T\u1ec9nh H\u1ed9i Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch Ph\u00e1p<\/strong><\/p>\n M\u1ed8T <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n KHOA S\u01af PH\u1ea0M <\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn T\u1ef0 DO<\/span><\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0 nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c <\/strong><\/p>\n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c ng\u00e0y nay<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a <\/em><\/p>\n Ban tu th\u01b0 XBVN<\/strong><\/p>\n 2012<\/strong><\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p<\/em>:<\/p>\n Une P\u00e9dagogie de la Libert\u00e9 <\/strong><\/p>\n Notes p\u00e9dagogiques sur la formation<\/p>\n des pr\u00eatres aujourd\u2019hui<\/p>\n c\u1ee7a<\/em><\/p>\n Compagnie des Pr\u00eatres de Saint-Sulpice<\/p>\n Province de France<\/p>\n Bureau d\u2019Etudes et de Recherches, 2009<\/p>\n (\u1ea5n b\u1ea3n th\u1ee9<\/em> 2)<\/p>\n d\u1ecbch Vi\u1ec7t ng\u1eef<\/em>:<\/p>\n Lm. Ant\u00f4n Tr\u1ea7n Minh Hi\u1ec3n, pss.<\/p>\n bi\u00ean t\u1eadp b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch<\/em>:<\/p>\n Lm. Ph\u00ear\u00f4 Phan T\u1ea5n Kh\u00e1nh, pss.<\/p>\n Lm. Giuse L\u00ea C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ee9c<\/p>\n L\u1eddi Gi\u1edbi Thi\u1ec7u<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00a0B\u1ed1n ghi ch\u00fa sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u1eddi gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Linh M\u1ee5c Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m trong kho\u1ea3n 14 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p.<\/a>[1] Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 1989, do Ban H\u1ecdc V\u1ee5 v\u00e0 Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a T\u1ec9nh H\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, trong c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ph\u00f3 cho H\u1ed9i Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u1ec9nh h\u1ed9i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, l\u00fac \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng sau gom l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i l\u00ean, n\u01a1i Cha Jean-Jacques Olier v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kinh nghi\u1ec7m thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e3n quan th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 linh m\u1ee5c, ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c do t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ng n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129. T\u1eeb khi th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch t\u1ea1i Paris n\u0103m 1641-1642 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i Paris, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch ph\u1ea3i thay \u0111\u1ed5i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a khoa s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m \u2013 v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eb1m chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c t\u1eed m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn l\u00e3nh t\u1eeb Ch\u00faa,<\/a>[2] nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft t\u1edbi, ngay c\u1ea3 d\u00f9 ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ee5ng t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n. Hai th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd l\u00e0 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00ec v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i t\u1ed9i cho c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m linh h\u01b0\u1edbng cho h\u1ecd, v\u00e0 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng v\u1ecb linh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef b\u00ed m\u1eadt tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c linh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft ngh\u1ecb c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong lu\u1eadt chung c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o.<\/a>[3] \u0110i\u1ec1u sau ch\u1ec9 tr\u1edf n\u00ean s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf c\u00e1ch t\u1eeb t\u1eeb, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1m M\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u01a1n g\u1ecdi, m\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 v\u1ecb linh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u01b0u t\u00e2m, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ghi ch\u00fa n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II v\u00e0 t\u1eeb cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ngo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o m\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u00f5, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i theo ki\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra, v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u00edt d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng m\u1edbi h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ea1n h\u1eb9p h\u01a1n \u2013 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ef1u tr\u00e0o v\u00e0 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 r\u00f5 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c.\u201d C\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 trong tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, n\u01a1i \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Cha s\u1edf v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng sinh trong nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y ngh\u1ec9 h\u00e8. C\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n, qua gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 ho\u1eb7c qua c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cc\u00e0i v\u00e0o.\u201d M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf h\u01a1n, c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c trong vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c th\u1eeba t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i m\u1edbi c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, theo s\u1ef1 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn. S\u1ef1 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n n\u1eefa c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c th\u1eeba t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m v\u00e0 bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m \u2013 th\u1eddi nay h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y \u2013 ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t,\u201d nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch theo C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, v\u1eeba c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 linh m\u1ee5c \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01a1i, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 400 n\u0103m ng\u00e0y sinh c\u1ee7a Cha Jean-Jacques Olier, H\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ed3ng t\u1ec9nh h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u Ban H\u1ecdc V\u1ee5 v\u00e0 Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u m\u1edbi duy\u1ec7t l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980 v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c. Nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7u ch\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i tin r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 l\u1eafm, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd c\u0169ng th\u1ebf, d\u1eabu sao c\u0169ng \u00edt quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi gian ngay sau C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n Qua bao bi\u1ebfn thi\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ta s\u1ebd nh\u1eadn ra \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c ng\u00e0y nay? T\u1eeb \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d hay \u201ctu \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1edbi ng\u00f2i b\u00fat. N\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n 5 l\u1ea7n \u1edf kho\u1ea3n 14 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, l\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m n\u00e0y, v\u00e0 kho\u1ea3n 18 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thi\u00eang li\u00eang chi\u1ebfm h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch\u201d. <\/em>\u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u Cha Jean-Jacques Olier \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c th\u1eddi ng\u00e0i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, ngay c\u1ea3 khi ng\u00e0i d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a: \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n gi\u00e1o s\u0129.\u201d C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c gi\u1eef \u0111i\u1ec3m \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn\u201d thi\u00eang li\u00eang, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n cho \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ngay c\u1ea3 khi h\u1ecd c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3m tr\u00e1ch vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc, ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch r\u1eb1ng Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng coi tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ee7 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m d\u1ea1y h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb d\u00f9ng sai, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u1ea1i. \u0110i\u1ec1u x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t v\u1ed1n qu\u00e1 r\u00f5, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i l\u1ea1i. Trong th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang ch\u1ec9 x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi t\u00ean \u0111\u00f3 khi nh\u1eadn su\u1ed1i ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang n\u01a1i Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a \u201ctr\u00e1i tim tinh tuy\u1ec1n\u201d v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Hi\u1ec7n Xu\u1ed1ng, Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3. Cha Jean-Jacques Olier khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n kh\u01a1i g\u1ee3i nhi\u1ec7t t\u00ecnh th\u1eeba sai, t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Canada, \u0111\u00e3 mu\u1ed1n r\u1eb1ng: Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7u xin Ng\u00e0i m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecnh c\u1edd m\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, \u0111\u00e3 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 th\u1eeba sai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II ca ng\u1ee3i h\u00f4m 30.5.1980 t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00e0 (Notre-Dame) \u1edf Paris.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n mu\u1ed1n khai t\u00e2m cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho gi\u00e1o s\u0129, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho H\u1ed9i Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Cha Jean-Jacques Olier \u201cm\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng\u201dc\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4\u201d,<\/a>[4] th\u00ec th\u1eadt r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb Th\u01b0 R\u00f4ma 6,11, l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, Cha Jean-Jacques Olier \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i t\u1ed5 n\u00e0y theo Tin M\u1eebng, ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129, t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u201cv\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ch\u00fang\u201d.<\/a>[5] <\/em>\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o s\u0129 thuy\u1ebft. Nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y m\u00e0 h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ph\u00e1t xu\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb trong th\u00e2m s\u00e2u c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch Tin l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u0129 thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n, ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi c\u00f3 s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 s\u1ed1 m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft. D\u00f9 sao, nh\u1eefng ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Gioan, n\u00f3i r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc \u2013 v\u00ec th\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch, h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y v\u00e0o l\u00fac x\u00e9t m\u00ecnh ri\u00eang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u1ef3 g\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecdc T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc, tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d kh\u00e1c, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thu\u1ed9c tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u01b0u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y, ti\u1ebfc thay kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea1i Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e1ng ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kho\u1ea3n 14 c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p, n\u00f3i nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d, c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u201clu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch\u201d v\u1ec1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb linh h\u01b0\u1edbng. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean cho nh\u1eefng ai bi\u1ebft vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n. Ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n, trong nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u00f3, ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng theo h\u01b0\u1edbng \u01b0u ti\u00ean t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do thi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c vi\u00ean kh\u00e1c trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh, ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y hay ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh \u1ee9ng sinh, bi\u1ebft kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu cho m\u00ecnh h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 th\u00e1nh. S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do thi\u00eang li\u00eang n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1ea5y \u2013 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 ngoan ngo\u00e3n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ta th\u1ea5y t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng trong s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch. \u201cC\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf ra t\u1edbi gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, nh\u1edd t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u01a1n g\u1ecdi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u201d, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 trong l\u00f2ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u1edd t\u00ednh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/a>[6]<\/sup><\/sup> \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y \u01b0u ti\u00ean th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u2013 tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o trong ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7, kh\u00f4ng nhi\u1ec1u ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. C\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u00e0y m\u1ea1o hi\u1ec3m khi tin v\u00e0o tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u00e1c nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t\u201d cho vi\u1ec7c \u201ct\u1ef1 hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n\u201d m\u00ecnh,<\/a>[7]<\/sup><\/sup> v\u00e0 tin v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u1ebf su\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u00e0 linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng theo m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu hay m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n s\u1ee7ng duy nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0o, nh\u01b0ng theo nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t linh m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n Ghi ch\u00fa cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi \u201ct\u00ednh duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n\u201d. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong vi\u1ec7c \u201ckh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4.\u201d<\/a>[8]<\/sup><\/sup> C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y trong \u201cth\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5\u201d, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n linh m\u1ee5c.\u201d<\/a>[9]<\/sup><\/sup> Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, theo C\u00f4l\u00f4s\u00ea 3,14 v\u00e0 theo t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p. C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i \u0111\u00f3 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c t\u1eed c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ee5c v\u1ee5\u201d, theo \u01a1n s\u1ee7ng ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a b\u00ed t\u00edch Truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y, Th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4 v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 n\u00f3i h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau. S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u201cth\u1ef1c thi\u201d \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng ph\u00e2n qu\u00e1 quen thu\u1ed9c gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u1ea3y sinh \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i n\u00e0y v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 thi h\u00e0nh t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eabn l\u1ed9n vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, v\u00ec \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e1c v\u1ee5, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n trong khi th\u1ef1c thi t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u1ea5y.<\/a>[10]<\/sup><\/sup> C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh trong \u00fd ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ea7n t\u00ecm m\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, thi\u00eang li\u00eang, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ea5n luy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p c\u1ed5 v\u00f5, do c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Ph\u00e1p xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1997, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng l\u00fac\u201d m\u1ecdi chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch n\u00e0y, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi t\u1edbi th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m h\u01a1n cho m\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t. D\u00f9 \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thi\u00eang li\u00eang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n, n\u00f3 n\u1eafm gi\u1ec1ng m\u1ed1i v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ch\u1ec9 \u201c\u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng l\u00fac\u201d th\u00f4i th\u00ec ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1eb3ng d\u1eabn t\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u1eeba t\u00e1c vi\u00ean ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn qua Ph\u00e9p R\u1eeda \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, nay \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa cho t\u00e1c v\u1ee5, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn \u201ct\u1eadn \u0111\u00e1y s\u00e2u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecd\u201d. Ch\u00ednh nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e3nh ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a cho c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i do t\u00ednh li\u00ean t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 \u201cth\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng\u201d cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u2013 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y lu\u00f4n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111ang hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu v\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00edch nghi m\u1edbi\u201d.<\/a>[11] <\/em>C\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00e1c ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u linh m\u1ee5c, ngay c\u1ea3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c, ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u2013 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u2013 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea1m t\u1edbi t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a khoa s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch, m\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra do ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 th\u00e2m ni\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u1ede th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17, Ch\u1ee7ng Vi\u1ec7n do Cha Jean-Jacques Olier th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn theo \u201creligion\u201d kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y hay d\u00f2ng kia, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00f4i L\u1eddi Nh\u1eadp Th\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u1ee9ng sinh, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t \u01a1n g\u1ecdi \u201cthu\u1ed9c linh\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cthu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i\u201d, m\u1ed9t \u01a1n g\u1ecdi kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch ph\u00e0m t\u1ee5c cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay cho gia \u0111\u00ecnh. Jean-Jacques Olier n\u00f3i: \u201cLinh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ng\u00e0i tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 Ng\u00e0i\u201d.<\/p>\n Th\u1eddi nay, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u: s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 linh m\u1ee5c v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c phi\u00eau l\u01b0u c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin. Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16 v\u00e0 17 \u0111\u00e3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3, nh\u01b0 B. Pascal \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i v\u00e0o Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gian.\u201d Trong vi\u1ec7c vun tr\u1ed3ng \u01a1n g\u1ecdi, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Trent\u00f4 ch\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1eb7t ni\u1ec1m tin bao nhi\u00eau v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng gia \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c l\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, n\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eadp ra \u201cv\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m\u201d t\u1ee9c \u201cch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n\u201d \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p \u01a1n g\u1ecdi, ngay t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i 12! D\u1eabu sao, m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3, ch\u1eb3ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 Kit\u00f4, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i. N\u00f3 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu ng\u00e0y nay c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng b\u1ecb t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t do \u0111\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng s\u1ef1 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf, c\u00e1c t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong t\u1ee5c. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o tr\u1edf n\u00ean xa l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 k\u1ef3 c\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n ho\u00e1. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u201cth\u1ea3m k\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c\u201d.<\/a>[12]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng, trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c \u01a1n g\u1ecdi linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tu s\u0129, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh \u01a1n g\u1ecdi Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 h\u01a1n, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng xung quanh. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m m\u1edbi, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i \u1ea5y l\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t mu\u1ed1n chia s\u1ebb nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u01b0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m \u0111\u00f3 trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap l\u00e0m b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa trong \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u00e0 gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng h\u1ecd kh\u1ecfi \u201c\u01b0u t\u01b0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eddi\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u00f3p ngh\u1eb9t L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa.<\/a>[13]<\/sup><\/sup> T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u thi\u1ebft ch\u1ebf m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y: tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t n\u0103m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m d\u1ef1 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt ki\u1ebfn th\u1ee9c, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u0103m l\u00e0m \u201cn\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. Nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng k\u00e9m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i \u01b0u ti\u00ean r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tham d\u1ef1, trong Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb M\u1ee5c T\u1eed duy nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c g\u1eedi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 l\u01b0u: s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng theo l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 L\u1eddi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, c\u1eed h\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch, v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i m\u1edf ra cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c qua ch\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00f3i, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t m\u1edbi. B\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch v\u1ec1 \u201cC\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p\u201d, \u0111\u0103ng trong Documents Episcopat<\/em> n\u0103m 1999,\u201d n\u00eau r\u00f5 3 \u0111i\u1ec1u: 1) ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m; 2) ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u00f4ng; 3) \u00fd th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb trong vui t\u01b0\u01a1i v\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t Tin Vui. T\u1ef1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, nh\u1eefng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf s\u1ef1 l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t L\u1eddi Ch\u00faa. Trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1eeba b\u1ecb t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1eeba tr\u1ea3i qua nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c theo m\u1ecdi ngh\u0129a, vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i linh m\u1ee5c ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 l\u1eddi n\u00f3i kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng ch\u1ec9 th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n kh\u00f4n ngoan v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ee9 ng\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u201cx\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng\u201d, nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 n\u00f3i, qua vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebft nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn ra \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u201cd\u00f2 d\u1eabm\u201d, trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i th\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay \u2013 v\u1ec1 h\u1ed3ng \u00e2n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u201c\u0110\u1ea5ng kh\u00f4ng xa m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta\u201d.<\/a>[14] S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ng\u00f4n s\u1ee9 v\u00e0 thi v\u1ecb nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1eeba c\u00f3 \u00edch nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eeba kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m \u2013 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1ed1t b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ngoan ngo\u00e3n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 suy t\u01b0 th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh thi\u00eang li\u00eang, trong v\u00e0 sau ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, v\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u nghe c\u00f3 v\u1ebb ch\u1eb3ng \u201cthi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d m\u1ea5y. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai ph\u1ea3i gi\u00fap h\u1ecd bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00fd ngh\u0129a th\u1ea7n thi\u00eang n\u01a1i hi\u1ec7n sinh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201cS\u1ed1ng h\u1ebft m\u00ecnh cho Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4\u201d kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t ch\u00fat n\u00e0o \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n \u0111\u00f3 trong \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u00e2m l\u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u00f4m nay,<\/a>[15]<\/sup><\/sup> m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00e1m r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 qua truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft m\u1edf ra, nh\u01b0 ch\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 Ph\u1ee5c sinh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Maurice Vidal, pss.<\/strong><\/p>\n \u0110\u1eb7c tr\u00e1ch Ban H\u1ecdc V\u1ee5 v\u00e0 Nghi\u00ean C\u1ee9u<\/em><\/p>\n \u00a0M\u1ed8T H\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ed2NG LI\u00caN \u0110\u1edaI TR\u00c1CH NHI\u1ec6M<\/strong><\/p>\n 1. C\u00c1CH TH\u1ef0C H\u00c0NH C\u1ee6A CH\u00daNG TA <\/strong><\/p>\n 1.1. M\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng<\/strong><\/p>\n Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch.<\/a>[16]<\/sup><\/sup> Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng m\u1edbi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed r\u1ea5t x\u01b0a r\u1ed3i.<\/a>[17]<\/sup><\/sup> T\u1eeb th\u1eddi C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb \u201ct\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00ednh\u201d hay \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m\u201d v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng.<\/a>[18]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n 1.2. S\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n \u201cT\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn\u201d m\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p c\u0169 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u201cH\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201cH\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c Cha\u201d. Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201cch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n T\u1ec9nh H\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c \u00edt nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a T\u1ec9nh H\u1ed9i\u201d.<\/a>[19]<\/sup><\/sup> H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u00eam b\u1ed5 sung. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai, v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c g\u1ecdi ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c.<\/a>[20]<\/sup><\/sup> T\u1ea1i Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c. C\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00ednh th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong \u0111\u00f3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 (do \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu) s\u1ebd \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng b\u00e1o. Th\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c linh h\u01b0\u1edbng, tr\u1eeb v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c. V\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u201ctr\u00ean m\u1ed9t danh ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t\u201d v\u1ec1 \u201cvi\u1ec7c \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh\u201d v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u201cm\u1ed1i hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0\u201d,<\/a>[21]<\/sup><\/sup> l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t gi\u00fap t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ph\u00f3 cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ng\u00f4n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n.<\/a>[22]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n 1.3. Nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n Bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ph\u00f3.<\/a>[23]<\/sup><\/sup> \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u00e0n m\u1ecdi vi\u1ec7c quan tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1ea5y n\u00eau r\u00f5 trong Hi\u1ebfn Ph\u00e1p,<\/a>[24]<\/sup><\/sup> c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang nh\u1eefng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh sau:<\/p>\n – v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u1ecdp s\u1edbm h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c;<\/a>[25]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n – m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u0103ng k\u00fd m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1;<\/a>[26]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n – trong khi th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y;<\/a>[27]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n – c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft theo \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu v\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111a s\u1ed1 ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo v\u00e0 thi h\u00e0nh, b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n\u201d;<\/a>[28]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n – trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00e1 phi\u1ebfu \u01b0u th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i;<\/a>[29]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n – khi b\u00e0n t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng sinh, v\u1ecb linh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a anh ph\u1ea3i thinh l\u1eb7ng;<\/a>[30]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n – v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecda H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u00e2n danh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/a>[31]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n 1.4. Th\u1ef1c thi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung<\/strong><\/p>\n 1.4.1. <\/strong>Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chung kh\u00f4ng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u1edf s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u1ed1i \u01b0u t\u01b0 chung c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, \u1edf c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung. V\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft, nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u1eefng sinh ho\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t trung t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.<\/a>[32]<\/sup><\/sup> C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o.<\/a>[33]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n 1.4.2. <\/strong>S\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c chung \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c nhau. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n do s\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u01b0u \u00fd<\/a>[34]<\/sup><\/sup> \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y d\u0129 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1ea5p b\u1eadc tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m, thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh (gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c, b\u1ec1 tr\u00ean gi\u00e1m t\u1ec9nh, gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c).<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean.<\/p>\n 1.4.3. <\/strong>Trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m mang t\u00ednh t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1eeba t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft y\u00eau c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c trung th\u1ef1c. N\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau, nh\u1edd chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n.<\/a>[35]<\/sup><\/sup> Trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch, t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho ch\u1ee9ng t\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1eabn b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u0111i v\u00e0o tinh th\u1ea7n linh m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111i v\u00e0o linh m\u1ee5c \u0111o\u00e0n.<\/p>\n 2. M\u1ed8T V\u00c0I V\u1ea4N \u0110\u1ec0 \u0110\u1eb6C BI\u1ec6T<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00cdt ra, t\u1eeb 25 n\u0103m nay, c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn trong vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 linh m\u1ee5c, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u00ean v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n 2.1. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n Trong t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai sinh, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i n\u00f3i chung ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn (theo gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt hay theo th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf). Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eb7t c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y, ngay c\u1ea3 khi m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t theo d\u00f5i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n 2.2. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng <\/strong><\/p>\n 2.2.1. Th\u00e0nh Ph\u1ea7n<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n. C\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i \u0111\u00e2y theo t\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thay \u0111\u1ed5i. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f4i khi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o (t\u1eadp s\u1ef1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, \u0111i gi\u00fap x\u1ee9); ho\u1eb7c gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb b\u1edfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, ngo\u00e0i tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ch\u00ednh, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, h\u1ecd li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ngo\u00e0i ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi \u00edt hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u1ea3y sinh m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. H\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 c\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n trong H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n 2.2.2. Tr\u1ee3 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ecdi ch\u1ee9c v\u1ee5, n\u00ean h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i nh\u1edd t\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa: linh m\u1ee5c, tu s\u0129 ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. \u0110\u00f3 \u0111\u00e2y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00eam c\u1ea9n, nh\u1eb1m tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed1i th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i cho tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n, c\u00f3 hai \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng:<\/a>[36]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n + c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 ngo\u1ea1i tr\u00fa c\u1ea7n can d\u1ef1 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 b\u00e0n b\u1ea1c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y. \u201cV\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c gi\u1eef tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 n\u00e0y.\u201d<\/a>[37]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n + ch\u00ednh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee7 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chia s\u1ebb \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n 2.3. \u0110\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m bi\u1ec7t h\u00f3a \u2013 <\/strong><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng sinh<\/a>[38]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup> <\/strong><\/p>\n H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ef1 t\u00ecm nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 suy x\u00e9t s\u00e2u xa v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 suy x\u00e9t n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: vi\u1ec7c r\u00e8n luy\u1ec7n cho c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn trong s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, th\u1eeba t\u00e1c vi\u00ean c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e1nh hi\u1ebfn); vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i; tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh v\u00e0o t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n Trong khi b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng (s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh), th\u00ec c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o th\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd.<\/a>[39]<\/sup><\/sup> Nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c tham d\u1ef1 n\u00e0y thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00f9y theo giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o (chu k\u1ef3 1, 2, 3) v\u00e0 t\u00f9y theo t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n. \u0110\u1ec3 linh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung, ngo\u00e0i vai tr\u00f2 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u1eefng th\u1ec9nh nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c cho ph\u00e9p c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chung, \u0111\u1ec3 thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 n\u00eau r\u00f5 c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn, c\u1ea3m x\u00fac v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u cho gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi, c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tham kh\u1ea3o ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh. Vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u00f4i khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec c\u1ea7n n\u00f3i. Ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch vi\u1ebft ra tr\u00ean gi\u1ea5y v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c (ho\u1eb7c s\u1eafp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi v\u00e0o Nghi th\u1ee9c \u0110\u00f3n Nh\u1eadn hay l\u00e3nh c\u00e1c T\u00e1c V\u1ee5).<\/p>\n 2.4. T\u1eadp s\u1ef1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 <\/strong><\/p>\n T\u1eadp s\u1ef1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o n\u00e0y.<\/a>[40]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n \u00a0H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u00e1c. Hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tho\u00e1i th\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang v\u00e0 ph\u00f3 th\u00e1c cho duy ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp ch\u1ee7ng sinh \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp.<\/a>[41]<\/sup><\/sup> H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 \u1edf nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh. S\u1ebd h\u1eefu \u00edch khi so\u1ea1n ra m\u1ed9t v\u0103n b\u1ea3n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i b\u00ean, n\u00eau r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh l\u1eabn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c can thi\u1ec7p trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, khi nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi cho \u00fd ki\u1ebfn li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c, n\u00ean li\u1ec7u sao \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n t\u1ef1 do ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean trong l\u00fac \u1ee9ng sinh v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n Ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 nh\u00f3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 v\u1edbi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, n\u00ean li\u1ec7u sao \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 kh\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ee5 tr\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t trong c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0 th\u1ec9nh tho\u1ea3ng v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu cho m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn.<\/p>\n Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n n\u01a1i th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o linh m\u1ee5c, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u00f3p \u00fd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c v\u1ee5. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ea5y h\u1eefu \u00edch, th\u00ec m\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebft kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd g\u00f3p \u00fd ki\u1ebfn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i n\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m soi s\u00e1ng cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu tr\u00e1ch v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng cho ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng lu\u00f4n li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan. Th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u x\u00e9t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb n\u00ean tham kh\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n 2.5. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn<\/strong><\/p>\n H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c \u201c\u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn\u201d, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2u c\u0169ng c\u00f3. V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m sao \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb n\u00e0y v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng? T\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng vai tr\u00f2 m\u00e0 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c trao ph\u00f3 cho v\u1ecb n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong \u0111\u1ed1i chi\u1ebfu v\u1edbi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n V\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean quan tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp h\u01a1n t\u1edbi m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng sinh v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (nh\u01b0 th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, tri\u1ec3n khai th\u1ef1c t\u1eadp, nh\u1eefng li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o x\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3n, th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c). Ng\u00e0i c\u00f3 vai tr\u00f2 th\u00f4ng tin, tham kh\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4ng tin c\u00e1ch c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh thu\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn ng\u00e0i. Khi c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c, ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ki\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n danh tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i. N\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 tham kh\u1ea3o n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho th\u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y tham d\u1ef1 cu\u1ed9c b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp gi\u1eefa gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1edbi v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c v\u00e0 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn c\u1ea7n g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m d\u1ed1c v\u00e0 to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng. R\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u00ean li\u1ec7u m\u1ed7i n\u0103m m\u1ed9t hay hai cu\u1ed9c g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00e1c vai tr\u00f2 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p. Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu:<\/p>\n – \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu to\u00e0n s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n – \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn coi ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n 2.6. S\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 <\/strong><\/p>\n th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c <\/a>[42]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup> <\/strong><\/p>\n H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng t\u1eeb th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1eadn, m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y nhi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c thi h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi:<\/p>\n – s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng;<\/p>\n – s\u1ef1 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m tra vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n;<\/p>\n – nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n V\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p m\u00ecnh quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n 2.7. Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng trong vi\u1ec7c <\/strong><\/p>\n gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u1ea3n v\u0103n Ratio Institutionis<\/em> n\u0103m 1997 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y:<\/p>\n \u201cVi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh v\u00e0o t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 linh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c v\u1eeba nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eeba r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. N\u1eb1m ngay \u1edf giao \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y, nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c h\u1eefu tr\u00e1ch l\u1eadp n\u00ean \u2013 v\u1ecb n\u00e0y th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean (\u2026\u2026) Nh\u00f3m \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u01a1n g\u1ecdi.\u201d<\/a>[43]<\/sup><\/sup><\/p>\n V\u00ec th\u1ebf, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c khi \u0111\u1eb7t m\u00ecnh trong to\u00e0n c\u1ee5c v\u1ed1n bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn th\u00e2u th\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn kh\u00e1c nhau, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc ch\u00fang d\u1ef1a theo ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u0111a s\u1ed1 phi\u1ebfu,<\/a>[44]<\/sup><\/sup> kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng mang tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m tr\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u xin g\u1ecdi ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c.<\/a>[45]<\/sup><\/sup> M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, ch\u00ednh v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c th\u00f4ng tri cho gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c bi\u1ebft k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 bi\u1ec3u quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cung c\u1ea5p cho ng\u00e0i nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/a>[46]<\/sup><\/sup> C\u0169ng ch\u00ednh v\u1ecb gi\u00e1m d\u1ed1c chuy\u1ec3n cho \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u00f4ng tin cho h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n li\u00ean quan t\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, \u00edt l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec li\u00ean h\u1ec7 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n Tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed1i b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng sinh v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u00e0y d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng vi\u00ean v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qua th\u1eddi gian. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c linh m\u1ee5c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh do s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n thi\u00eang li\u00eang b\u00ean c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7ng sinh.<\/a>[47]<\/sup><\/sup> Sau c\u00f9ng H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n![\"supham\"](\"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.files.wordpress.com\/2012\/11\/supham.jpg\" "\\"supham\\"")
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