{"id":197,"date":"2012-12-04T12:57:15","date_gmt":"2012-12-04T05:57:15","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=197"},"modified":"2012-12-04T12:57:15","modified_gmt":"2012-12-04T05:57:15","slug":"lich-su-linh-dao-kito-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/lich-su-linh-dao-kito-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec LINH \u0110\u1ea0O KIT\u00d4 GI\u00c1O"},"content":{"rendered":"

<\/p>\n

L\u1ecaCH S\u1eec LINH \u0110\u1ea0O KIT\u00d4 GI\u00c1O<\/strong><\/span><\/p>\n

(t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o cho m\u00f4n h\u1ecdc)<\/em><\/p>\n

\u00a0<\/strong>1. B\u1ed0I C\u1ea2NH DO TH\u00c1I GI\u00c1O<\/p>\n

Linh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o hi\u1ec7n l\u00ean trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00e2m linh Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y: s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, s\u1ef1 trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi giao \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, l\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh, t\u00ednh t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1, v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u1edfng ni\u1ec7m. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c luy\u1ec7n l\u1ecdc qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u00e0ng bao th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, ni\u1ec1m tin Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ef1 t\u1ecf m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea1t b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi ghi kh\u1eafc trong s\u00e2u th\u1eb3m tinh th\u1ea7n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: \u00fd th\u1ee9c, k\u00fd \u1ee9c, \u00fd ch\u00ed, nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea5c m\u01a1. Ph\u1ee5ng t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ti\u00eau \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u0103n t\u00ednh d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n th\u00ec qui h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng hay t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u00e0 bao h\u00e0m h\u01a1n, linh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u00f2ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi Abraham, M\u00f4s\u00ea, c\u00e1c ti\u00ean tri, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c linh h\u1ee9ng. Ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra ch\u1eadm r\u00e3i v\u00e0 t\u1eebng ph\u1ea7n, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu.<\/p>\n

2. \u0110\u1ee8C GI\u00caSU V\u00c0 C\u1ed8NG \u0110O\u00c0N T\u00d4NG \u0110\u1ed2<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn qua gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu rao gi\u1ea3ng ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1eady v\u00e0o Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho gi\u1edbi trung l\u01b0u v\u00e0 t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp c\u00f9ng \u0111inh trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong h\u1ecd nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng M\u00easia \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ee9a. Ng\u00e0i ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00f9, qu\u00e8\u2026 v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n hay t\u00e2m linh, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed Ng\u00e0i cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. Sau khi gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n x\u1eed t\u1eed h\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Ng\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh qua nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c trao ban Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n trong ng\u00e0y l\u1ec5 Ng\u0169 Tu\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Linh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa n\u01a1i ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 qui t\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nhau nh\u00e2n danh \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00ednh t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7). M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a linh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra v\u00e0 t\u00e0i b\u1ed3i \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n v\u1eeba \u1ea9n gi\u1ea5u v\u1eeba bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 \u2013 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c: m\u1ed9t m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u01a1 khai, \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, \u0110\u1ea5ng s\u1ed1ng gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 trong ch\u00fang ta, Ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Ph\u00e9p R\u1eeda v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3, nh\u01b0ng Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ecb \u00e1p b\u1ee9c n\u1eefa (Mt 25,40). Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 c\u0169ng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ai tin v\u00e0o m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n M\u00ecnh \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ai c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean tr\u1eddi (Mt 28,20). Mang \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00e1nh chung, linh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ecdng cu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu trong vinh quang chung cu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xung quanh c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch Tin M\u1eebng \u2013 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb rao gi\u1ea3ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn r\u1ea5t bi\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee5c sinh c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. S\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu Do th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c \u0111oan v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c anh ch\u1ecb em d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Gi\u00earusalem. M\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u01a1 khai, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u1edbi \u01b0u tuy\u1ec3n thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/em> (spiritual elitism) d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng phi th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng l\u1ea1, n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 n\u00f3i ti\u00ean tri (1Cr 14). Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u1ea5y \u2013 m\u00e0 Phaol\u00f4 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u201c\u01a1n\u201d v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201c\u0111i\u1ec1u k\u1ef3 di\u1ec7u\u201d \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u00e2n ban t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng nh\u1eb1m c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 loan b\u00e1o s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n \u1ea5y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n

Phaol\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0m l\u1eafng b\u1edbt ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c quang l\u00e2m t\u1ee9c th\u00ec b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c th\u00e1nh h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng vinh quang s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ngay c\u1ea3 trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 Th\u00e2n M\u00ecnh Ng\u00e0i (Ep 5,16). V\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 Gi\u00earusalem b\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 135 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o Do th\u00e1i, linh \u0111\u1ea1o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu mang d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Phaol\u00f4: c\u00f3 t\u00ednh trung h\u00f2a, qui v\u1ec1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng, v\u00e0 c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ngo\u00e0i Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

3. GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I S\u01a0 KHAI<\/p>\n

V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng linh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eddi h\u1eadu T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 hay \u2018m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1 trung th\u00e0nh\u2019 (haplot\u00e8s<\/em>) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. \u0110\u1ed1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ea5t quy\u1ebft, \u2018hai l\u00f2ng\u2019 (dipsychia<\/em>), m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ecb b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Linh \u0111\u1ea1o thu\u1edf ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5, t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 trong Ph\u00e9p R\u1eeda v\u00e0 trong B\u00ed t\u00edch Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3. Nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 th\u1ee9c c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1eeb t\u1eadp t\u1ee5c Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i th\u00e1nh ca, c\u00e1c tranh \u1ea3nh ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n s\u1eafc ri\u00eang c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 kinh nguy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang t\u01b0, kinh nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0o bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 bu\u1ed5i chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Th\u00e1nh Kinh trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Linh \u0111\u1ea1o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban s\u01a1 n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ph\u00f3 t\u1ebf nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef; h\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111em Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u1ed1m \u0111au hay b\u1ecb giam t\u00f9, h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o, v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee7y l\u1ea1o ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, c\u00e1c g\u00f3a ph\u1ee5, c\u00f4 nhi, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

4. GIAI \u0110O\u1ea0N MINH GI\u00c1O<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n linh \u0111\u1ea1o, t\u00edn l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd bu\u1ed5i ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 \u201cminh gi\u00e1o\u201d, hay nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u2013 nh\u01b0 Ir\u00ean\u00ea, Giustin\u00f4 Ch\u1ee9ng Nh\u00e2n, Cl\u00eament\u00ea th\u00e0nh R\u00f4ma \u2013 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n b\u00e1c c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o kh\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng hay c\u1ef1c \u0111oan. C\u00e1c ph\u00e1i ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, n\u1edf r\u1ed9 t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 1 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 n\u1eafm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m \u01b0u tuy\u1ec3n. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2, ph\u00e1i M\u00f4ntan\u00edt, m\u1ed9t ph\u00e1i ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eb7t v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 lan tr\u00e0n t\u1eeb Phirygia \u0111\u1ebfn B\u1eafc Phi d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Tertulian\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Carthage, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 minh gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi danh. V\u1ed1n ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n tr\u00ed, theo thuy\u1ebft thi\u00ean ni\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bao dung, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u00f4ntan\u00edt \u0111\u00f2i c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ki\u00eang khem v\u00e0 ti\u1ebft ch\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 n\u01a1i ph\u00e1i Encrat\u00edt (ph\u00e1i ti\u1ebft d\u1ee5c), trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c b\u1ecb ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang b\u1edfi Tatian. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 cao h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ednh to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u00e9t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o kh\u00e1c nhau trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Do th\u00e1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Palestine. Nh\u01b0ng gi\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a linh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o s\u01a1 khai, v\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i\u201d hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, nh\u1eadn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kh\u00f4n ngoan gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do th\u00e1i \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh b\u1edfi Phil\u00f4 (kho\u1ea3ng 20 B.C\u201350 A.D.)<\/p>\n

Sau bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 Gi\u00earusalem v\u00e0o n\u0103m 135, Anti\u00f4kia c\u1ee7a Syria v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Alexandria \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng trung t\u00e2m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 linh \u0111\u1ea1o Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 R\u00f4ma, \u00caph\u00eas\u00f4, \u0110am\u00e1t v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 \u1edf Cicilia v\u00e0 Phirygia. Alexandria, th\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c, c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Do th\u00e1i \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea3o, v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Kinh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean sang ti\u1ebfng Hi l\u1ea1p cho h\u1ecd. \u1ede \u0111\u00f3, theo truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, Th\u00e1nh M\u00e1cc\u00f4 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 s\u00e1ch Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2, Pant\u00ean\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. K\u1ebf v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 Cl\u00eament\u00ea (150\u2013 kho\u1ea3ng 215), l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft gia v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 minh gi\u00e1o, Cl\u00eament\u00ea ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1i ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u201chi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c\u201d v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ee9c tin. C\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Phil\u00f4, th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1edfi m\u1edf; qua \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i khung \u00fd ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Platon trung \u0111\u1ea1i (Middle Platonism)[1]<\/a> \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng cho suy t\u01b0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Cl\u00eament\u00ea \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp b\u1edfi Origen (kho\u1ea3ng 185\u2013254), nh\u00e0 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 Th\u00e1nh Kinh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng cho di s\u1ea3n linh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n b\u00ed ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

5. TH\u1edcI K\u1ef2 B\u1eca B\u00c1CH H\u1ea0I<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng hay tr\u00ean to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2 v\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng \u00f4n h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh kh\u00edch l\u1ec7. C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u01a1 khai tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 qu\u00e1n qu\u00e2n \u1ea5y c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong k\u00fd \u1ee9c c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong nghi l\u1ec5. N\u1ec1n linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea5y ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft thay v\u00ec t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0o Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u m\u1eabu cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea1y b\u1ea3o v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 l\u00e0m n\u00ean ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n linh \u0111\u1ea1o trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y \u2013 nh\u01b0: H\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n<\/em>, c\u00e1c th\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Inhaxi\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Anti\u00f4kia, Polycarp\u00f4, Tertulian\u00f4, Cyprian\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Carthage, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu t\u1eebng l\u1ea7m l\u1ea1c do s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ly gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 3 v\u00e0 4, khi nh\u1eefng nh\u00f3m N\u00f4vatian\u00edt v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4nat\u00edt b\u00e1c b\u1ecf th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 bao dung c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 Carthage, cho r\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n b\u1ed9i c\u00e1c v\u1ecb ch\u1ee9ng nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

6. TH\u1edcI GI\u00c1O PH\u1ee4: PHONG TR\u00c0O \u0110AN TU V\u00c0 TH\u1ea6N B\u00cd<\/p>\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi th\u1eddi Constantine, s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u00ecnh can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i t\u00edn l\u00fd v\u00e0 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t linh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Vua t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 huy ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt. L\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 ph\u00e1i Arian\u00edt \u1edf Anti\u00f4kia, c\u00e1c ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng Alexandria nh\u01b0 Athanasi\u00f4, Gioan Kim Kh\u1ea9u. Nh\u01b0ng linh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a Alexandria \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn phong tr\u00e0o \u0111an tu v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xa h\u01a1n nh\u1edd m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c v\u0103n s\u0129 xu\u1ea5t ch\u00fang v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111an tu xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c sa m\u1ea1c \u1edf Palestine, Syria, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf Ai C\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa qua m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 v\u00e0 chuy\u00ean ch\u0103m c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Ant\u00f4n, Pac\u00f4mi\u00f4, Maria, Basili\u00f4, c\u00e1c v\u1ecb \u1ea9n s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e0n (abbas<\/em> v\u00e0 ammas<\/em>) qui t\u1ee5 xung quanh m\u00ecnh c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u0129 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n tu. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng, c\u00e1c c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Diad\u00f4c\u00f4 (kho\u1ea3ng 475\u2013550), Evagri\u00f4 Pontic\u00f4 (346\u2013399), Macari\u00f4 C\u1ea3 (kho\u1ea3ng 400), v\u00e0 Isaac th\u00e0nh Anti\u00f4kia (fl. 350) l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ea3ng v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 415, Gioan Cassian (360\u2013435), m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scythia nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb Evagri\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp hai \u0111an vi\u1ec7n \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng g\u1ea7n Marseilles, C\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ictin.<\/p>\n

Trong c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 Cappadoce t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Gregory th\u00e0nh Nazianz\u00f4, Basili\u00f4 C\u1ea3, Gregory th\u00e0nh Nyssa l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y trong h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi v\u1ed1n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n ph\u00e1i Platon, b\u1edfi y h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Ch\u00ednh qua c\u00e1c v\u1ecb m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng agn\u00f2sia<\/em>, \u201cb\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri\u201d, \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n tr\u00ean Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Phil\u00f4, Athanasi\u00f4, v\u00e0 Cl\u00eament\u00ea, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i v\u00e0o linh \u0111\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3. \u201cS\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c\u201d v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y (linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n) v\u1eeba kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u1eeba n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi \u201cs\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u00edch c\u1ef1c\u201d (linh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh), d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5, khi Antiokia v\u00e0 Alexandria tr\u00f4i xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng Nest\u00f4rian\u00edt v\u00e0 Nh\u1ea5t t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng gi\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p r\u1ea5t hay b\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 m\u1ea1o danh l\u00e0 Dionysi\u00f4. B\u1ed1n quy\u1ec3n s\u00e1ch nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 m\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e1 th\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng v\u00ec t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong \u0111\u00f3 n\u1eefa. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi Maxim\u00f4 V\u1ecb Tu\u1eabn \u0110\u1ea1o Kh\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed5 M\u00e1u (the Confessor) v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory C\u1ea3 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6, b\u1ed9 tuy\u1ec3n t\u1eadp c\u1ee7a Dionysi\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i tr\u00ean linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u1eabn T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14.<\/p>\n

C\u0169ng trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6, L\u1eddi c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a tr\u00e1i tim<\/em> (Jesus Prayer) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 s\u00fay b\u1edfi \u0110ia\u0111\u00f4c\u00f4 \u1edf Photike, mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Hy L\u1ea1p. V\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Evagri\u00f4 \u1edf Pont\u00f4 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Macari\u00f4, l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng \u0111au bu\u1ed3n h\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y g\u1ee3i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i (hesychia<\/em>). T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u0129nh t\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Syria, Palestine v\u00e0 Ai C\u1eadp b\u1edfi Barsanuphi\u00f4 v\u00e0 Gioan, Dorot\u00ea\u00f4, Vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 Phil\u00eamon v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Gioan Climac\u00f4, l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i linh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1ea7n b\u00ed l\u1edbn, tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u0129nh t\u1ecda (hesychasm<\/em>). B\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea5y r\u1ea7y do cu\u1ed9c th\u00f4n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 do l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o Ic\u00f4n\u00f4cl\u00e1t, linh \u0111\u1ea1o Byzantine ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00eam s\u00e1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 n\u1eefa khi \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c thu h\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t trong \u201cTh\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110en t\u1ed1i\u201d (Dark Ages), g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng v\u00f9ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a \u00dd v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha.[2]<\/a><\/p>\n

7. LINH \u0110\u1ea0O LA TINH<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 5, c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Ai C\u1eadp v\u00e0 Syria t\u1edbi Phi ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u00dd, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb Hy l\u1ea1p sang La tinh. Augustin\u00f4 th\u00e0nh Hippo (354\u2013430), v\u1ecb ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 La tinh l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u00ean to\u00e0n T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Augustin\u00f4, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111an tu c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n (cenobitic monasticism), th\u00ec t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 trong nh\u1eefng v\u0103n li\u1ec7u v\u1ec1 sau n\u00e0y Augustin\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1c th\u00fa, linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn c\u00f3 t\u00ednh qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00fang m\u1ef1c \u2013 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i, m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1edbn l\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n trong l\u00f2ng m\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa y\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 360, Martin th\u00e0nh Tours \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111an tu Pac\u00f4mi\u00f4 \u1edf Gaul. Khi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng c\u1ee7a qu\u00e2n man di b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111e d\u1ecda \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, nhi\u1ec1u Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u c\u0169ng r\u00fat lui kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c vai v\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4 t\u1ecbch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00ear\u00f4m, Pelagi\u00f4, v\u00e0 Martin. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o \u0111an tu c\u1ee7a B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict th\u00e0nh Nursia (kho\u1ea3ng 480\u2013550). Linh \u0111\u1ea1o B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ictin nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh tinh th\u1ea7n hi\u1ec1n h\u00f2a, v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1eddng. C\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt, t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng h\u1ebbo l\u00e1nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u1edf c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1. C\u00e1c tu s\u0129 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00e2n tay nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd c\u0169ng l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c sao ch\u00e9p v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c th\u1ee7 b\u1ea3n n\u1eefa. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ea5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, v\u00e0 ch\u1eb3ng bao l\u00e2u c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00c2u ch\u00e2u.<\/p>\n

8. GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I CELTIC V\u00c0 CU\u1ed8C C\u1ea2I C\u00c1CH CAR\u00d4LIN<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Kit\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp \u1edf Celtic Britain t\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 2. Phong tr\u00e0o \u0111an tu lan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 4, c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n hay nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb Gaul hay Ai C\u1eadp g\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma \u1edf Cornwall, Wales v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n Nam Scotland. Ai-len \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Patrick (kho\u1ea3ng 390\u2013460) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111an vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng t\u1eeb Britain v\u00e0 Gaul trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 sau \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o Ai-len v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111an tu c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111em \u00c2u ch\u00e2u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i sau th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c x\u00e2m l\u0103ng, trong s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Brendan (484\u2013583), Columba (521\u2013597), Aidan (fl. 651), Brigid (kho\u1ea3ng 450\u2013523), Ita (fl. 570), v\u00e0 Hilda \u1edf Whitby (614\u2013680). Columban (540\u2013615) \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c \u0111an vi\u1ec7n t\u1eeb B\u1ec9 t\u1edbi \u00dd. Trong th\u1eddi ho\u00e0ng kim c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, linh \u0111\u1ea1o Celtic r\u1ea5t v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc, phong ph\u00fa v\u00e0 r\u00f5 n\u00e9t, m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng sa m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a Ai C\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Khi l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng c\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129 Celtic di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng nam v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u00f4ng, c\u00e1c th\u1eeba sai B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ictin t\u1eeb \u00dd \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn Anh v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. C\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129 nh\u01b0 Boniface (680\u2013754) rao gi\u1ea3ng Tin M\u1eebng cho c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng d\u00e2n ngo\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c. Cu\u1ed9c t\u00e1i chi\u1ebfm \u00c2u ch\u00e2u t\u1eeb tay man di b\u1edfi c\u00e1c vua Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng k\u00e9o theo s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng \u0111an vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n tu m\u1edbi, t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ee9c tin l\u1eabn n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c Charlemagne (kho\u1ea3ng 742\u2013814) l\u00ean c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n trong t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf c\u1ee7a T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110en t\u1ed1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Phong tr\u00e0o ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng Frankish ti\u1ebfp sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u1edbn m\u1ea1nh v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u0169ng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i nh\u01b0 Alcuin (735\u2013804), B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict \u1edf Aniane (750\u2013821), Hilduin (fl.835), Raban\u00f4 Maur\u00f4 (776\u2013856), Walafrid Strabo (808\u2013849), c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nam n\u1eef \u0111an s\u0129 h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0 n\u1eef kinh s\u0129 Sa-x\u00f4ng Hrosvit \u1edf Gandersheim (kho\u1ea3ng 940\u20131002). John Scotus Erigena (kho\u1ea3ng 810\u2013870) \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng trong vi\u1ec7c d\u1ecbch thu\u1eadt c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Dionysi\u00f4 sang ti\u1ebfng La tinh, chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n.<\/p>\n

9. TH\u1edcI TRUNG C\u1ed4: PHONG TR\u00c0O KINH VI\u1ec6N V\u00c0 TH\u1ea6N B\u00cd<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n Cluny v\u00e0 Bec \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ea1i linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111an tu v\u00e0o c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 11 v\u00e0 12 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng Camaldoli,[3]<\/a> Carthusian[4]<\/a> v\u00e0 Xit\u00f4. Linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u201csa m\u1ea1c\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a Dionysi\u00f4 v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o Kinh vi\u1ec7n B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ictin, \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i th\u1ee9 ba c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tu s\u0129 Xit\u00f4 B\u00eana\u0111\u00f4 \u1edf Clairvaux (1090\u20131153), c\u00e1c b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 khoa \u2018th\u1ea7n b\u00ed h\u00f4n th\u00ea\u2019 (bridal mysticism).[5]<\/a> Nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt kh\u00e1c trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i c\u1ee7a B\u00eana\u0111\u00f4 bao g\u1ed3m Hildegard \u1edf Bingen (1098\u20131179), William St. Thierry (kho\u1ea3ng 1085\u20131148), v\u00e0 Aelred \u1edf Rievaulx (1109\u20131167). Ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Xit\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ef1u \u0111an vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5, Joachim Fiore (1132\u20131202), nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u00f3ng th\u00eam c\u01a1n s\u1ed1t c\u00e1nh chung \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Lateran th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 (1215).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 l\u00fd tr\u00ed nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ed5 s\u00fay trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kinh s\u0129 d\u00f2ng, nh\u01b0 Th\u00e1nh Victor \u1edf Paris, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qua c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Hugh (kho\u1ea3ng 1080\u20131142) v\u00e0 Richard (d. 1173). V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc h\u00e0n l\u00e2m v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111an tu, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc. Linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb (urban spirituality) n\u1edf r\u1ed9 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ea7y d\u00f2ng, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u1ed5 x\u00f4 t\u1edbi c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc thu\u1eadt m\u1edbi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 \u0110a minh v\u00e0 Phanxic\u00f4 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n (apophatic) v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh (kataphatic), h\u1ecdc t\u1eadp v\u00e0 m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o, c\u00e1nh chung v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n, chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, s\u1ef1 kh\u00f3 ngh\u00e8o tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u00ednh h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i Bonaventure (1217\u20131274) v\u00e0 T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 (1225\u20131274), c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o s\u01b0.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 giao thoa gi\u1eefa t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 linh \u0111\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12 v\u00e0 13 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c n\u1edf r\u1ed9 c\u00e1c ph\u00e1i c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, \u0111\u00f4i khi l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ea1nh b\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. V\u1edbi \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n \u2013 nam v\u00e0 n\u1eef \u2013 gia nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Beguines v\u00e0 Beghards, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n t\u1ef1 l\u1eadp, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 qui ch\u1ebf gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt, v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh linh \u0111\u1ea1o r\u1ea5t cao. \u0110\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn, nh\u01b0ng sau \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nghi ng\u1edd v\u00e0 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Mechtild \u1edf Magdeburg (kho\u1ea3ng 1210\u20131282), Gertrude C\u1ea3 (1256\u20131302), v\u00e0 Briget Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n (kho\u1ea3ng 1303\u20131373). C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh, nh\u01b0 Marguerite Porete, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u1eed t\u1eed v\u00ec l\u1ea1c gi\u00e1o \u1edf Paris v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1310. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c t\u1ecb n\u1ea1n trong c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n \u0110a minh, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1eefa Kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Meister Eckhart (kho\u1ea3ng 1260\u20131328), Henry Suso (kho\u1ea3ng 1295\u20131366), v\u00e0 John Tauler (1300\u20131361) \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m b\u1ed9c ph\u00e1t m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ea7n b\u00ed t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng Rhineland s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1eddi C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch. Phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u0169ng n\u1edf r\u1ed9 t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00f9ng Tr\u0169ng, t\u1ea1i Anh, \u00dd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Jan van Ruysbroeck (1293\u20131381), t\u1eeb t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00e1m m\u00e2y v\u00f4 tri<\/em> (fl. 1380), t\u1eeb Angela \u1edf Foligno (kho\u1ea3ng 1248\u20131309), Jacopone da Toldi (1230\u20131306), v\u00e0 Catherine \u1edf Siena (1347\u20131380), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. \u1ede \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Gregory Palamas (1296\u20131359) mang truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n b\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i t\u0129nh t\u1ecda t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

10. SUY THO\u00c1I V\u00c0 PH\u1ee4C H\u01afNG<\/p>\n

B\u1ecb t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 b\u1edfi N\u1ea1n D\u1ecbch v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn Tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m,[6]<\/a> b\u1ecb dao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i ly gi\u00e1o T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o ph\u00f9 th\u1ee7y, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 b\u00e0nh tr\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 v\u00e0 15 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 tan r\u00e3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 tha h\u00f3a lan r\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 John Wycliffe (1330\u20131384) \u1edf Anh v\u00e0 Jan Hus (1372\u20131415) \u1edf Bohemia, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p phong tr\u00e0o Lollards v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh quy\u1ebft Hus t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Constance, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Savanarola (1452\u20131498) sau n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t cao tr\u00e0o c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

Jean Gerson (1363\u20131429) v\u00e0 Nicholas \u1edf Cusa (1401\u20131464) ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u cho cu\u1ed9c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i ki\u1ec3u th\u1ee9c linh \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1eabn t\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch Tin L\u00e0nh. Gerson ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eb1ng chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau cao \u0111\u1ed9, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn b\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed h\u01a1n l\u00e0 tr\u00ed n\u0103ng. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y c\u0169ng t\u00e1ch h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ra kh\u1ecfi chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m, kh\u00f4ng tin r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea7y chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. \u00d4ng tin r\u1eb1ng \u0111a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1eddi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1edd \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 nh\u1edd c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c g\u00ec v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Nh\u1eadn \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed Rhineland, H\u1ed3ng Y Nicholas l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3, nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n, v\u1ecb h\u1ed3ng y n\u00e0y kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tri \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa qua t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

Linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi n\u00e0y thi\u00ean v\u1ec1 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh thu\u1ed9c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khi s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn ki\u1ebfp sau, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, v\u00e0 thi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (devotio moderna) so\u00e1n ch\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o th\u1ea7n b\u00ed cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u1edf v\u00f9ng Rhineland. V\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ea3m x\u00fac tr\u00ean t\u01b0 duy v\u00e0 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u00ecn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, phong tr\u00e0o \u201cm\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi\u201d n\u00e0y t\u1eadp ch\u00fa v\u00e0o \u0110\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 \u0111au kh\u1ed5. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 G\u01b0\u01a1ng Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e1n cho Thomas \u00e0 Kempis (1380\u20131471), m\u1ed9t kinh s\u0129 Augustin \u1edf Agnietenberg.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng b\u1edfi phong tr\u00e0o \u201cm\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi\u201d, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 Lorenzo Valla, Philip Paracelsus, Giovanni Pico della Mirandola, John Colet, Thomas More, v\u00e0 Desiderius Erasmus n\u1ed1i v\u00e0o phong tr\u00e0o h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch. Nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 phong tr\u00e0o m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o l\u1eabn phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng khai gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh R\u00f4ma ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch.<\/p>\n

11. CU\u1ed8C C\u1ea2I C\u00c1CH C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t t\u00e2m linh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean s\u01a1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, c\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t m\u00e3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng th\u1ed1i n\u00e1t trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16. Tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc \u00c2u ch\u00e2u, s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111an tu b\u1ecb ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Nh\u01b0ng khi nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u, c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 suy ni\u1ec7m g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c b\u00e0i linh thao\u201d \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf cho nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eddi gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5, \u0111an tu v\u00e0 Trung c\u1ed5. C\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u201clinh thao\u201d n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc r\u1ea5t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, v\u1edbi n\u1ed9i dung r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u1eddi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i. \u1ede T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u00dd v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Inhaxi\u00f4 Loyola (1491\u20131556) v\u00e0 Phanxic\u00f4 Salesi\u00f4 (1567\u20131622), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1edbi n\u00e0y cho c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch d\u00f2ng C\u00e1t minh \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c suy ni\u1ec7m c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 b\u1edfi T\u00ear\u00easa Avila (1515\u20131582) v\u00e0 Gioan Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 (1542\u20131591).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch linh \u0111\u1ea1o T\u00e2y Ban Nha kh\u00e1c g\u1ed3m c\u00f3 Garc\u00eda Jimenez de Cisneros (1455\u20131510), Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 \u1edf Alc\u00e1ntara (1499\u20131562), Luis de L\u00e9on (d. 1591), Th\u00e1nh Gioan Avila (d. 1569), Th\u00e1nh Phanxic\u00f4 Borgia, Th\u00e1nh Gioan Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, Phanxic\u00f4 Osuna (1492\u20131540), v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Bernardino \u1edf Laredo (1482\u20131540) v\u1edbi t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m L\u00ean N\u00fai Sion<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn T\u00ear\u00easa Avila. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 linh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 T\u00ear\u00easa Avila v\u00e0 Gioan Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1, c\u1ea3 hai v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean phong Ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh. T\u00edch c\u1ef1c, n\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a T\u00ear\u00easa v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00e0m s\u00fac. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00f4 ng\u00f4n, Gioan Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o trong t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n b\u00ed Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o; t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

12. TH\u1edcI HI\u1ec6N \u0110\u1ea0I<\/p>\n

Trong khi c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c v\u00e0 T\u00e2y Ban Nha chi ph\u1ed1i linh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 16, th\u00ec c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Ph\u00e1p l\u00ean cao tr\u00e0o v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17. Trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1edbi ph\u00e1i Calvin, c\u00e1c v\u0103n s\u0129 linh \u0111\u1ea1o chia ra gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 C\u1ea3i C\u00e1ch. Ph\u00e1i Jansen\u00edt, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t linh \u0111\u1ea1o bi quan, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u01b0\u01a1n xa b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c n\u00f3 b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n \u1edf Paris v\u00e0 R\u00f4ma. Linh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00f2ng ch\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed nh\u01b0 Phanxic\u00f4 Salesi\u00f4, Jane Frances de Chantal (1572\u20131641), Vinh s\u01a1n Phaol\u00f4 (1580\u20131660), v\u00e0 Louise de Marillac (1591\u20131660). Nh\u1eefng \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u00edt c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1ea7n b\u00ed h\u01a1n bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean Oratoire Ph\u00e1p, H\u1ed3ng Y Pierre\u00a0 B\u00e9rulle (1575\u20131629); Jean-Jacques Olier (1608\u20131657), ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u00e1ng l\u1eadp ch\u1ee7ng vi\u1ec7n Xu\u00e2n B\u00edch; Charles de Condren (1588\u20131647); Th\u00e1nh Jean Eudes (1601\u20131680), m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a B\u00e9rulle, v\u00e0 Louis Grignon de Montfort (1673\u20131716) \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201ctr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i Ph\u00e1p\u201d.<\/p>\n

G\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed5 s\u00fay cho m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m th\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1edd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00f4 c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi Miguel de Molinos (kho\u1ea3ng 1670-1697) v\u00e0 Madame Guyon (1648-1717) \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nh\u1eefng v\u0103n s\u0129 linh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i r\u1eddi khoa th\u1ea7n b\u00ed xa h\u01a1n n\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t x\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ea1 m\u00ecnh xu\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ebb uy nghi cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i thao th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1t c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 khi\u00eam nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 v\u00e2ng l\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 \u201cqui ph\u1ee5c\u201d \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh \u00fd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn. D\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n h\u1ea1n t\u1eeb spiritualit\u00e9<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf cho \u201cl\u00f2ng m\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d (devotion), di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m l\u1eabn nhi\u1ec7t t\u00e2m s\u1ed1t s\u1eafng.<\/p>\n

Linh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 19, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea5n \u00e1p c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tu, \u0111an vi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c tu tr\u00ec kh\u00e1c trong su\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p. Tuy nhi\u00ean, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 v\u00e3n h\u1ed3i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u0169 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1848, c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tu m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tu c\u0169 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111an tu l\u1ea1i sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng. Cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u1edf \u00c2u ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c th\u1eeba sai \u1edf M\u1ef9, Phi v\u00e0 \u00c1 ch\u00e2u \u0111\u00f2i ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 m\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7t th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do b\u1edfi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gregory XVI v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1832 v\u00e0 Pi\u00f4 IX v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1869 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u01b0 John Henry Newman (1801-1890) v\u00e0 Lord Acton (1834-1902) kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea9m x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t to\u00e0n th\u1ec3, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ea1t cao \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ea1i C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican I (1869-1870).<\/p>\n

N\u1eeda sau c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eadm ch\u00e2n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u00f2ng v\u1ec7. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh duy si\u00eau nhi\u00ean h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c hi\u1ec7n ra c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Trinh N\u1eef Maria v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Catherine Labour\u00e9 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1830, r\u1ed3i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1846 \u1edf La Salette, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1858 \u1edf L\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n c\u1ef1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ecb ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e1nh kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. Nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n in d\u1ea5u th\u00e1nh nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p Louise Lateau (1850-1883), Catherine Emmerich (1774-1824) v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Gemma Galgani (1878-1903) \u0111\u00e3 thu h\u00fat r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p vi\u1ec7c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Gioan Th\u00e1nh Gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00e0n s\u00f3ng quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n b\u00ed Trung c\u1ed5, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh n\u00f3i chung v\u1eabn kh\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

13. LINH \u0110\u1ea0O TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 HAI M\u01af\u01a0I<\/p>\n

Tr\u1eeb v\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, von Hugel), linh \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 leo thang xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7. Cho t\u1edbi C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u1eabn \u0111\u1eadm t\u00ednh truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i m\u1ed9t linh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u01b0 Thanh Lao C\u00f4ng \u1edf B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p, \u0110\u1ea1o binh \u0110\u1ee9c M\u1eb9 (Legio Mariae) \u1edf Ai-len, Phong tr\u00e0o Grail \u1edf H\u00e0 Lan, Phong tr\u00e0o Cursillo \u1edf T\u00e2y Ban Nha v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 La tinh, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng phong tr\u00e0o \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 nh\u01b0 T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, Phong tr\u00e0o Gia \u0111\u00ecnh Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, Phong tr\u00e0o B\u1ea1n Tr\u1ebb Sinh Vi\u00ean Kit\u00f4 H\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa hai cu\u1ed9c Chi\u1ebfn tranh Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, cu\u1ed9c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n b\u1edfi khoa th\u1ea7n b\u00ed t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o Lao \u0111\u1ed9ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c theo tinh th\u1ea7n Ph\u00fac \u00c2m tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 phong tr\u00e0o linh m\u1ee5c th\u1ee3 v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 t\u1ea1i B\u1ec9 v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1p. Sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111an tu \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng ki\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u1ea3 nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef, gia nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng chi\u00eam ni\u1ec7m hay v\u00e0o h\u00e0ng linh m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi tu \u00edt nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t h\u01a1n. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o theo sau C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi tu v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1eddi b\u1ecf h\u00e0ng ng\u0169 c\u1ee7a r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1o s\u0129. Nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c linh \u0111\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thanh l\u00fd nh\u1eb1m th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n linh \u0111\u1ea1o th\u1eddi h\u1eadu C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u00f3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Tin L\u00e0nh v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau Th\u1ebf Chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u00f4n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu sang c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c li\u00ean k\u1ebft nhau \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o v\u00ec d\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o n\u1eef quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110i v\u00e0o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi gian C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, phong tr\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh Linh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 b\u1edfi nhi\u1ec1u gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, cu\u1ed9c canh t\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee7ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, l\u00f2ng s\u00f9ng m\u1ed9 s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1, \u0111\u1ec1 cao c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n, v\u00e0 th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ef3 v\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u00ec tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong m\u1ecdi c\u1ea3nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng. Nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o thu\u1ed9c phong tr\u00e0o Th\u00e1nh Linh c\u0169ng nghi\u00eang v\u1ec1 thi\u00ean ni\u00ean thuy\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n, gi\u00e1o s\u0129 v\u00e0 tu s\u0129, \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng ph\u1ee5c h\u1ed3i c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o ti\u1ec1n C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u201csi\u00eau ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng\u201d c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u1ed1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (anti-modernist period), bao g\u1ed3m khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 tr\u1ecb, ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh ph\u1ee5ng v\u1ee5 La tinh v\u00e0 Tri\u0111entin\u00f4. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf chi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, khoa th\u1ea7n b\u00ed, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tr\u00e2n tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u00c1 ch\u00e2u, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c yoga v\u00e0 thi\u1ec1n Ph\u1eadt gi\u00e1o, nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) v\u00e0 Thomas Merton (1915-1968). M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 h\u1ecdc k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o Th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ea1i M\u1edbi (New Age) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ni\u1ec1m tin C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 theo thuy\u1ebft \u201cs\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp\u201d (creationism). C\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Th\u0103ng Ti\u1ebfn H\u00f4n Nh\u00e2n, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m A.A.,[7]<\/a> c\u00e1c kh\u00f3a h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef, v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o \u201cxanh\u201d quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n t\u00ednh (holistic). M\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 ph\u00eda c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 h\u1ed9i \u00c2n X\u00e1 Qu\u1ed1c T\u1ebf, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c B\u00e1nh Cho Th\u1ebf Gi\u1edbi, h\u1ed9i B\u1ea1n C\u1ee7a Tr\u00e1i \u0110\u1ea5t, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c H\u00f2a B\u00ecnh Xanh (Greenpeace)\u2026 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c thi\u1ec7n nguy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o phi gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Phong tr\u00e0o Thanh Lao C\u00f4ng, C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Ti\u1ebfn H\u00e0nh, v\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o theo Ph\u00e2n Ph\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u00ean tu\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a G.K. Chesterton v\u00e0 Hilaire Belloc v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1930.[8]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng \u201cThi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u01b0u ti\u00ean ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o\u201d, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng M\u1ef9 La tinh g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0a ra linh \u0111\u1ea1o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh; \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ea5p ti\u1ebfn, qui h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n nh\u1ecf d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c rao gi\u1ea3ng v\u1ec1 \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac, l\u00e0m sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c linh \u0111\u1ea1o n\u00e0y \u2013 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng linh \u0111\u1ea1o v\u1ed1n d\u00e0nh quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb kh\u00e1c do nh\u1eefng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00e0n \u00e1p ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c da m\u00e0u v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u \u0111ang \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i r\u1ea5t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n trong c\u1ea3m th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 trong kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tr\u00ean kh\u1eafp th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

Thi\u00ean Phong<\/strong>, d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb: RICHARD WOODS, O.P., \u201cHistory of Christian (Catholic) Spirituality\u201d, trong The New Dictionary of Catholic Spirituality<\/em>, do Michael Downey ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, The Liturgical Press xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, 1993.<\/p>\n

Th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c:<\/p>\n

– J. Aumann, Christian Spirituality in the Catholic Tradition<\/em> (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 1985).<\/p>\n

– L. Bouyer et al., A History of Christian Spirituality<\/em>, 3 vols. (London: Burns&Oates, 1968).<\/p>\n

– C. Jones, G. Wainwright, and E. Yarnold, eds., The Study of Spirituality<\/em> (New York: Oxford University Press, 1986).<\/p>\n

– B. McGinn and J. Meyendorff, eds., Christian Spirituality: Origins to the Twelfth Century<\/em>, World Spirituality 16 (New York: Crossroad, 1985).<\/p>\n

– J. Raitt, ed., Christian Spirituality: High Middle Ages and Reformation<\/em>, World Spirituality 17 (New York: Crossroad, 1987).<\/p>\n

– R. Woods, Christian Spirituality: God\u2019s Presence Through the Ages<\/em> (Chicago: Thomas More, 1989).<\/p>\n

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[1]<\/a> C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft s\u1eed x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1eddi \u201ctrung \u0111\u1ea1i Platon\u201d (Middle Platonic) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u00a0Antiochus <\/em>\u1edf Ascalon<\/em> (ca. 130-68 B.C.) v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t v\u1edbi Plotinus<\/a> (204-70 A.D.), ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n cho t\u00e2n ph\u00e1i Platon (Neoplatonism<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[2]<\/a> \u201cTh\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0110en t\u1ed1i\u201d (Dark Ages): giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. C\u00e1ch ri\u00eang, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y qui chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 476\u2013800, khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf R\u00f4ma \u1edf T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng; hay, n\u00f3i chung, qui chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn giai \u0111o\u1ea1n gi\u1eefa n\u0103m 500 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1000,\u00a0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1edfi chi\u1ebfn tranh tri\u1ec1n mi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[3]<\/a> C\u00e1c nam n\u1eef \u0111an s\u0129 Camaldoli l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c. H\u1ecd l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111an tu theo \u0111u\u1ed5i l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1c h\u1ecda trong Lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Bi\u1ec3n \u0110\u1ee9c, vi\u1ebft v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 6.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[4]<\/a> D\u00f2ng Carthusian, c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 D\u00f2ng Th\u00e1nh Bruno, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng tu C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111an vi\u1ec7n kh\u00e9p k\u00edn. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp b\u1edfi Th\u00e1nh Bruno \u1edf Cologne<\/a> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1084, d\u00f2ng bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c nam l\u1eabn n\u1eef \u00a0\u0111an s\u0129. D\u00f2ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt ri\u00eang cho m\u00ecnh, g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Statutes<\/em>, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng \u1ea9n s\u0129 v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i s\u1ed1ng c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n. T\u00ean g\u1ecdi Carthusian<\/em> r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb d\u00e3y n\u00fai Chartreuse<\/a>; Th\u00e1nh Bruno \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong thung l\u0169ng c\u1ee7a d\u00e3y n\u00fai n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[5]<\/a> Th\u1ea7n b\u00ed h\u00f4n th\u00ea l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ch\u00edn ki\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa, trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa linh h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 gi\u1eefa c\u00f4 d\u00e2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e0ng r\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 h\u00f4n ph\u1ed1i thi\u00eang li\u00eang.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[6]<\/a> Chi\u1ebfn Tranh Tr\u0103m N\u0103m l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1337 \u0111\u1ebfn 1453 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c vua c\u1ee7a Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a Anh, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng minh c\u1ee7a hai b\u00ean, nh\u1eb1m gi\u00e0nh quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ngai v\u00e0ng \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecf tr\u1ed1ng khi d\u00f2ng h\u1ecd Capetian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c vua Ph\u00e1p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[7]<\/a> A.A. (Alcoholics Anonymous): H\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00f4 danh.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n

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[8]<\/a> Ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thuy\u1ebft (Distributism hay distributionism, ho\u1eb7c distributivism) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd kinh t\u1ebf con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ee9 ba, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf Anh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII<\/a> trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em><\/a> v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4<\/a> XI trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em><\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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