{"id":25932,"date":"2023-08-29T20:41:14","date_gmt":"2023-08-29T13:41:14","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=25932"},"modified":"2024-04-07T23:01:10","modified_gmt":"2024-04-07T16:01:10","slug":"nhan-quyen","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/nhan-quyen\/","title":{"rendered":"NH\u00c2N QUY\u1ec0N"},"content":{"rendered":"

Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7n minh cho ch\u00fang. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 cho ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. B\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n tr\u00edch t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n h\u01a1n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u0103ng trong<\/em> “1840-1960: Chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/em>” (P. Goujon dir.), M\u00e9dias\u00e8vres, 2013.<\/p>\n

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L\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t r\u1eafc r\u1ed1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. N\u1ebfu trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 XVI (1832) g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201csai l\u1ea7m nguy hi\u1ec3m<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201choang t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>\u201d, th\u00ec ng\u00e0y nay Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh cho ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI, \u0111\u00e3 coi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i (1). L\u00e0m sao c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady khi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1789, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 Quy\u1ec1n Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n coi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u sai l\u1ea7m nguy h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o? Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u00e0i gi\u00e1o s\u0129, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n theo c\u00e1c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7 (hai cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi (s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c \u00e1i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i g\u1ecdi r\u00f5 l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn xa l\u1ea1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. N\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec v\u1edbi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/strong><\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c r\u1ea5t xa x\u01b0a. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i truy t\u00ecm ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt Hammurabi (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 17 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean), \u0111\u1ebfn quy lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Cyrus \u1edf Ba T\u01b0 (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 6 tr\u01b0\u1edbc C\u00f4ng nguy\u00ean) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1o lu\u1eadt trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh. \u1ede Anh, \u0110\u1ea1i Hi\u1ebfn Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng (Grande Charte)<\/em> c\u1ee7a Jean v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u0103m 1215, D\u1ef1 lu\u1eadt Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n (Bill des droits)<\/em> n\u0103m 1689 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu. Nh\u01b0ng phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebft tinh v\u00e0 khu\u1ebfch \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 18 v\u00e0 mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd. Xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb tri\u1ebft l\u00fd \u00c1nh S\u00e1ng, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u1ea7ng l\u1edbp qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c. C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Hoa K\u1ef3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1776 v\u00e0 C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd trong Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng d\u00e2n n\u0103m 1789: \u201c1. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do, b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch chung. 2. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do, s\u1edf h\u1eefu, an ninh v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00e1p b\u1ee9c<\/em>.\u201d<\/p>\n

\u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do<\/em><\/p>\n

\u1ede ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do n\u0103m 1830 v\u00e0 1848 \u0111\u00e3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p nh\u1eb1m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea5u tranh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do\u201d. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 kinh t\u1ebf) \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 “m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do, theo \u0111\u00f3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec7n minh cho m\u00ecnh b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n vinh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y<\/em>“. (2) N\u00f3 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 tri \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c, m\u00e0 trong khi ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. T\u00e2m tr\u00ed ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh trong \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ea5t m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng khoan dung, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em><\/p>\n

Phong tr\u00e0o nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 s\u1edbm b\u1ecb ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1c, trong khi l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do, v\u1eabn ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch v\u00e0 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00f2i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd (nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 do giai c\u1ea5p t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n cai tr\u1ecb) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1ef1 do cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch can thi\u1ec7p, h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, theo c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t h\u01b0\u1edbng, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 s\u1ebd nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi. (3) C\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do (t\u1ef1 do bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdp, ch\u1ed1ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n an ninh, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, v.v.), c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 th\u1ee9 hai, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng b\u1eb1ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u201cquy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3\u201d (droits-cr\u00e9ances<\/em> \/ quy\u1ec1n tr\u00e1i ch\u1ee7) v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ea5m ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi, tra t\u1ea5n v\u00e0 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u1eefa l\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c thu nh\u1eadp v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ee7 (t\u1ef1 do t\u00edch c\u1ef1c). Do \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, an sinh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, y t\u1ebf, v.v., \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n th\u1ee9 ba ho\u1eb7c th\u1eadm ch\u00ed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, quy\u1ec1n h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1, quy\u1ec1n tr\u1ebb em, v.v.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 10 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1948, 58 qu\u1ed1c gia th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u00f4ng qua Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ea1i Paris. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft sau s\u1ef1 kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00f3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i hai lo\u1ea1i quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y so v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i kia ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft cho n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y.(4) \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, C\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n n\u0103m 1950 \u0111\u00e3 cho ra \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1959 T\u00f2a \u00e1n Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia k\u00fd k\u1ebft ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u1edf c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, T\u00f2a \u00e1n H\u00ecnh s\u1ef1 Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00e0o n\u0103m 2002 trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e9t x\u1eed nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, t\u1ed9i \u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i \u00e1c chi\u1ebfn tranh.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c. N\u1ebfu ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, th\u00ec sau \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 sung b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, g\u00e2y ra n\u01a1i n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a k\u1ebft th\u00fac. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu: truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y ban \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1880<\/strong><\/p>\n

Cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII l\u00ean ng\u00f4i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1878, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng b\u00ean ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i gay g\u1eaft nh\u1ea5t d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1eafc th\u00e1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u0169ng \u0111\u00fang v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ni\u1ec1m tin Kit\u00f4 kh\u00e1c cho \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u n\u00f3?<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n d\u1ef1 \u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy l\u00fd, th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u00e0i nghi, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0, n\u00f3i chung, th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a b\u1ea3o th\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.(5)<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00f4n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadp trung R\u00f4ma<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u0103ng tr\u1ea7m xung quanh c\u00e1c N\u01b0\u1edbc Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c gia, s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung vi\u1ec7c cai qu\u1ea3n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma. Trong C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican I, m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o t\u1eadp trung h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh: quy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 l\u1eadp kh\u00e1c nhau t\u1ea1i Ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5t n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican I s\u1ebd tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 sai l\u1ea7m\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u00e0i ph\u00e1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i\u201d nh\u01b0 ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft \u00e1n c\u1ee7a R\u00f4ma<\/em><\/p>\n

Kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat l\u00faa t\u1ed1t ra kh\u1ecfi c\u1ecf l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng trong phong tr\u00e0o gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh th\u1ec3 chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do v\u1eefng ch\u1eafn trong nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Cu\u1ed9c C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u0111\u00e3 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 VI, trong Chi\u1ebfu th\u01b0 Quod Aliquantum<\/em> (1791) l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a h\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ban h\u00e0nh: \u201c\u2026Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 g\u00e1n quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c tinh th\u1ea7n cho ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, khi \u0111\u01b0a ra qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u quy \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1edbi tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u00edn \u0111i\u1ec1u v\u00e0 k\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt; khi n\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1o s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i cam k\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng l\u1eddi th\u1ec1 v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c thi h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c s\u1eafc l\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p do Qu\u1ed1c h\u1ed9i ban h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, \u0110\u1ee9c Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 XVI, trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mirari Vos<\/em> (1832), l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1edd \u01a1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Lamennais v\u00e0 nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o l’Avenir <\/em>(15 th\u00e1ng 8 n\u0103m 1832): \u201c\u2026Chao \u00f4i, gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh ngh\u0129a! qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u tai h\u1ecda \u0111\u00e1ng tr\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n \u0111ang t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Ch\u00fang ta mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1edd \u01a1, hay quan \u0111i\u1ec3m tai h\u1ea1i lan truy\u1ec1n kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 x\u1ea3o quy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb \u00e1c, r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01a1n c\u1ee9u r\u1ed7i \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi cho linh h\u1ed3n, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ngay th\u1eb3ng. Nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn anh em s\u1ebd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng c\u1ea5t \u0111i m\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m tai h\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho anh em ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. (\u2026) T\u1eeb ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1edd \u01a1 n\u00e0y, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u00e2u ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n sai l\u1ea7m v\u00e0 phi l\u00fd hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 c\u01a1n hoang t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y: ta ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m; sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m d\u1ec5 l\u00e2y lan nh\u1ea5t, m\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng <\/em>\u200b\u200b<\/em>tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u1ed1n s\u1ebd lan r\u1ed9ng kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i, g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i cho Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 IX, trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quanta Cura<\/em> (1864) v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, Syllabus<\/em>, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea danh s\u00e1ch nh\u1eefng sai l\u1ea7m c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 “s\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc”, “cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed5i d\u1eady h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed<\/em>“, s\u1ef1 v\u00f4 \u00edch “khi \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc”, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i “h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>“.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n

– Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 do tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb, t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u201cc\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

– Quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t kh\u1ecfi c\u1ed9i ngu\u1ed3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u1ecd h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p.<\/p>\n

– T\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1edd \u01a1\u201d t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o (t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ec1u b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng) v\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng ph\u00e1p l\u00fd\u201d (lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1).<\/p>\n

– Kh\u00f4ng tu\u00e2n theo quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng h\u1ed7n lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 m\u1ea5t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

– S\u1ef1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn n\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 lang thang c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 do theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y ch\u00fang trong nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 sau \u0111\u00e2y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t m\u00ecnh, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111i theo con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em><\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do (nh\u01b0 Lacordaire, Lamennais v\u00e0 Montalembert), nh\u00e2n danh Tin M\u1eebng, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 b\u1ea7u c\u1eed, t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. S\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i khi \u0111\u00f3 thi\u1ebfu v\u1ed1n t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng ho\u1eb7c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u201cc\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a H\u00e0ng gi\u00e1o s\u0129 t\u1eebng b\u1ecf phi\u1ebfu cho tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u0103m 1789 v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd b\u1ecb ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d.(6) Ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u01b0 lu\u1eadn m\u1edbi tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 quan tr\u1ecdng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u00e1c \u00e1i. Trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c cha Dupanloup, ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eb1m \u1edf l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb ri\u00eang t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi gi\u00e0u, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb thi\u1ec7n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f3c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n n\u00e0y. Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng cao nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh b\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u0169 c\u1ee7a b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t: c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u1ed9 sinh, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 l\u00fd, c\u01a1 s\u1edf d\u00e0nh cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, tr\u1ea1m x\u00e1, nh\u00e0 d\u01b0\u1ee1ng l\u00e3o; nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c mang t\u00ednh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o: ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i tr\u00fa, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c ph\u1ed5 th\u00f4ng, d\u1ea1y ngh\u1ec1, l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc bu\u1ed5i t\u1ed1i, v.v.; c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 \u1edf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i tr\u00ed: x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1c \u201cth\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1\u201d b\u00ecnh d\u00e2n, nh\u00e0 \u1edf, c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3\u2026 Vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u00e1c \u00e1i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p kh\u00f4ng \u00edt v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u01a1i l\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch suy ngh\u0129 m\u1edbi v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft. C\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c lo\u1ea1i kia ho\u1eb7c nhu c\u1ea7u x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Trong su\u1ed1t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i (v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng). Kh\u1eafp n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, ngo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n ra gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 can thi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u qu\u1ed1c gia, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf l\u1ef1c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ecbch, ngay c\u1ea3 khi khi chi\u1ebfm \u0111a s\u1ed1, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m kh\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eeb quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00ec quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00edn ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho t\u1ef1 do v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u1ef1 do b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 do gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c. C\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ed1n \u0103n kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt: Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 vi\u1ec7c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i ng\u00e0y Ch\u00faa Nh\u1eadt, ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00e3 \u201cph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng b\u1eb1ng b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 n\u00e0o”.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u1ebfn C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II : m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i: m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u khi\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb ph\u1ea3n kh\u00e1ng quy\u1ebft li\u1ec7t sang tham gia t\u00edch c\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n. Ch\u00ednh \u201cvi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb<\/em>\u201d (7) \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i ch\u1ec9 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00e0y kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh, s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu. (8)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c L\u00eao XIII (1878-1903) v\u00e0 t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n) l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (9). Khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 cao h\u01a1n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1. \u201cLu\u1eadt quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u00e1nh b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c cho s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00e1m \u0111\u00f4ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf<\/em>\u201d.(10) Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao g\u1ed3m trong c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1eb7c Kh\u1ea3i soi s\u00e1ng, \u0111ang b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111a s\u1ed1, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1edfi tr\u00f3i kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean l\u00fd cao h\u01a1n v\u00e0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i n\u00f3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng s\u1ebd m\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Ph\u00e1p tham gia ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1875. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u0103m 1892 (Au milieu des sollicitudes<\/em> \/ Gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m<\/em>), ng\u00e0i m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi h\u1ecd ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u1ebfu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. C\u00e1c nh\u00f3m \u201cC\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d trong su\u1ed1t h\u1eadu b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i kinh t\u1ebf m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 thu h\u00fat s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00eao XIII ti\u1ebfp thu kinh nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ea5t gay g\u1eaft t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 n\u00f4 l\u1ec7: \u201cC\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea3y v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c trong s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng. (\u2026) Th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n c\u0169 v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u1ecd, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf g\u00ec cho ch\u00fang. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n, theo th\u1eddi gian, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ecb c\u00f4 l\u1eadp v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 v\u1ec7 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 v\u00f4 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tham lam c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh kh\u00f4ng ki\u1ec1m ch\u1ebf<\/em>\u201d (RN 2).<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n danh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb mu\u1ed1n bi\u1ebfn h\u1ecd th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n h\u1ecd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb l\u1ee3i d\u1ee5ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ki\u1ebfm ti\u1ec1n. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf: quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u01a1i, quy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ef1c, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 th\u1edd th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n. (11).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI (1922-1939): t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng l\u1edbn: vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia sau Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t, cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i suy tho\u00e1i t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh n\u0103m 1929 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p gia t\u0103ng, s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a C\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft, s\u1ef1 n\u1ed5i l\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i ph\u00e1t x\u00edt \u1edf \u00dd v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c. D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ebfn c\u1ed1, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng.<\/p>\n

Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno<\/em> (1931), \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i: th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p m\u1edbi m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eeb \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>\u201d sang \u201cvi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI, vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0o tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i kinh t\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ef1 do. B\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef v\u00e0 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t th\u1eddi s\u1ef1, ng\u00e0i tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1: \u201cV\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eadp v\u00e0o m\u1eaft ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u00edch l\u0169y m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c to l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf chuy\u00ean quy\u1ebft, trong tay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 s\u1edf h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1edfi g\u1eafm v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u1ed1n m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n ph\u00e1t theo s\u1edf th\u00edch. Quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eafm gi\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00e3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00edn d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i n\u00f3 theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd<\/em>.\u201d (12)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha l\u00ean \u00e1n cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf l\u1eabn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Nh\u1eefng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf n\u00e0y c\u00f3 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng ph\u00fac l\u1ee3i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd, nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, ch\u00fang x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c nhu c\u1ea7u v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ee5c t\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng mong mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ea1nh tranh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a M\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c b\u00e1c b\u1ecf cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh giai c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00f3a b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu. Ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng khi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Mussolini, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ecbnh Latran v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1929 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI c\u00e1o bu\u1ed9c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t x\u00edt l\u00e0 \u201cchuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n\u201d (statolatrie<\/em>) khi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o thanh thi\u1ebfu ni\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ( Non abbiamo bisogno<\/em>, 1931). \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00ean \u00e1n s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n vinh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c: \u201cCon ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n m\u00e0 m\u00ecnh nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn ch\u00fang, b\u00e3i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang ho\u1eb7c b\u1ecf m\u1eb7c ch\u00fang. Khinh th\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 qu\u00ean r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng \u00edch \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, x\u00e9t cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u00e0i h\u00f2a gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 b\u1edfi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh nh\u00e2n linh n\u00e0y. X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a mong mu\u1ed1n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n nh\u1eefng n\u0103ng khi\u1ebfu c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, khi cho \u0111i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c<\/em>\u201d (13).<\/p>\n

N\u0103m ng\u00e0y sau, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea3 k\u00edch ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 X\u00f4 Vi\u1ebft: \u201cCh\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n th\u1ef1c ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i, v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p tr\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0o s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u00f3 t\u1eeb ph\u00eda b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 ai mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee9u n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/em>.\u201d (14)<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi lo\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i k\u00e8m n\u01a1i \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5t trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI n\u1eb1m \u1edf vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d, \u201cnh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m then ch\u1ed1t trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d. (15) Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 m\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau. N\u00f3 m\u1edf ra kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cc\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>\u201d quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ri\u00eang t\u01b0. Quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong lao \u0111\u1ed9ng (ti\u1ec1n l\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n, \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v.v.).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII (1939-1958): m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf<\/em><\/p>\n

Trong khi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII l\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y sang l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. \u0110\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb th\u1eddi b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, ng\u00e0i t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tri\u1ebft l\u00fd v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ea1t, b\u00e1o ch\u00ed, l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i) m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1eabn coi l\u00e0 m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m. \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7: s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. \u201cVi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng \u00edch m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y sao<\/em>\u2026\u201d. (16)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p ho\u1eb7c ph\u00e1p l\u00fd. L\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb n\u1eb1m ngay trong b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u201cm\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>\u201d (Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t thanh Gi\u00e1ng sinh 1952). Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. C\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n, hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i, ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 qua \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh. (17)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII cho gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y ra ngo\u00e0i c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c gia \u0111\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. (18) M\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0o t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII (1958-1963): Hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec ch\u00ednh \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i (k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, quan h\u1ec7 kinh t\u1ebf, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb) h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a<\/em>\u201d. (19) Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c thi v\u00e0 b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 do c\u00f9ng nhau ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v.v.).<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris<\/em> (1963), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0i th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch n\u00e0y v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cHi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em>\u201d, \u201ctuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 mang t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb<\/em>\u201d. (20) \u201cN\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u00f3 tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u00e1t sinh, c\u00f9ng nhau v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi: do \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf<\/em>\u201d (PT 9).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Pacem in terris<\/em>, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. Ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (x. PT 11-27). H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, m\u1ed7i quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, ho\u1eb7c c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n (x. PT 28-38). V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1eb7t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn m\u00e0, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940, \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, m\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u1ea1nh nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ch\u00fang m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y v\u00e0o ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. Ph\u1ea1m vi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. C\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i r\u1ea5t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. (21) H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u0103m 1948 v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c Li\u00ean hi\u1ec7p qu\u1ed1c trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 quan c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n x\u1eed xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt (xem PT 136-145 ).<\/p>\n

Trong khi v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng t\u1ef1 do, th\u00ec b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed m\u1edbi y\u00ean b\u00ecnh h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap n\u1eafm b\u1eaft t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u00f3 trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n. Pacem in terris,<\/em> kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c r\u00e0o c\u1ea3n \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t c\u1ea7u n\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. (22) C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00eam t\u00ednh n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh.<\/p>\n

Vatican II: m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed<\/em><\/p>\n

V\u00e0o ng\u00e0y \u00e1p ch\u00f3t c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ng\u00e0y 7 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1965, hai v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh: Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay<\/em> (Gaudium et Spes<\/em>) v\u00e0 Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o<\/em> (Dignitatis humanae<\/em>). Trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1940 \u0111\u1ebfn 1965 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u0103m tranh lu\u1eadn gay g\u1eaft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7. (23) C\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 theo m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II s\u1ebd theo \u0111u\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 n\u00f3, bi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n th\u00e0nh trung t\u00e2m gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Gaudium et Spes<\/em> (GS) ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t s\u1ee9 v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Pacem in terris<\/em> \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. GS \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd l\u1ebd nh\u1eb1m h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1nh chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4, \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng l\u00fd lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII. S\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh cho nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb N\u01b0\u1edbc Tr\u1eddi, cho s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1edbi v\u00e0 tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi (x. GS 39, 72).<\/p>\n

H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi GS, k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa kh\u00f4ng x\u00f3a b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho n\u00f3. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, t\u1ef1 do c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi tranh c\u00e3i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng thi\u1ec7n \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nghe th\u1ea5y ch\u00ednh ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa (x. GS 16-18). Nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y b\u1ecb l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ho\u1eb7c l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m quen v\u1edbi sai l\u1ea7m lu\u00f4n t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, nh\u01b0ng nguy c\u01a1 n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 l\u00fd l\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. M\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ngay c\u1ea3 trong s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5u tranh n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, l\u00e0 n\u01a1i b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh. (24)<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u1ee7a GS l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u201cc\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng xem x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i. \u201cS\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n b\u1ecb chia c\u1eaft th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m t\u0129nh v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt sang m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a h\u01a1n: t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 n\u1ea3y sinh, r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi v\u1ed1n g\u1ee3i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u1edbi<\/em>\u201d (GS 5). Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cn\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cthay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>\u201d x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chia r\u1ebd v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7, s\u1ef1 lo l\u1eafng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i (v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u00f3i, m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n), s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 dung h\u00f2a \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi?<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng coi nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n n\u1eb1m \u1edf trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u201c\u0110\u00f4\u0301i di\u00ea\u0323n v\u01a1\u0301i cu\u00f4\u0323c ti\u00ea\u0301n ho\u0301a hi\u00ea\u0323n nay cu\u0309a th\u00ea\u0301 gi\u01a1\u0301i, ca\u0300ng nga\u0300y ca\u0300ng co\u0301 nhi\u00ea\u0300u ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i n\u00eau l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u ho\u0309i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t ho\u0103\u0323c nh\u00e2\u0323n th\u01b0\u0301c ch\u00fang ca\u0301ch s\u00e2u s\u0103\u0301c m\u01a1\u0301i me\u0309. Con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i la\u0300 gi\u0300? \u0110\u00e2u la\u0300 y\u0301 nghi\u0303a cu\u0309a \u0111au kh\u00f4\u0309, s\u01b0\u0323 d\u01b0\u0303, ca\u0301i ch\u00ea\u0301t? Sao chu\u0301ng v\u00e2\u0303n t\u00f4\u0300n ta\u0323i m\u0103\u0323c du\u0300 \u0111a\u0303 co\u0301 bao nhi\u00eau ti\u00ea\u0301n b\u00f4\u0323? Nh\u01b0\u0303ng chi\u00ea\u0301n th\u0103\u0301ng \u0111a\u0323t \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c v\u01a1\u0301i m\u00f4\u0323t gia\u0301 \u0111\u0103\u0301t nh\u01b0 th\u00ea\u0301 co\u0301 i\u0301ch gi\u0300 kh\u00f4ng? Con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 \u0111em la\u0323i gi\u0300 cho xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i va\u0300 co\u0301 th\u00ea\u0309 tr\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1\u0323i gi\u0300 \u01a1\u0309 xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i? \u0110i\u00ea\u0300u gi\u0300 se\u0303 xa\u0309y ra ti\u00ea\u0301p theo sau cu\u00f4\u0323c s\u00f4\u0301ng tr\u00e2\u0300n gian na\u0300y?\u201d<\/em> (GS 10). C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 khao kh\u00e1t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1eabn c\u00f3 r\u1ee7i ro ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i tr\u1ed1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t phi hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c. \u0110\u1ec3 xem x\u00e9t nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta lu\u00f4n b\u1ecb \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n h\u00f3a v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u1eabn hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n. Nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c h\u00f3a ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3. C\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lu\u00f4n mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn m\u00e0 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 trung gian c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lu\u00f4n thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis humanae<\/em> (DH) c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o. \u201cC<\/em>\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng tuy\u00ean b\u00f4\u0301 con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i co\u0301 quy\u00ea\u0300n t\u01b0\u0323 do t\u00f4n gia\u0301o. S\u01b0\u0323 t\u01b0\u0323 do na\u0300y \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c hi\u00ea\u0309u la\u0300 ti\u0300nh tra\u0323ng con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i kh\u00f4ng bi\u0323 x\u00e2m pha\u0323m b\u01a1\u0309i m\u00f4\u0323t c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c na\u0300o t\u01b0\u0300 ca\u0301c ca\u0301 nh\u00e2n, \u0111oa\u0300n th\u00ea\u0309 xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i hay b\u00e2\u0301t c\u01b0\u0301 quy\u00ea\u0300n bi\u0301nh nh\u00e2n loa\u0323i na\u0300o kha\u0301c, \u0111\u00ea\u0309 trong la\u0303nh v\u01b0\u0323c t\u00f4n gia\u0301o, kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u0323 e\u0301p bu\u00f4\u0323c ha\u0300nh \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng tra\u0301i v\u01a1\u0301i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, cu\u0303ng kh\u00f4ng ai bi\u0323 ng\u0103n c\u00e2\u0301m ha\u0300nh \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng theo l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m, du\u0300 ha\u0300nh \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng \u0111o\u0301 la\u0300 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 hay c\u00f4ng khai, m\u00f4\u0323t mi\u0300nh hay cu\u0300ng v\u01a1\u0301i ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i kha\u0301c, trong nh\u01b0\u0303ng gi\u01a1\u0301i ha\u0323n chi\u0301nh \u0111a\u0301ng. H\u01a1n n\u01b0\u0303a, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f4\u0300ng co\u0300n tuy\u00ean b\u00f4\u0301 r\u0103\u0300ng t\u01b0\u0323 do t\u00f4n gia\u0301o th\u01b0\u0323c s\u01b0\u0323 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c x\u00e2y d\u01b0\u0323ng tr\u00ean chi\u0301nh ph\u00e2\u0309m gia\u0301 con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i, theo nh\u01b0 L\u01a1\u0300i Thi\u00ean Chu\u0301a ma\u0323c kha\u0309i va\u0300 chi\u0301nh ly\u0301 tri\u0301 cho bi\u00ea\u0301t (Cf. PT 14 ; Pie XII, Radio-message de No\u00ebl 1942). Quy\u00ea\u0300n t\u01b0\u0323 do t\u00f4n gia\u0301o cu\u0309a con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i trong tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 pha\u0301p ly\u0301 cu\u0309a xa\u0303 h\u00f4\u0323i pha\u0309i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c th\u01b0\u0300a nh\u00e2\u0323n v\u01a1\u0301i theo c\u00e1ch n\u00f3 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u01b0\u0323.<\/em>\u201d (25)<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi DH, nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1eeba l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c (quy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec5n tr\u1eeb) v\u1eeba l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u00edch c\u1ef1c (cho ph\u00e9p v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng). Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh theo c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n

Ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. N\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u00e0m sao gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n n\u00e0y trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n? C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u1ee5c: tr\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung, tr\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, tr\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng.<\/p>\n

N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n lu\u00f4n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. Ban \u0111\u1ea7u, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ec7n minh cho s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a. S\u1ef1 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u1eabn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n s\u1ed1ng t\u1eed t\u1ebf tr\u01b0\u1edbc vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c bi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII. Ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd thay, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do khi n\u00f3 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb, l\u1ea1i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o phe c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 n\u00f3 khi th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh \u1edf v\u00e0o th\u1ebf y\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a to\u00e0n tr\u1ecb c\u00e1nh t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1nh h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng khi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII v\u00e0 C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn c\u00f9ng l\u00fac ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng li\u00ean v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ph\u00fa h\u00f3a \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em><\/p>\n

Gi\u1eefa quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, quan \u0111i\u1ec3m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u00e1m ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0o quan ni\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i: ngay t\u1eeb khi sinh ra, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u01a1i cung c\u1ea5p cho n\u00f3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 d\u1ea1y cho n\u00f3 c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u00f4ng qua nhi\u1ec1u m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi (gia \u0111\u00ecnh, qu\u1ed1c gia, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, v.v.). V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb c\u00e1c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn. T\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m t\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea3n n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n hai t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eefu c\u01a1, trong khi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t th\u1ee9 ba v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m to l\u1edbn c\u1ea3 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea1nh tranh gi\u1eefa Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn, vi\u1ec7c x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 gi\u1eefa hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra. H\u1ecd cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7t hai c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn n\u00e0y k\u1ec1 nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t ch\u00fang. (26) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00f9ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. N\u1ebfu khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn c\u00f2n, th\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1i \u0111a n\u1ed9i dung nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (27) \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi David Hollenbach, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i do t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i mang l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 mang \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong c\u1ea3 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. (28) Ch\u00ednh gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n \u0111i theo.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (29) \u0110i\u1ec3m m\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea1i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 x\u00e1c t\u00edn v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. (30) Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng. C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, theo c\u00e1ch t\u00edch c\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00e1ch quan cho s\u1ef1 tham gia \u0111\u00f3. (31) Vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o. (32) Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i hy sinh m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng trong vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a GS mang t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1: \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a<\/em>\u201d (GS 30). Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ccu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch<\/em>\u201d. (33) M\u1ed7i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ed1 hai truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ee3i t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean xung \u0111\u1ed9t n\u00e0y, v\u1edbi c\u00e1i gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i l\u1ea1i x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh. . Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd h\u01a1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m phong ph\u00fa nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n (\u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5) tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb v\u1ef1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ph\u00e1p l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n sang n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong khi v\u1eabn gi\u1eef c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1ee3t d\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u1ea3y ra c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef \u201ctr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d. Qua tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i li\u00ean minh v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta tin r\u1eb1ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n bi\u1ebfn l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. M\u1ed9t \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra trong lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a ghi kh\u1eafc trong b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n linh soi s\u00e1ng. M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u00e0 c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 l\u1eabn nhau. S\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p nh\u01b0 v\u1eady quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc c\u00f4ng l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn n\u00e0y, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb trung t\u00e2m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 cho c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tham gia. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 sang vi\u1ec7c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 hay thay \u0111\u1ed5i<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 phi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u1eefa m\u00e0 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. B\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u1eb7t n\u00e0y trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u M\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng giao c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n gi\u1eefa Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. (34) Cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea1i truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi cho nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi phong tr\u00e0o l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y. Trong khi to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 19 v\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n b\u00e1n th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c bi\u1ec7n minh cho nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, th\u00ec C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1edbi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng tri\u1ec3n khai m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 ni\u1ec1m tin v\u00e0o kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u0103n b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i do C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh \u0111a d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a. Ngo\u00e0i vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 \u201c\u0111a nguy\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cv\u0103n h\u00f3a\u201d. Nh\u01b0 Karl Rahner \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u201cnh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 khi\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i xem x\u00e9t nghi\u00eam t\u00fac th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i \u0111a nguy\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i \u0111e d\u1ecda c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. (35) L\u00fd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean ngh\u0129a c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec khi\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean l\u1ecbch s\u1eed trong khi v\u1eabn v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u0129nh c\u1eedu c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng m\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do. Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et spes<\/em> chuy\u1ec3n nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u00e0y v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi v\u1ed1n di\u1ec5n ra v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng h\u01a1n khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y trong l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 trong \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nhu c\u1ea7u tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y l\u1ea1i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. N\u1ebfu Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i chuy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0 v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng xung \u0111\u1ed9t v\u1ec1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y gi\u1eefa truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u1eb7t ra nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi. Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111a nguy\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn g\u00e2y nghi ng\u1edd v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf. Nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u0103n h\u00f3a (Ch\u00e2u \u00c1, Ch\u00e2u Phi, H\u1ed3i gi\u00e1o, v.v.) ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn qu\u00e1 \u201cl\u1ea5y Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m\u201d c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. Trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ebf nh\u1ecb, h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00eau r\u00f5 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 b\u00e9n r\u1ec5 s\u00e2u v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y nh\u1eb1m gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch l\u1ea1i lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111ang \u0111i theo h\u01b0\u1edbng xem x\u00e9t lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y mang t\u00ednh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i h\u01a1n, (36) nh\u01b0ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eabn n\u1eb1m trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn c\u00f4ng khai v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n h\u1ee3p l\u00fd c\u00e1c x\u00e1c t\u00edn b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, n\u1ebfu C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n ti\u1ebfp theo \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u00ec suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng x\u00e1c l\u1eadp nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp. Nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong vi\u1ec7c coi tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin? V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ph\u1ee5 n\u1eef trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u th\u00eam. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n t\u1ea3i s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u201cc\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cgi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ch\u00fang d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng<\/em>\u201d, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 \u201cc\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho t\u1eebng th\u1ebf h\u1ec7, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 mu\u00f4n thu\u1edf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang<\/em>\u201d (GS 4). V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p cho m\u00ecnh (v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c) \u0111\u1ec3 suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham gia c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eddi m\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n

Alain Thomasset, s.j., Trung t\u00e2m S\u00e8vres \u2013 Ph\u00e2n khoa D\u00f2ng T\u00ean \u1edf Paris<\/em><\/p>\n

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(1) Samuel Huntington cho r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00f3ng vai tr\u00f2 trung t\u00e2m trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u00ec nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 trong nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 1980, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh, Trung \u00c2u, Phi Lu\u1eadt T\u00e2n, Nam Phi, v.v. “T\u1eeb n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c, s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 chuy\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e2n c\u00e1ch h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa H\u1ed3ng y v\u00e0 nh\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9c t\u00e0i<\/em>“, S. Huntington, \u00ab Religion and the Third Wave \u00bb, The National Interest <\/em>24 (Summer 1991), p. 29-42. Xem th\u00eam Jean-Yves Calvez, Droits de l\u2019homme, justice, \u00e9vangile<\/em>, Le Centurion, 1985, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 2.<\/p>\n

(2)  Ren\u00e9 R\u00e9mond, Introduction \u00e0 l\u2019histoire de notre temps. Tome 2. Le XIXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/em>, Seuil, 1974, p. 23. Xem th\u00eam Jean-Marie Mayeur, La question la\u00efque, XIXe<\/sup>-XXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle<\/em>, Fayard, \u00ab L’espace du politique \u00bb, 1997.<\/p>\n

(3)  Marx t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n 1789 l\u00e0 tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 \u00ab quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a h\u1ed9i t\u01b0 s\u1ea3n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u00edch k\u1ef7, c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch kh\u1ecfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u2026 \u00bb, La question juive<\/em>, UGE, <\/a>coll. 10\/18, p. 37.<\/p>\n

(4)  Jacques Maritain trong L\u2019homme et l\u2019\u00c9tat<\/em>, Puf, 1965, m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n n\u0103m 1948 b\u1ea5t ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u1ec1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a: “Nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp nhau v\u1ec1 quan ni\u1ec7m l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t th\u1ecfa thu\u1eadn thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c li\u1ec7t k\u00ea c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.”, p. 69-73.<\/p>\n

(5)  Xem Jean Comby, Pour lire l\u2019histoire de l\u2019\u00c9glise. Tome 2. XVe<\/sup>-XXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cles,<\/em> Cerf, 1986, p. 79ss. V\u00e0 Ren\u00e9 Coste, L\u2019\u00c9glise et les droits de l\u2019homme<\/em>, op. cit., p. 25ss.<\/p>\n

(6)  Pierre Vallin, \u00ab L\u2019\u00c9glise et les droits de l\u2019homme au XIXe<\/sup> si\u00e8cle \u00bb, Revue de l\u2019Action populaire<\/em>, n\u00b0 174, janvier 1964, 29-39, p. 31.<\/p>\n

(7) \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII trong m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i di\u1ec5n v\u0103n v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 5\/1961.<\/p>\n

(7)  C\u00e1c khai tri\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp theo ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a David Hollenbach, Claims in Conflit. <\/em>Retrieving and Renewing the Catholic Human Rights Tradition<\/em>, Paulist Press, 1979, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang trang 41-106.<\/p>\n

(9)  L\u00e9on XIII, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum (RN) \u00ab v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ee3 thuy\u1ec1n \u00bb (1891), s\u1ed1 7. \u0110\u1ec3 xem c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ch\u00fang trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, h\u00e3y xem trang web c\u1ee7a Ceras http:\/\/www.doctrine-sociale-catholique.fr<\/a><\/p>\n

(10)  L\u00e9on XIII, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Libertas <\/em>v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (1888), s\u1ed1 16.<\/p>\n

(11)  Xem David Hollenbach, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 48.<\/p>\n

(12)  Pie XI, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Quadragesimo Anno (QA), \u00ab v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00bb (1931), s\u1ed1 113-114.<\/p>\n

(13)  Pie XI, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mit Brennender Sorge v\u1ec1 ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o trong \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c (1937), s\u1ed1 37.<\/p>\n

(14)  Pie XI, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Divini Redemptoris v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n <\/em>(1937), s\u1ed1 58.<\/p>\n

(15)  Jean-Yves Calvez v\u00e0 Jacques Perrin, \u00c9glise et soci\u00e9t\u00e9 \u00e9conomique<\/em>, Aubier 1959, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII. Xem th\u00eam D. Hollenbach, op. cit.,<\/em> p. 54.<\/p>\n

(16)  Pie XII, S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t thanh th\u00e1ng S\u00e1u n\u0103m 1941<\/em>, s\u1ed1 15.<\/p>\n

(17)  Pie XII, S\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p ph\u00e1t thanh Gi\u00e1ng Sinh n\u0103m 1952 v\u00e0 1954. Xem D. Hollenbach, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 60<\/p>\n

(18)  Voir Bryan Hehir, \u00ab Religious activism for human rights : a case study\u201d, in Religious Human Rights in Global Perspective. <\/em>Religious perspectives<\/em>, edit\u00e9 par John Witte et Johan Van der Vyver, Lahaie, Boston, Londres, Martinus Nijhoff, 1996, p. 97-119.<\/p>\n

(19)  Jean XXIII, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Mater et Magistra (MM) \u00ab v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o \u00bb (1961), s\u1ed1 59.<\/p>\n

(20)  Jean XXIII, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Pacem in terris (PT) \u00ab v\u1ec1 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, C\u00f4ng l\u00fd, B\u00e1c \u00e1i, T\u1ef1 do<\/em> \u00bb (1961), xem D. Hollenbach, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 64.<\/p>\n

(21)  \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng \u00edch, m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi n\u00f3: \u00ab \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng \u00edch tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft <\/em>h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i<\/em> \u1edf vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; do \u0111\u00f3, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c <\/em>nh\u00e0 c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft <\/em>h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i<\/em> b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n, s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i<\/em> l\u1eabn nhau gi\u1eefa ch\u00fang<\/em> v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/em> \u00bb (PT <\/em>60).<\/p>\n

(22)  Xem B. Hehir, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 104.<\/p>\n

(23)  Jacques Maritain, John Courtnay Murray, s.j, v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c cha Pedro Pavan \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn cho th\u1ea5y Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1edfi m\u1edf h\u01a1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

(24)  Xem C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f4m nay<\/em>, Gaudium et Spes (GS), (1965), s\u1ed1 41 : \u00ab Vi\u0300, tuy Thi\u00ean Chu\u0301a v\u01b0\u0300a la\u0300 \u0110\u00e2\u0301ng C\u01b0\u0301u \u0110\u00f4\u0323, v\u01b0\u0300a la\u0300 \u0110\u00e2\u0301ng Ta\u0323o D\u01b0\u0323ng, v\u01b0\u0300a la\u0300m chu\u0309 li\u0323ch s\u01b0\u0309 nh\u00e2n loa\u0323i v\u01b0\u0300a la\u0300m chu\u0309 li\u0323ch s\u01b0\u0309 c\u01b0\u0301u \u0111\u00f4\u0323, nh\u01b0ng trong chi\u0301nh ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tri\u0300nh cu\u0309a Thi\u00ean Chu\u0301a, s\u01b0\u0323 \u0111\u00f4\u0323c l\u00e2\u0323p \u0111u\u0301ng m\u01b0\u0301c cu\u0309a ta\u0323o v\u00e2\u0323t va\u0300 nh\u00e2\u0301t la\u0300 cu\u0309a con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i kh\u00f4ng h\u00ea\u0300 bi\u0323 hu\u0309y di\u00ea\u0323t, tra\u0301i la\u0323i co\u0300n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c phu\u0323c h\u00f4\u0300i va\u0300 cu\u0309ng c\u00f4\u0301 theo \u0111u\u0301ng ph\u00e2\u0309m gia\u0301 cu\u0309a mi\u0300nh. V\u00e2\u0323y, d\u01b0\u0323a va\u0300o Tin M\u01b0\u0300ng \u0111a\u0303 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c u\u0309y tha\u0301c cho mi\u0300nh, Gia\u0301o H\u00f4\u0323i c\u00f4ng b\u00f4\u0301 nh\u01b0\u0303ng quy\u00ea\u0300n l\u01a1\u0323i cu\u0309a con ng\u01b0\u01a1\u0300i, nhi\u0300n nh\u00e2\u0323n va\u0300 \u0111a\u0301nh gia\u0301 cao s\u01b0\u0323 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00f4\u0323ng cu\u0309a th\u01a1\u0300i hi\u00ea\u0323n \u0111a\u0323i v\u00e2\u0303n \u0111ang c\u00f4\u0309 vo\u0303 cho nh\u01b0\u0303ng quy\u00ea\u0300n l\u01a1\u0323i \u00e2\u0301y kh\u0103\u0301p n\u01a1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0\u0303ng tra\u0300o l\u01b0u \u0111o\u0301 pha\u0309i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c th\u00e2\u0301m nhu\u00e2\u0300n tinh th\u00e2\u0300n Tin M\u01b0\u0300ng va\u0300 pha\u0309i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1\u0323c ba\u0309o v\u00ea\u0323 tra\u0301nh kho\u0309i mo\u0323i hi\u0300nh th\u01b0\u0301c t\u01b0\u0323 tri\u0323 sai l\u00e2\u0300m<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n

(25)  C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, Tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o,<\/em> Dignitatis humanae (DH), s\u1ed1 2.<\/p>\n

(26)  Xem Ernest Fortin, \u00ab Human Rights and the Common Good \u00bb, CCIA Annual : Rights Authority and Community <\/em>13, Philadelphia, 1994, 1-7.<\/p>\n

(27)  Xem Bryan Hehir, \u00ab Religious Activism for Human Rights \u00bb, op. cit.<\/em>, p. 104-106.<\/p>\n

(28)  Xem David Hollenbach, Claims in Conflict<\/em>, op. cit.<\/p>\n

(29)  Xem David Hollenbach, \u00ab A communitarian reconstruction of human rights : contribution from Catholic tradition\u201d, in R. Bruce Douglass and D. Hollenbach (ed.), Catholicism and Liberalism<\/em>, Cambridge University Press, 2002, p. 127-150. Nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi quan ni\u1ec7m m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng \u00edch.<\/p>\n

(30)  \u201cNh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, do ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i (Cf. Saint Thomas, 1 Ethic. Lect. 1), l\u00e0 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd, ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 th\u00eam v\u00e0o cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2026\u201d (GS 25). C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, b\u1edfi v\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Ba Ng\u00f4i, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7p th\u00f4ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Ng\u00f4i V\u1ecb. \u201cKhi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u1edbi Ch\u00faa Cha \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u00ean m\u1ed9t\u2026, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u201d (Ga 17, 21-22), Ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 l\u00fd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 Ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u1ee3i \u00fd cho ch\u00fang ta r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a Ba Ng\u00f4i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a con c\u00e1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau\u201d (GS, 24).<\/p>\n

(31)  Trong th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 kinh t\u1ebf, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c Hoa K\u1ef3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng trong c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d, Economic Justice for All<\/em> (1986), s\u1ed1 79 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd coi \u201cs\u1ef1 tham gia\u201d l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u201cc\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d. C\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00e2y \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

(32)  S\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft Augustin\u00f4 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 gi\u00e1m h\u1ed9 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn \u201cs\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cquy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb<\/em>\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi mong mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh\u201d gi\u1eefa hai th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y m\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi danh hi\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 \u01a1n g\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d (GS 76).<\/p>\n

(33)  V\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201ctruy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u<\/em>\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ecbch, xem Alasdair McIntyre, Apr\u00e8s la Vertu. <\/em>\u00c9tude de th\u00e9orie morale<\/em>, (trad. fr.), Puf, L\u00e9viathan, 1997 ; et surtout Quelle justice ? Quelle rationalit\u00e9 ? <\/em>(trad. fr.), Puf, L\u00e9viathan, 1993.<\/p>\n

(34)  Xem C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II, Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf t\u00edn l\u00fd v\u1ec1 M\u1eb7c Kh\u1ea3i, Dei Verbum<\/em> (1965).<\/p>\n

(35)  Karl Rahner, \u00ab Toward a fundamental theological interpretation of Vatican II\u201d, Theological Studies<\/em>, 40 :4 (December 1979), p. 716-727.<\/p>\n

(36)  Commission th\u00e9ologique internationale, A la recherche d\u2019une \u00e9thique universelle. Nouveau regard sur la loi naturelle<\/em>, Vatican, 2009.<\/p>\n

—————————————————————<\/p>\n

T\u00fd Linh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n

(ngu\u1ed3n : CERAS<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ecbch li\u1ec7t t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn l\u00e0m truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c bi\u1ec7n minh […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":14514,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,31,32,8,48],"tags":[84,82,96,141],"class_list":["post-25932","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-luan-ly","category-nhan-ban","category-the-gioi","category-ty-linh","tag-giao-hoi-nha-nuoc","tag-nhan-quyen","tag-nhan-pham","tag-tu-do-ton-giao"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25932","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25932"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25932\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":29342,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/25932\/revisions\/29342"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/14514"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25932"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=25932"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=25932"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}