 V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ed1 \u00fd g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 hai h\u00e0nh vi, m\u1ed9t b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 C\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong; \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh vi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi”[242]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Pinckaers ghi nh\u1eadn s\u00e2u s\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 hai h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau v\u00e0 chia l\u00eca nhau, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 “hai ph\u1ea7n hay hai chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3”.\u00a0 V\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00eam: “H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed th\u00ec \u1edf b\u00ean trong so v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n ra ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi”[243]<\/a>.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma s\u1ebd n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi nhau.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t t\u00ean \u0103n c\u1eafp ra \u0111i \u0103n tr\u1ed9m m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n: c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 theo \u0111u\u1ed5i (\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong) th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00f3 thi h\u00e0nh ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i (l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n).\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra t\u00ean \u0103n c\u1eafp ch\u1ec9 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c l\u00e0m r\u00f5 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa hai h\u00e0nh vi (hay l\u00e0 hai kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 th\u00f4i).\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t \u01b0u ti\u00ean l\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed.\u00a0 Pinckaers vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

\u00a0” Nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u00fd ch\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c (la forme) c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1c chi th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ch\u00ed s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n do \u00fd ch\u00ed.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, gi\u1ed1ng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd do b\u1edfi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 sinh ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c (m\u00f4 th\u1ee9c) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t (ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3) do b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a Tri\u1ebft gia T\u00f4ma : K\u1ebb \u0103n tr\u1ed9m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh, th\u00ec ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0103n tr\u1ed9m”[244]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i Ab\u00e9lard \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd (d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3)?\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u00ec \u00fd ch\u00ed bao tr\u00f9m tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n h\u00e0nh vi, \u00fd ch\u00ed\u00a0 tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh hay x\u1ea5u xa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi l\u00fd do v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh “theo \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh hay x\u1ea5u xa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft”[245]<\/a>.\u00a0 Cho n\u00ean th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma s\u1ebd n\u00f3i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00e0i n\u1ea7y: “ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0m t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p”; hay c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00eau \u1edf tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng.\u00a0 V\u1edbi l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3, hay l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u2013 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd tr\u00ed cho l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa, \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5y quan tr\u1ecdng khi k\u1ebb n\u1ea7y h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 h\u01a1n, hay \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh hay \u0111\u1ec3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea1n vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean theo tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi v\u1eafn g\u1ecdn k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00ean \u0103n c\u1eafp, hay l\u00e0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh hay k\u1ebb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u00f2ng ph\u1ea1m thi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng su\u1ed1t ( 1 ).<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4-ma, Pinckaers n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch “kh\u00f4ng thi\u00ean v\u1ecb” r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 ki\u1ec7t t\u00e1c ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o”[246]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. 2. 4\u00a0 C\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng l\u01b0u l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e2u gi\u1edd.\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec5m thuy\u1ebft duy danh m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t sang m\u1ed9t b\u00ean h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 coi tr\u1ecdng h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh\u00a0 trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, quan s\u00e1t vi\u00ean n\u1ea7y c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 Pinckaers nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a n\u1ea7y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 Suarez<\/strong>, nh\u00f3m Salmanticenses<\/strong>, Filippo Grossi<\/strong> v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 Billuart<\/strong>, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh cho \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II [247]<\/a>.\u00a0 V\u1ec1 Billuart, Pinckaers n\u00f3i “t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 x\u00ea d\u1ecbch v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda \u0111\u00e1y, v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, khi \u0111em so s\u00e1nh \u00f4ng v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma”[248]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Billuart, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0 Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m s\u00e1t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh hay l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi bi\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi, \u00f4ng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh hay x\u1ea5u xa c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1p ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt.\u00a0 \u00dd ch\u00ed mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (nh\u01b0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5, l\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u, t\u00f9y theo h\u00e0nh vi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u.\u00a0 N\u1ebfu h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c nhau (v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0103n c\u1eafp \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh), c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho h\u00e0nh vi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh ph\u1ee5 tr\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1eef ph\u1ee5 t\u00f9y, trong l\u00fac th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i cho c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft trong h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00ednh trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Billuart s\u1ebd ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n trong \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 “finis operis” (c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m), c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh n\u1ea7y th\u00ec n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.\u00a0 C\u00f2n “finis operantis” (c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n), c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u00f9y th\u1ec3 hay nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c c\u1ea9m nang lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111i theo chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 C\u00e1c “ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh” c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi g\u1ed3m c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi (c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 finis operis) l\u00e0m n\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u1ec7t chung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh (c\u00f3 khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 finis perantis), c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00f9y th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, Pinckaers n\u00f3i, “s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd ngh\u0129a khi hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb “c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh”, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb “\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng”, h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng minh b\u1ea1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eadt l\u00fd”[249]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u01b0a c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh l\u00ean \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.\u00a0 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u1eefa Pinckaers t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh nh\u01b0 sau.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng “duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng” l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh l\u00e0m \u01b0u ti\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng[250]<\/a> x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 coi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh l\u00e0 t\u00f9y th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 li\u1ec7t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n d\u1eabn t\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 coi l\u00e0 t\u00f9y th\u1ec3 ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi so v\u1edbi c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3”[251]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. 2. 5. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II s\u1ebd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft t\u00e1i \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft: “\u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng bi\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u2026. \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>“. \u00a0Tuy nhi\u00ean ng\u00e0i s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng khi qu\u00e1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh s\u1ebd k\u00e9o theo nguy c\u01a1 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 quan.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady ng\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd ghi \u1ea5n tr\u00ean cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed, cung c\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng trung l\u1eadp nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 cung c\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh x\u1eed t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.\u00a0 Trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh ch\u00fang ta m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 cho ch\u00fang ta nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n to\u00e0n m\u1ef9, t\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7.\u00a0 Qua \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh hay m\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 th\u1ec3 theo \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi g\u00e2y n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng. ( . . . )<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n linh t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ea5ng “duy nh\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh” v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.\u00a0 H\u1eadu qu\u1ea3, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch quan tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf vi\u1ec7c coi tr\u1ecdng “c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh h\u1ecdc” n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong l\u00fac v\u1eabn h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1\u00a0 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc n\u1ea7y nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y ch\u1ec9 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i n\u1ebfu c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng.\u00a0 H\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh, t\u1ed1t t\u00f9y theo \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu.\u00a0 V\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 chung cu\u1ed9c khi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c \u00e1i.” (VS 78)<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ch\u00ednh khi c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t n\u1ea7y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c b\u00e0i v\u0103n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea7y nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. 2. 6. Vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Georges Cottier l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho gi\u1edbi c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 r\u1eadp khu\u00f4n n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Trong b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ed1 VS 83, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u00fang cho m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.\u00a0 \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ecnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u00e2n \u0111o b\u1edfi l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 “C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i\u00a0 ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng trong t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n \u0111o b\u1eb1ng l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n”.[252]<\/a>\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00ec b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Pinckaers chia s\u1ebb c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 \u00d4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 “\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd b\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129” do t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, “theo s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi” (VS 78).\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 minh \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta y\u00eau m\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau hay s\u1ef1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 “Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u00ednh Ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00fang ta.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t; n\u00f3 bao \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0m trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa”[253]<\/a>.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n l\u00e0m cho h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 h\u01a1n c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a Xavier Th\u00e9venot, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng th\u1eddi m\u1edbi hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u00ec h\u1ecd qu\u00e1 b\u1ecb thu h\u00fat b\u1edfi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u00dd ni\u1ec7m h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ecd b\u1ecb th\u1ea5m nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc, h\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean b\u1eb1ng d\u00e1ng v\u1ebd “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.\u00a0 Cho n\u00ean, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m n\u1ea7y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn v\u00e0 l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng l\u1ec7ch l\u1ea1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 giam gi\u1eef con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong kh\u1eafc kho\u1ea3i?”[254]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u00dd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n n\u1ea7y, ch\u00ednh Xavier Th\u00e9venot v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng n\u1edbi r\u1ed9ng, c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a th\u00eam h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1ec1 \u00fd ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh d\u00e1ng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, hay kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ri\u00eang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Th\u00e9venot, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ebft, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1ec1 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0 Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd mu\u1ed1n n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng” (VS 78)”[255]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Xavier Th\u00e9venot d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o uy t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Jacques Maritain v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cha Andr\u00e9 L\u00e9onard.\u00a0 C\u1ea3 hai v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng uy\u1ec3n chuy\u1ec3n trong ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e1ng cho ch\u00fang ta d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i n\u01a1i Th\u00e9venot:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y Jacques Maritain m\u1ed9t m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i T\u00e2n-T\u00f4ma nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t, “N\u1ebfu \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n phi l\u00fd, gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ra l\u1ec7nh n\u1eefa, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed3ng d\u1ea1ng v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed, m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u00fd tr\u00ed s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt n\u1eefa”[256]<\/a> (tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i \u1edf tr\u00ean) ( . . . ).<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong lu\u1ed1ng c\u00e0y t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c cha Andr\u00e9 L\u00e9onard \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n theo \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n khi ng\u1eeba thai l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 t\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 th\u1ee5 thai trong quan h\u1ec7 v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng “ng\u1eeba thai” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a trong h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.\u00a0 Cho n\u00ean ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i. “U\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba thai (ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng) \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp s\u1eafp x\u1ea3y ra (t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ed3ng m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ean n\u00e1t r\u01b0\u1ee3u s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfm \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c) th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt tr\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00ec \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh giao h\u1ee3p nh\u00e2n linh.”[257]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m n\u00ean t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, ch\u00fang ta g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Michel S\u00e9guin trong b\u00e0i c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“”\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n \u0111i\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 suy ngh\u0129 khi m\u1edbi nh\u00ecn t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u.\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y “t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong” b\u1edfi \u00f4ng hay b\u00e0 l\u00e0m ra n\u00f3 (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 “t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n” ), v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1ng gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3”.\u00a0 “\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 “\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng” v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 “ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi.”[258]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 Richard A. McCormick, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y theo thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0” Thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 coi tr\u1ecdng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u1eadt l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; h\u01a1n n\u1eefa, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1eaft \u0111i ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam v\u00e0o, h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd ra kh\u00e1c, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u t\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0103n c\u1eafp l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3 v\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ai kh\u00e1c, tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd; th\u1eadt v\u1eady, n\u1ebfu v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ai c\u1ea3, hay l\u00e0 v\u1eadt \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee7, hay v\u1eadt l\u1ea5y \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0103n c\u1eafp.”[259]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u00e9guin ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn m\u00e0 S\u00e9guin kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o b\u1ecb nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0 v\u1eady kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh b\u00ean trong tr\u00f9ng l\u1eadp v\u1edbi \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u1ea7y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 L\u1ed1i c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a n\u1ea7y th\u00ec kh\u00e1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 so v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf ch\u1ed7 g\u00f3i tr\u1ecdn trong t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1eadt l\u00fd.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c cha L\u00e9onard\u00a0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i r\u1ea5t tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cha L\u00e9onard l\u00e0m d\u1ecbu b\u1edbt t\u00ednh nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong\u00a0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p khi coi vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cha \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Xavier Th\u00e9venot l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i.[260]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0“C\u00f2n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u1eadt l\u00fd \u2026\u00a0 t\u00f4i ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung c\u00f3 t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n linh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 vi\u1ec7c “ng\u1eeba thai” l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi qua vi\u1ec7c “ng\u1eeba thai” kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c nu\u1ed1t m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba thai, v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh x\u1eed nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng cho nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, khi h\u1ecd th\u1ea5y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra, h\u1ecd u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba thai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f3ng c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp b\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u00e2n linh v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.\u00a0 v\u00e0 t\u00f4i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u00e2n linh, v\u00ec, khi m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, b\u00e0 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba th\u1ee5 thai, d\u1ea7u v\u1eady \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eeba thai theo ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 b\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n l\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0111i\u1ec1u b\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa r\u01b0\u1ee3u c\u1ed3n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n sinh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y th\u00ec ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c nhau x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ngay c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ng\u1eeba thai th\u00ec c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nhau x\u00e9t v\u1ec1 g\u00f3c c\u1ea1nh v\u1eadt l\u00fd.”[261]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y, \u0110\u1ee9c cha L\u00e9onard l\u00e0m tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, ng\u00e0i coi\u00a0 tr\u1ecdng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi tr\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1, coi tr\u1ecdng nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, coi tr\u1ecdng \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n, tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo ch\u1ee7 quan v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c cha L\u00e9onard \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y b\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft sang l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi ra kh\u1ecfi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, G\u00e9rard Mathon c\u00f2n \u0111i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa trong s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi trong t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan qua \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh vi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u00a0 ( . . . )\u00a0 M\u1ed9t vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb h\u00e3m hi\u1ebfp v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, qua nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3, x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.”[262]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Theo Mathon, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ef1 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 \u00d4ng coi tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo \u0111u\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3.\u00a0 \u00d4ng c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra v\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“C\u0169ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.\u00a0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma d\u00f9ng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n cho k\u1ebb c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00f9ng s\u1ed1 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u1ee7ng b\u1ed1.\u00a0 Gi\u1eef m\u00f3n ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0103n c\u1eafp hay tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t ?\u00a0 C\u00e1c “ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” kh\u00f4ng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y.\u00a0 C\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.”[263]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Mathon l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean k\u1ebft \u00e1n c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n linh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n\u00a0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n n\u1eefa : \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh.\u00a0 \u00d4ng minh ch\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ab\u00e9lard \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 gi\u00e1 qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1eaft v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0ng th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 \u00d4ng n\u00eau v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n : “T\u1ea1i sao s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1c nh\u00e3n quan c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc, trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ed5 v\u0169 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi t\u01b0 duy?”[264]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a02. 2. 7. X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i<\/span><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0a\u00a0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, Christian Duquoc l\u00e0m ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nhi\u00eau kh\u00ea khi x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ti\u00ean thi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 tinh t\u1ebf v\u0103n h\u00f3a.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i trong nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 sau n\u1ea7y ch\u00fang b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng g\u1eb7t b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0i nghi, v\u00ec c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m th\u00ec ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i.”[265]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i g\u1eb7p nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n trong m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t th\u1ea5y trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u1edf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0\u00a0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, t\u1ec9 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 ng\u1eeba thai ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0S\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia nam n\u1eef c\u1ee7a ti\u1ec3u bang Qu\u00e9bec l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng trong l\u00e1 th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn Qu\u00e9bec.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p cho r\u1eb1ng : “C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ng\u1eeba thai qua \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi v\u1ee3 ch\u1ed3ng c\u1ed1 \u00fd l\u00e0m cho v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u sinh s\u1ea3n l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” (Cf. VS 80), c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia nam n\u1eef n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng k\u00fd v\u0103n b\u1ea3n n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn chung c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“”Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ghi l\u1ea1i v\u1ee5 vi\u1ec7c m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f4ng c\u00e1c nam n\u1eef th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia t\u00e0i ba nh\u1ea5t, sau hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ng\u1eeba thai c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9.”[266]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Mathon \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y, Mathon nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u00e1n t\u1eed h\u00ecnh (m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi) hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c S\u00e1ch Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn[267]<\/a>;\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m.\u00a0 \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ea3nh gi\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1eb1ng\u00a0 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u00e1nh T\u00f4-ma:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“L\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i b\u1ea5t t\u1ea5t, th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng suy y\u1ebfu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng xu\u1ed1ng s\u00e2u h\u01a1n trong c\u00e1c chi ti\u1ebft, th\u00ec c\u00e0ng nh\u00e2n l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7”.[268]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c cha L\u00e9onard c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb khi c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t t\u00ednh v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t di d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111an c\u1eed ra \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m nay ch\u00fang ta t\u1ee9c kh\u1eafc kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao dung v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng b\u1edfi l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi x\u01b0a.\u00a0 C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, cho vay \u0103n l\u00e3i, b\u1ecb k\u1ebft \u00e1n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, ng\u00e0y nay xem ra h\u1ee3p lu\u1eadt trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c.”[269]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1eabn c\u00f2n gi\u1eef gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn ko ?\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c cha tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n h\u00ecnh dung lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i g\u00f4ng c\u00f9m si\u00eau th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i xu\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta”.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng “nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i khi quan ni\u1ec7m r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 si\u00eau th\u1eddi gian.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u00a0 v\u00e0 cho m\u1ecdi th\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf n\u1ea7y s\u1ebd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy hi\u1ec3m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.”[270]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Eric Fuchs \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p\u00a0 h\u01a1n :<\/p>\n

\u00a0“T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 duy nh\u1ea5t n\u1eb1m trong ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 “x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i”, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c l\u1eadp s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi “x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i”, h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y hay l\u00e0m b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh tha nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00ea ti\u1ec7n h\u00e8n h\u1ea1.”[271]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Eric Fuchs nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u0103n c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ebfm v\u00e0 tra t\u1ea5n d\u00e3 man[272]<\/a>.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ec3 t\u00ean trong hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Vui M\u1eebng v\u00e0 Hy Vong \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c VS 80 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh ngang b\u1eb1ng nhau: c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n hi\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 G\u1ecdi d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t danh x\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn”, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i “l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ng\u00f4n t\u1eeb” v\u00e0 l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t ‘gian l\u1eadn’ tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c”.[273]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a02. 3. K\u1ebeT LU\u1eacN<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>T\u00f3m t\u1eaft, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra t\u1eeb th\u1eddi c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c h\u00f3a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16.\u00a0 V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ebf n\u1ea7y th\u00ec li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi nh\u00e2n linh.\u00a0 Tr\u1ea3i qua l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn: \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 ch\u00fang l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u xa, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m.\u00a0 Ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn n\u1ea7y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea1t th\u1ea5u Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a M\u1eb7c Kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u tha nh\u00e2n n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gai g\u00f3c.\u00a0 D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a ch\u00fang th\u1ebf n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u00fat th\u1eaft c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 chung c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd ki\u1ebfn.\u00a0 Y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u ?\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, trong s\u1ef1 vi ph\u1ea1m c\u00e1c b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, trong \u00fd mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, trong c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi hay trong ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 ?<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 Ch\u1ec9 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i m\u1edbi bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n x\u00e9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0B\u00e0n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u00e0n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1ea1ch gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 c\u01a1 may gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Ng\u00e0y nay, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch trong ph\u1ea7n th\u00e2n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn v\u0103n, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Nh\u01b0ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 coi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1edbi l\u00fd do c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh l\u00e0m cho thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh, v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn. \u00a0Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 cho \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f4m nay c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi nhau v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u1eafm gi\u1eef.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn, ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p; trong \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y g\u1eb7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, \u00fd mu\u1ed1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129, s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u1edbi tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.\u00a0 N\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u00e9o h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ra kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1ch quan c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng r\u01a1i t\u1ecfm v\u00e0o trong thuy\u1ebft duy ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u00ednh n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m tr\u00e1m v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

PH\u1ea6N \u00a0K\u1ebeT<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00c1C L\u1eacP TR\u01af\u1edcNG <\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed0I DI\u1ec6N TH\u00d4NG \u0110I\u1ec6P:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ed5ng H\u1ee3p <\/strong><\/p>\n

Trong ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i b\u00e1o v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p \u0111i li\u1ec1n ngay sau khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor ra \u0111\u1eddi.\u00a0 Trong ph\u1ea7n hai, ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch ngang c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft\u00a0 b\u00ean trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m l\u1ed9 ra quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn g\u1ecdn l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft xem x\u00e9t chuy\u1ec3n bi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n, r\u1ed3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng khi gi\u00e1p m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 theo sau s\u1ef1 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. Theo th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t theo sau ngay khi xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 C\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u00fac n\u1ea7y r\u1ec1n vang tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, \u00edt th\u1ea5y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed v\u00e0 trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m.\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1ch chung c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng n\u1ea7y h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eafn g\u1eedi, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 1. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ti\u1ec3u bang Qu\u00e9bec.\u00a0\u00a0 C\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1edbi l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p[274]<\/a>:\u00a0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u1ea7y ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia gi\u1eefa lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khoa h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ng\u1eeba thai, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn ch\u00e2n l\u00fd gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 ‘l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o’ trong h\u00e0nh x\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, ch\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn t\u1ef1 do, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c t\u1ef1 do trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Qu\u00e9bec kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong l\u00e0n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c.\u00a0 Theo s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Karl Lehmann, ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n “nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, n\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y h\u00f4m nay th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.”[275]<\/a>\u00a0 Domingo Basso[276]<\/a>, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i b\u00e1o xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u1edf t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Dolentium Hominum, \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0V\u1ec1 ph\u00eda ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y ngay trong c\u00f9ng trang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o La Presse <\/em>de Montr\u00e9al, ng\u00e0y 6 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1993, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Hans K\u00fcng, \u00f4ng vi\u1ebft : “Th\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y (th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor) sau C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II.”\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng loan b\u00e1o ch\u00fat g\u00ec r\u00e3 \u0111\u00f4ng”.\u00a0 \u00a0C\u00f2n Eugen Drewermann l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh : “Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t suy t\u01b0 y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m v\u1ec1 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 g\u00ec r\u00e1o tr\u1ecdi”.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Bernard Haering \u00e2n h\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu tin t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i\u00a0 th\u00eam kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed A.R.M. cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 Gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ea7y, Paul Ricoeur l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t, trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tin l\u00e0nh.\u00a0 \u00d4ng cho th\u1ea5y t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00ed cu\u1ed1i c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 \u00d4ng t\u00e1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng M\u00e1tth\u00eau 19, 16-21, qua \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t tr\u00e1i chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Paul Ricoeur b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00ean \u00e1n, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng cho \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, c\u00e1c thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong phong t\u1ee5c t\u1eadp qu\u00e1n, trong ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 n\u1ea7y, khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 C\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00f3 khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 nh\u01b0ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i th\u1eb3ng th\u1eafn qua c\u00e1c h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 “qu\u00e1 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o”, “s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng”, “c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c”, “si\u00eau qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7”, “ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh” hay “gia c\u1ed1 v\u1ecb th\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n h\u00e0nh”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Concilium, n\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Lisa Cahill lo \u00e2u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra gi\u1eefa hai phe nh\u00f3m, b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 duy t\u00e2n thuy\u1ebft, hai nh\u00f3m n\u1ea7y c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i l\u1eabn nhau t\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II.\u00a0 N\u1eef t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y s\u1ee3 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u1ecbp phe theo “truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng” s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u1ecdn c\u1edd \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft \u00e1n nh\u00f3m ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng “t\u00e2n th\u1eddi ” v\u00e0 nh\u00f3m theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u00e2n th\u1eddi ch\u1ed1ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i nh\u00f3m kia: \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng th\u00eam s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd trong n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Bernard Besret \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng trong h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t.\u00a0 \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n x\u00e9 tan hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n ph\u00e1 \u0111\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng xem ra kh\u00e1 khi\u00eau chi\u1ebfn n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng: “Th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf g\u1eedi \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n gi\u00e1ng xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u00fang ta ch\u00e2n l\u00fd tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh r\u1ea1ng ng\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u1eddi n\u00f3”.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00f2ng ngo\u00e0i, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn hay kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o trong ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng, nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd, l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh, s\u1ef1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong s\u00e1ng, ngay t\u1eeb ban \u0111\u1ea7u, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc nam n\u1eef ti\u1ec3u bang Qu\u00e9bec, h\u1ecd r\u1ea5t tinh t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00f3ng, t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u1ecd t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp b\u1eb1ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong “Th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf g\u1eedi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Qu\u00e9bec”, th\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd t\u1ea1i Montr\u00e9al ng\u00e0y 19 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1993:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“Sau hai m\u01b0\u01a1i l\u0103m n\u0103m tranh lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 trao \u0111\u1ed5i, \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 v\u00f4 lu\u00e2n v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi ng\u1eeba thai c\u00f3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o trong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 v\u00ec c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh n\u00e0o b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9.”[277]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai khoa h\u1ecdc, vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae coi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u1ed1 VS 80.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng hai vi\u1ec7c: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u1ea7y c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y \u1edf trong c\u1ea3 hai th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 H\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0o gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. \u00a0V\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho s\u1ef1 th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, l\u1eddi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a hai th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p s\u1ebd b\u1ecb li\u1ec7t v\u00e0o m\u1ed1i l\u00e2m nguy, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh nghi ng\u1edd.<\/p>\n

\u00a01. 2. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai<\/span><\/p>\n

\u00a0\u1ede giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u00e2u r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u.\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u1ebft \u00e1n, v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i m\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh .\u00a0 V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi c\u00e1c l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n, n\u1ed9i dung n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00eam b\u1edbt ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb cho kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. \u00a0Th\u1eadt th\u00fa \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t n\u1ea7y v\u00e0o ba ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9, th\u1ec3 theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. Th\u1ec3 theo th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ra l\u00e0m ba nh\u00f3m<\/p>\n

\u00a02. 1. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n <\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Trong s\u1ed1 n\u1ea7y g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y Albert Chapelle, Domingo Basso, Jean-Louis Brugu\u00e8s, Georges Cottier, Servais-Th Pinckaers, Charles Granche, Pierre Daubercie, R\u00e9al Tremblay.\u00a0 Nh\u00f3m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh chung l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o tranh lu\u1eadn.\u00a0 Nh\u00f3m ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Kh\u00f4ng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i hay b\u00e0n r\u1ed9ng th\u00eam c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Nh\u00f3m n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor, r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh truy\u1ec1n, m\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 canh t\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.\u00a0 C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y theo r\u1ea5t s\u00e1t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong vi\u1ec7c l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi nh\u01b0 thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, thuy\u1ebft duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady h\u1ecd l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau.\u00a0 Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00f3 khi h\u1ecd l\u00e0m cho c\u1ee9ng r\u1eafn c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p qu\u1edf tr\u00e1ch, nh\u01b0 Christian Duquoc n\u00eau l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y c\u1ed5 v\u0169 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 t\u00f9ng ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi.\u00a0 Nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m n\u1ea7y th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ecf ra ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.\u00a0 H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng cung \u1ee9ng s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 H\u1ecd t\u1ecf ra l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong khi tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y .\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u1ee9 m\u1ec7nh l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a cho \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

\u00a0M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn: ba t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong nh\u00f3m n\u1ea7y, Albert Chapelle, Jean-Louis Brugu\u00e8s v\u00e0 Georges Cottier g\u1eb7p nhau trong nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Mame\/Plon, 1993 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y La Splendeur de la V\u00e9rit\u00e9. <\/em>\u00a0V\u00e0 m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n ri\u00eang trong c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau: S\u00e1u b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i n\u1ea7y t\u1ef1 cho\u00a0 th\u1ea5y trong ph\u00e2n t\u00edch s\u1ef1 tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa hai phe nh\u00f3m.\u00a0 Thi\u1ebft ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ba t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 nhau.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. 2. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n<\/span><\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u1edf nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp Xavier Th\u00e9venot, Michel S\u00e9guin, Andr\u00e9 L\u00e9onard.\u00a0 Trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung dung \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 H\u1ecd \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p trong s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i l\u00ean \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong \u00fd th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 lay chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2n th\u1eddi, c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.[278]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n \u0111\u00f3 ? M\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ea7y mu\u1ed1n trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i; \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, h\u1ecd t\u00ecm ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n n\u00f3i c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mang n\u1eb7ng n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng khoa h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 H\u1ecd b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111i v\u00e0o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edf ra nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i \u0111i ra kh\u1ecfi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1nh c\u1eeda m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean.\u00a0 H\u1ecd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ec1m d\u1ebdo h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp trong ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u1ea7y c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ed1 s\u1ee9c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft gi\u00e1o l\u00fd tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u1ecd l\u00e0m cho ra nh\u1eb9 nh\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00fa v\u1ecb khi \u0111\u1eb7t s\u00f3ng \u0111\u00f4i c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn trong s\u00e1ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Th\u00e9venot n\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c “gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1i g\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, nh\u00e3n quan n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 nh\u00e3n quan c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 C\u00e1i “v\u1eadt l\u00fd” th\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.\u00a0 Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma, \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh g\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00f3 suy ngh\u0129 n\u00f3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n” (VS 78)” [279]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Theo Th\u00e9venot, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, trong \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, trong l\u00fd t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt, trong s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7.\u00a0 Th\u00e9venot v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0\u0110\u1ee9c cha L\u00e9onard t\u00ecm m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p kh\u00e1c gi\u1eefa l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Nh\u1edb l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec7n n\u1ea7y, ng\u00e0i coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u1eeba thai s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t vi\u00ean thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef mu\u1ed1n t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00ecnh kh\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ed3ng n\u00e1t r\u01b0\u1ee3u[280]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong c\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i n\u1ea7y \u0110\u1ee9c cha L\u00e9onard quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. \u00a0S\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i “Le fondement de la morale”[281]<\/a>,\u00a0 s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e9venot l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i trong b\u00e0i “Introduction” ‘d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp’ c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u1eabn v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 S\u00e9guin c\u1eaft ngh\u0129a t\u00ednh v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u1eefa:<\/p>\n

\u00a0“\u0110i\u1ec1u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn “t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong” b\u1edfi k\u1ebb \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ra n\u00f3 (ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 “t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n”), ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 “kh\u00e1n gi\u1ea3” c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3 “.\u00a0 “\u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 “\u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng” v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u00e0 “c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh” ch\u00fang l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u00e0nh vi.”[282]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u1ea7y xem ra c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p d\u1ec5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eb9 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng hai m\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u00e2y trong tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i , v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u kia l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, tr\u1eeb Xavier Th\u00e9venot, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c gi\u1eef th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ecb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u1ebft \u00e1n, l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y v\u1eeba b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u1ea1i v\u1eeba x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a02. 3. C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p<\/span><\/p>\n

Nh\u00f3m th\u1ee9 ba g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Trong s\u1ed1 h\u1ecd ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn G\u00e9rard Mathon, Christian Duquoc, Eric Fuchs, Jean Desclos v\u00e0 Bernard Besret. \u00a0\u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhau.\u00a0 Besret tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 “ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u1eebng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed9t” c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p; ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady l\u00e1 Th\u01b0 ng\u1ecf c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch tri\u1ec7t h\u1ea1 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng.\u00a0 \u00d4ng b\u00f3p n\u00e1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ebfn.\u00a0 T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee9ng ngo\u00e0i l\u1ec1 v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng t\u00f4i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o hay kh\u00f4ng ?<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Eric Fuchs c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.\u00a0 Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: \u00f4ng t\u1ecf ra ng\u00e3 l\u00f2ng v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 L\u00e0 t\u00edn \u0111\u1ed3 tin l\u00e0nh, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

\u00a0G\u00e9rard Mathon v\u00e0 Jean Desclos c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, r\u1ed3i sau \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch d\u1eef d\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 M\u1eb7c d\u1ea7u thu\u1ed9c nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, c\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 \u00edch ph\u1ea3i ghi nh\u1eadn, v\u00e0 l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a hai t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 Jean Desclos \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh ra th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor.\u00a0 \u00d4ng ghi nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m t\u1ef1 do, quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Vojtyla trong quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 C\u1ea3 ba ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t sinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u t\u00edch trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean \u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi b\u00ecnh ph\u1ea9m kh\u1eaft khe v\u1ec1 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, b\u1ecb \u00f4ng ch\u00ea l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3 c\u1ee7a t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u “De ordine morali” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o b\u1edfi phe b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican\u00f4 II lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf.\u00a0 \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00e1o gi\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea5t \u0111i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00edn h\u1eefu trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia t\u1ef1 do suy t\u01b0.\u00a0 \u00d4ng y\u00eau s\u00e1ch m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Mathon b\u00e0o ch\u1eefa cho l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n khi n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a.\u00a0 \u00d4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.\u00a0 \u00d4ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea9m t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 C\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea9y \u00f4ng t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i theo nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Christian Duquoc, trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c “s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf” c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t “lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh b\u1ec7nh ho\u1ea1n”.\u00a0 \u00d4ng c\u00e1o t\u1ed9i th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng am t\u01b0\u1eddng \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi trong l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p l\u1ea1i l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 \u00d4ng l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft m\u1edbi n\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng cho l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u1ea7y theo \u0111u\u1ed5i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00f4ng ch\u1ee9ng minh s\u1ef1 sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, duy h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 duy t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng.\u00a0 \u00d4ng kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u00ec l\u00fd do s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3\u00a0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh vi trong c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.\u00a0 \u00d4ng t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3m then ch\u1ed1t n\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p.\u00a0 C\u00e1c l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng r\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed5 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

\u00a0T\u00f3m k\u1ebft l\u1ea1i ngang qua t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 cung gi\u1ecdng uy quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ngay t\u1eeb r\u1ed1i ren \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean cho \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n c\u00e3i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecb t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i n\u01a1i nh\u00f3m ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng, hay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1ec1m d\u1ebdo n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

\u00a03.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ra.\u00a0 Tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u00eda sau c\u00e1c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u1ea7y th\u1ea5p tho\u00e1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c.\u00a0 \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft \u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai khoa h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae vitae \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 1968.\u00a0 Gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 th\u00eam, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng ng\u1eeba thai l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II t\u00e1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI v\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 gi\u1eadt g\u00e2n: “Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng t\u00e1c ra: gi\u00e1o l\u00fd n\u1ea7y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc b\u1eb1ng b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn trong M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi.”[283]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u00a0Ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5 ra nh\u1eefng x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t gi\u1eefa Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc.\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea5m ng\u1eeba thai l\u00e0m cho \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn, tr\u1edf n\u00ean vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1 g\u00e2y xung \u0111\u1ed9t trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111ang kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u00a0 M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Humanae Vitae v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n : “H\u00e3y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00eau g\u01b0\u01a1ng trong h\u00e0nh x\u1eed th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, h\u00e3y \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u00e1ch trung th\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i” (Humanae Vitae s\u1ed1 28).\u00a0 C\u0169ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phao-l\u00f4 II l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i (VS 110).<\/p>\n

\u00a0N\u1ed5 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n th\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u1ea7y b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1ea5t \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 \u0110ang khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u1ea7y c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c k\u1ebft \u00e1n c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai khoa h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec hai c\u1ea3 hai th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so s\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 hai \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng tr\u00f2n l\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o nhau c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m m\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0: c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ng\u1eeba thai khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 N\u00f3i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i sao c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean khi th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor v\u1eeba\u00a0 ra \u0111\u1eddi : l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00e1c v\u1ee5 tranh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u00a0K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>Nh\u01b0 b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, ho ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ea7y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i chung khi \u0111i v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0o ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 n\u1ea7y[284]<\/a>.\u00a0 V\u00ec vi\u1ec7c x\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi, t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ea7y l\u1ea1i t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y \u1edf tr\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau trong c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ea7y, m\u1ed7i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi m\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 li\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, t\u1ef7 d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 ch\u00fat n\u00e0o, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt l\u00fd.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t quy lu\u1eadt hay m\u1ed9t chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp ban \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5u t\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ea1t l\u00fd v\u1ec1 \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh coi tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.\u00a0 Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec v\u1eady th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng th\u1eadt tinh vi v\u00e0 t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a ai kh\u00e1c khi \u0111em so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u00a0C\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3.\u00a0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n

\u00a0L\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00e0nh vi tr\u1ed3i l\u00ean kh\u1ecfi \u00fd ngh\u0129a ‘v\u1eadt l\u00fd’ v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u01b0\u1edbc sang \u00fd ngh\u0129a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c trong ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi.\u00a0 M\u00e0 ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ea7y ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 am hi\u1ec3u c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u d\u1ecb trong t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

\u00a0D\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m.\u00a0 Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u1ea7y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i coi tr\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n n\u1ea7y b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y gi\u1eef vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.\u00a0 L\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m n\u1ea7y c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00ean ti\u1ebfng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, l\u00e0 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft chung cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe.<\/p>\n

\u00a0Trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111ang c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tranh \u0111ua v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh.\u00a0 C\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc thi nhau \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd; c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 tranh nhau cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn kh\u1ea3 d\u0129 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y.\u00a0 M\u1ed7i l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c \u0111a s\u1ed1 d\u00e2n ch\u00fang.\u00a0 \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u00e2n linh trong c\u01a1n l\u1ed1c xo\u00e1y ch\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p.\u00a0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.\u00a0 Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111a t\u1ea1p \u1ea5y, m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eafm c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Veritatis Splendor l\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi l\u1ec7nh c\u1ea5m ch\u1ec9 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c gi\u1eef m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi l\u00fac, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i.\u00a0 L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00eau l\u00ean.\u00a0 Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn trong m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 cho n\u1ec1n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ea7n suy t\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n t\u1ec9nh s\u00e2u s\u1eafc th\u00eam h\u01a1n n\u1eefa tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh vi n\u1ea7y.\u00a0 Th\u1eadt v\u1eady \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi cao c\u1ea3 ng\u1ecf v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Kontum ng\u00e0y 21. 6. 2014.<\/em><\/p>\n

L\u1ec5 th\u00e1nh Lu-y Gondaga sj<\/em><\/p>\n

Lm Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Vinh<\/em><\/p>\n

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