{"id":28801,"date":"2024-03-01T00:01:00","date_gmt":"2024-02-29T17:01:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=28801"},"modified":"2024-03-01T12:16:57","modified_gmt":"2024-03-01T05:16:57","slug":"cai-nhin-chung-ve-cac-toi-dau-moi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/cai-nhin-chung-ve-cac-toi-dau-moi\/","title":{"rendered":"C\u00c1I NH\u00ccN CHUNG V\u1ec0 C\u00c1C T\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ea6U M\u1ed0I"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u00e2n c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 c\u00f3 lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0o gi\u00e1o l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i xin gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng trong gi\u00e1o tr\u00ecnh B\u1ea3y t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i v\u00e0 d\u1eabn v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> m\u00e0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c nhau, v\u00e0 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y xin ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

C\u00c1I NH\u00ccN CHUNG V\u1ec0 C\u00c1C T\u1ed8I \u0110\u1ea6U M\u1ed0I<\/strong>[1]<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. \u00dd ngh\u0129a t\u1eeb ng\u1eef<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u (c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i, t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu: p\u00e9ch\u00e9s capitaux\/deadly sins<\/em>) kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i theo ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef n\u00e0y ng\u1ee5 \u00fd m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng mu\u1ed1n; \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u00bb c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (x\u1ea5u)\u00bb (theo ngh\u0129a x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb logismos<\/em>, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi ti\u1ebfng Do Th\u00e1i \u00ab y\u00easer<\/em> h\u00e2ra<\/em>\u2019, \u00ab khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u \u00bb; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng tinh th\u1ea7n\/qu\u1ef7 (x\u1ea5u) \u00bb (esprits, pneumata, spiritus<\/em>), v\u1edbi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c ma qu\u1ef7, hay \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u00bb (vices, vitia). N\u1ebfu t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u00ab t\u1ed9i \u00bb cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1edfi v\u00ec, m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n hay th\u00f3i quen h\u01b0\u1edbng chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c ; v\u00e0, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, ch\u00fang  d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i. Evagre le Pontique \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i l\u00ean kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 Hugues de Saint-Victor s\u1ebd l\u00e0m r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

    T\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u201clogismos\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

    Danh t\u1eeb \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03b9\u03c3\u03bc\u03cc\u03c2 (b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u03bb\u03bf\u03b3\u03af\u03b6\u03bf\u03bc\u03b1\u03b9) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c suy ngh\u0129, l\u00e0 logos<\/em>, l\u00fd tr\u00ed, l\u00e0 tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 (esprit<\/em>). Nh\u01b0ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t, logismos<\/em> (s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u logismoi<\/em>) l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 sinh ra, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

    Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, v\u00ec t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n cho s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0o \u00ab t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng (tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7) t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n sung gi\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1eeb t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng (c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n) v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u00bb (Evagre). N\u1ebfu t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u l\u00e0 \u00ab m\u1ea7m m\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i \u00bb (Athanase, Expos. In Ps<\/em>. 20, 11), th\u00ec cha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0nh cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh (Gr\u00e9goire de Nysse, Vita Mosis<\/em>). V\u00ec th\u1ebf c\u1ea7n vun tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t logismos<\/em> (Doroth\u00e9e, Instr. 12,129, p. 96).<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang, Orig\u00e8ne g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh l\u00e0 trong s\u1ea1ch (pures), c\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u l\u00e0 \u00f4 u\u1ebf. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh t\u1eeb ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh : t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ea7n linh, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ea3n nhi\u00ean, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh\u2026<\/p>\n

    Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tu \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n \u1edf nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u : t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ma qu\u1ef7, d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u0111am m\u00ea, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, t\u1ef1 ng\u00e3 (\u00fd ri\u00eang).<\/p>\n

    R\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh t\u1eeb logismos<\/em> (th\u01b0\u1eddng \u1edf s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u logismoi<\/em>) c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u. T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd, v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb logismos<\/em> (\u1edf s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh theo ngh\u0129a x\u1ea5u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh t\u1eeb \u0111i k\u00e8m (2 Cor 10, 4-5 : \u00ab Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed5 c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn<\/em> (logismoi<\/em>) v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 ki\u00eau c\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i b\u1eaft m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i t\u1edbi ch\u1ed7 v\u00e2ng ph\u1ee5c \u0110\u1ee9c Ki-t\u00f4 \u201d) v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 t\u1eeb dialogismos<\/em> (s\u1ed1 \u00edt v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 nhi\u1ec1u) theo ngh\u0129a x\u1ea5u (Lc 2, 35: \u201c\u2026nh\u1eefng \u00fd ngh\u0129 t\u1eeb th\u00e2m t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i l\u1ed9 ra<\/em>\u201d; 5, 22; 6, 8; 9, 46-47; 24, 38).<\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Evagre, logismos<\/em>, theo ngh\u0129a \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ch\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh\u201d (trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed), m\u1ed9t \u1ea3o \u1ea3nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c. H\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong tinh th\u1ea7n (\u03bd\u03bf\u03cd\u03c2: n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c), nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 n\u01a1i ph\u1ea7n h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1eb3ng c\u1ee7a n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7, trong dianoia<\/em>, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ta l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hay ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n, n\u00f3 lay \u0111\u1ed9ng tinh th\u1ea7n, do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng n\u1ed5i n\u00ean v\u00e0 k\u00edch th\u00edch con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u1ea7m k\u00edn \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, hay \u00edt ra, t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ki\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1edbi h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh n\u00e0y m\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xua \u0111u\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n

    T\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u201c\u0111am m\u00ea\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

    \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a Evagre v\u1ec1 logismos<\/em> l\u00e0 kh\u00e1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111am m\u00ea\u201d th\u00ec d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng sau c\u1ee7a Maxime Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tuy\u00ean T\u00edn: \u201c \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec7n, s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c, \u0111am m\u00ea l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng, m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n b\u00e0, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng; ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edb \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng; m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quy\u1ebfn luy\u1ebfn phi l\u00fd hay m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u1eadn th\u00f9 m\u00f9 qu\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111am m\u00ea\u201d (Centuries sur la charit\u00e9 II<\/em>, 42, SC 9 (1943), p.136).<\/p>\n

    T\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh thanh t\u1ea9y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 sau : \u00ab T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u m\u00e0 \u0111an s\u0129 \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ma qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1eafm t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea ra kh\u1ecfi c\u00e1c h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng : n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh khi nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00bb (Centuries sur la charit\u00e9 II<\/em>, 40, SC 9 (1943), p.136).<\/p>\n

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    1. Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      Orig\u00e8ne th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi nhau gi\u1eefa logismos<\/em> v\u00e0 pneuma<\/em> hay daimon<\/em> (ma qu\u1ef7). \u0110\u1eb1ng sau t\u1eeb ng\u1eef logismos<\/em>, nh\u01b0 Evagre s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ti\u1ebfp theo sau Orig\u00e8ne, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t \u00fd ni\u1ec7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd Do th\u00e1i gi\u00e1o, \u00fd ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 t\u1eeb y\u00easer <\/em>(t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng) di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3. N\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Hy l\u1ea1p d\u1ecbch th\u00e0nh diaboulion<\/em> (x. Hu\u1ea5n ca 15, 14)[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n

      Trong cu\u1ed1n la Vie d\u2019Antoine<\/em>, \u1edf ch\u01b0\u01a1ng V, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 g\u1eb7p th\u1ea5y h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u l\u00e0 v\u0169 kh\u00ed c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u0129. Evagre th\u00ec n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch chung kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u201cma qu\u1ef7\u201d (d\u00e9mon<\/em>) hay \u201ct\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng\u201d (pens\u00e9e<\/em>) hay \u201ctinh th\u1ea7n\u201d (esprit<\/em>).<\/p>\n

      S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t h\u00f3a n\u00e0y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c logismoi<\/em> kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec x\u1ea5u. Nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ma qu\u1ef7 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u201cs\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n x\u00e1c\u201d, n\u00ean Maxime Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tuy\u00ean T\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cba con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edf l\u1ed1i cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111am m\u00ea trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed: c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c, t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng (kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t) th\u1ec3 l\u00fd, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m\u201d (Centuries sur la charit\u00e9 II<\/em>, 74, SC 9 (1943), p.115).<\/p>\n

      C\u1ea7n th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ma qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qua c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea; c\u00e1c k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111am m\u00ea cung c\u1ea5p ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu cho c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u. C\u00e1c tri\u1ebft gia c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i[3]<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n c\u00e3i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2m l\u00fd: \u00ab Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 h\u1ed3i t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00eau g\u1ee3i c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea, hay ch\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea kh\u01a1i l\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u1edb ? \u00bb (Trait\u00e9 pratique<\/em> 37, SC 171 (1971), p. 585). Evagre c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn r\u1eb1ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng : \u00ab N\u1ebfu ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt, th\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt c\u00e1ch \u0111am m\u00ea, v\u00e0, ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ti\u1ebfp nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch \u0111am m\u00ea, th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m \u0111am m\u00ea v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang \u00bb (Trait\u00e9 pratique<\/em> 34, SC 171 (1971), p. 579).<\/p>\n

      C\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i v\u1edbi Tin M\u1eebng r\u1eb1ng \u00ab ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ea5u x\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ebfn \u00bb (Mt 15, 19). Nh\u01b0ng theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o ? Ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng duy c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n (messalianisme[4]<\/a>) \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1ecdc thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00ednh th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ebfn  \u00ab t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u00bb, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, theo Th\u00e9ophane le Reclus, ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c th\u1eb3m n\u01a1i c\u00e1c linh \u1ee9ng th\u1ea7n linh v\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng con r\u1eafn \u00bb pha tr\u1ed9n. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0o m\u00e0 l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn : m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, b\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ed5n b\u1edfi c\u00e1i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c nh\u1eefng chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111am m\u00ea. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u00ab b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh \u00bb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3i b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 h\u1ea1nh t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch ch\u1eefa l\u00e0nh (x. Pseudo-Macaire, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng<\/em> 16, 6, PG 34,617ab). B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ch\u00ednh Th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1o, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Evagre r\u1eb1ng ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thi\u00ean th\u1ea7n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ma qu\u1ef7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u0111an vi\u1ec7n, tuy nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 t\u00edn h\u1eefu. C\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00ean<\/em>, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1<\/em> v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1<\/em> c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u bi\u1ec3u l\u1ed9 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a h\u01a1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau. Nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y t\u1ea1i \u0110\u00f4ng Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e1m t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng r\u1ed3i \u1edf T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng con s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n b\u1ea3y, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 b\u1ea3y t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i<\/em>.<\/p>\n

        3.1. \u00c9vagre le Pontique v\u00e0 Jean Cassien<\/em><\/p>\n

        Ch\u00ednh trong cu\u1ed1n Practicos<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00c9vagre (m\u1ea5t 399) m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean : \u00ab C\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u00e1m lo\u1ea1i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u : \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng (la gourmandise<\/em>), r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng m\u00ea d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c (la fornication<\/em>), th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n (l\u2019avarice<\/em>), th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n (la tristesse<\/em>), th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn (la col\u00e8re<\/em>), th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh (l\u2019ac\u00e9die<\/em>), th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 h\u00e1o danh (la vaine gloire<\/em>), th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o (l\u2019orgueil<\/em>). Vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 qu\u1ea5y r\u1ed1i linh h\u1ed3n hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ; nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00fang kh\u01a1i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111am m\u00ea hay kh\u00f4ng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta \u00bb (SC 171, 1971, tr.506-509).<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 7-14 c\u1ee7a Practicos<\/em> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eebng logismoi<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 15-33 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00c9vagre m\u00f4t t\u1ea3 th\u1eadt d\u00e0i trong Antirrheticos<\/em>, v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft h\u01a1n trong t\u1eadp Lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 t\u00e1m tinh th\u1ea7n x\u1ea5u<\/em> (Trait\u00e9 des huit esprits de malice)<\/em> (PG 79, 1145a-1164a ; d\u01b0\u1edbi danh x\u01b0ng Nil).<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c<\/em> c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc r\u1eb1ng \u00c9vagre \u0111\u00e3 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Orig\u00e8ne. Trong nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Orig\u00e8ne \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng danh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef m\u00e0 \u00c9vagre \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a bao gi\u1edd t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p l\u1ea1i trong th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y (Trong Mt 15, 18 ; Xh 8, 5, Ds 27, 12, Gr 5, 2 ; Ed 6, 11 ; nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 trong Giosu\u00ea 15, 4-5, n\u01a1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eeb ti\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00f3a v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c m\u00e0 d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ee5c xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ecfi \u0110\u1ea5t H\u1ee9a, theo s\u00e1ch \u0110nl 7, 1 : ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y, c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi Xh 23, 22-23, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng ).<\/p>\n

        C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 con s\u1ed1 t\u00e1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1i Kh\u1eafc K\u1ef7, b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p b\u1ed1n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac\/\u0111am m\u00ea (passions)<\/em> c\u0103n b\u1ea3n (bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n (tristesse<\/em>), s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i (crainte<\/em>), th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n (convoitise<\/em>), kho\u00e1i l\u1ea1c (plaisir<\/em>)) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi b\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 (kh\u1edd d\u1ea1i (d\u00e9raison<\/em>), h\u00e8n nh\u00e1t (l\u00e2chet\u00e9<\/em>), b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng (injustice<\/em>), v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 (intemp\u00e9rance<\/em>)) ; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c t\u1eeb ng\u1eef kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi nhau. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00c9vagre g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u00e1ch ng\u1ee5y th\u01b0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c Do th\u00e1i h\u01a1n, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n C\u00e1c di ch\u00fac c\u1ee7a m\u01b0\u1eddi hai T\u1ed5 ph\u1ee5<\/em> (Les Testaments des douze patriarches<\/em> (Ruben 3, 3-6 ; nxb. H. Charles, Oxford, 1908 ; Orig\u00e8ne c\u0169ng quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y trong Giosu\u00ea 15, 5) ; tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1ea3y<\/em> \u00ab tinh th\u1ea7n \u00bb.<\/p>\n

        \u00dd ki\u1ebfn g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i c\u1ee7a R. Reitzenstein, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c H.W. Bloomfield l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i, l\u1ea1i g\u00e1n danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00c9vagre v\u1edbi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft b\u1ea3y \u00ab q\u1ee7y \u00bb cai tr\u1ecb b\u1ea3y h\u00e0nh tinh, m\u00e0 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng b\u00ed truy\u1ec1n truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i (x. A Guillaumont, intro. A l\u2019\u00e9d. du Trait\u00e9 pratique<\/em>, SC 170, 1971, p. 63-84).<\/p>\n

        Jean Cassien (m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 425) \u0111\u00e3 truy\u1ec1n cho T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a \u00c9vagre (Institutions c\u00e9nobitiques,<\/em> V, 1 ; SC 109, 1965, tr. 190 ; Conf\u00e9rences<\/em> V, 2, SC 42, 1955, tr190). \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e3 phi\u00ean chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u t\u1eeb c\u1ee7a danh s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd chuy\u1ec3n sang ti\u1ebfng La Tinh ; m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn<\/em> tr\u01b0\u1edbc bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n. Th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u00ab t\u00e1m t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u00bb, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111an s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i \u00ab d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u \u00bb, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed1n Institutions<\/em> c\u00e9nobitiques,<\/em> cu\u1ed1n V, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 1, nh\u01b0 sau : \u00ab Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 gastrimargie  <\/em>\u2013 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng (trong Conf\u00e9rences<\/em> d\u00f9ng t\u1eeb ventris ingluvies<\/em>) ; th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 fornication<\/em> (m\u00ea d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c) ; th\u1ee9 ba l\u00e0 philargyrie<\/em> \u2013 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n, hay, \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, l\u00f2ng y\u00eau ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c ; th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 col\u00e8re<\/em> (h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn) ; th\u1ee9 n\u0103m l\u00e0 tristesse<\/em> (bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c), th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u l\u00e0 ac\u00e9die<\/em> (ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh)\u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo \u00e2u hay ch\u00e1n ng\u1ea5y c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ; th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y l\u00e0 c\u00e9nodoxie<\/em> \u2013 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e1o danh (vaine gloire<\/em>) ; th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m l\u00e0 orgueil <\/em>(ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o) \u00bb.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 5-14 c\u1ee7a Institutions<\/em> c\u00e9nobitiques <\/em>m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 chi ti\u1ebft cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1eebng t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1m \u00ab tinh th\u1ea7n \u00bb (t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong c\u00e1c ti\u00eau \u0111\u1ec1) ; c\u0169ng th\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 12-27 c\u1ee7a Conf\u00e9rence V<\/em> (\u0111an vi\u1ec7n ph\u1ee5 S\u00e9rapion). \u0110ang khi m\u00e0 c\u00e1c Institutions<\/em> (m\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi Practicos<\/em>) n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129, th\u00ec c\u00e1c Conf\u00e9rences <\/em>l\u1ea1i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111an tu v\u00e0 c\u0169ng n\u00f3i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u0129 (c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 16 v\u00e0 18 mu\u1ed1n dung h\u00f2a t\u00e1m<\/em> t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y<\/em> d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a s\u00e1ch \u0110\u1ec7 nh\u1ecb lu\u1eadt 7, 1 : k\u1ebb th\u00f9 b\u1ea1i tr\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 d\u00e2n Ai C\u1eadp).<\/p>\n

         3.2. Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 C\u1ea3<\/em> (m\u1ea5t 604)<\/p>\n

        Th\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u1edbi<\/em>, g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb Cassien nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 ba \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, d\u01b0\u1edbi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4 (De Genesi ad litteram<\/em> XI, 14, 18), ng\u00e0i d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang superbia<\/em> (ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o\/ki\u00eau c\u0103ng) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 d\u1eef \u00bb (xem Hc 10, 13), v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh b\u1ea3y t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u00e0i b\u1ecf ac\u00e9die<\/em>, m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i th\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0o v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n (tristitia<\/em>) (Cassien \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng ghi nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng acedia<\/em> l\u00e0 \u00ab adfinis tristitiae<\/em> \u00bb (h\u1ecd h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n) ; Institutions<\/em> 10, 1, tr. 384), v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 invidia<\/em> (ghen gh\u00e9t) m\u00e0 Augustin\u00f4 n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o. Sau c\u00f9ng, ng\u00e0i s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Cassien b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u tinh t\u1ebf h\u01a1n (x. R. Gillet, introd. \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9d. des Moralia<\/em>, SC 32, p. 89-102). \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn b\u1edfi v\u00ec ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n n\u00f3i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111an s\u0129. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u thi\u00eang li\u00eang <\/em>:<\/p>\n

        \u00ab Radix quippe cuncti mali supe<\/strong>rbia est de qua Scriptu<\/strong>ra attesta<\/strong>nte (Sir 10, 15) di<\/strong>citur : Ini<\/strong>tium omnis pecca<\/strong>ti est supe<\/strong>rbia. Primae autem ejus so<\/strong>boles, septem ni<\/strong>mirum principa<\/strong>lia vi<\/strong>tia, de hac virule<\/strong>nta radi<\/strong>ce proferu<\/strong>ntur, sci<\/strong>licet : ina<\/strong>nis glo<\/strong>ria, invi<\/strong>dia, ira, tristi<\/strong>tia, avari<\/strong>tia, ventris inglu<\/strong>vies, luxu<\/strong>ria. Nam, quia his septem supe<\/strong>rbiae vi<\/strong>tiis nos captos do<\/strong>luit, idci<\/strong>rco Rede<\/strong>mptor noster ad spiritua<\/strong>le liberatio<\/strong>nis prae<\/strong>lium spi<\/strong>ritu septifo<\/strong>rmis gra<\/strong>tiae plenus venit\u201d (Mora<\/strong>lia<\/em> in Job<\/em> XXXI, 87; PL 76, 621a). D\u1ecbch (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a cha Louis Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n B\u00ednh): \u201cD\u0129 nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi s\u1ef1 d\u1eef l\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y (Hc 10, 13) khi n\u00f3i: Kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i l\u00e0 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o. M\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu du\u1ec7 ti\u00ean kh\u1edfi c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00fang l\u00e0 b\u1ea3y th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 x\u1ea5u xa n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: vinh danh h\u01b0 \u1ea3o, ghen gh\u00e9t, h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn, bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c, h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n, h\u00e1u \u0103n, d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c<\/em>. Do \u0111\u00e3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta b\u1ecb k\u00ecm h\u00e3m b\u1edfi b\u1ea3y th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, cho n\u00ean \u0110\u1ea5ng C\u1ee9u \u0110\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea7y tr\u00e0n th\u1ea7n kh\u00ed b\u1ea3y ngu\u1ed3n \u00e2n ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u gi\u1ea3i ph\u00f3ng ch\u00fang ta\u201d (Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong s\u00e1ch Gi\u00f3p<\/em> 31, 87).<\/p>\n

        M\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t \u00ab t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu \u00bb, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00ab vi\u00ean t\u01b0\u1edbng \u00bb (dux<\/em>), \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3t n\u00f3, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh \u00ab \u0111\u1ed9i qu\u00e2n \u00bb (exercitus<\/em>) \u00ab c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5 \u00bb c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (PL 88, 621ac). \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00e1nh Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c Conf\u00e9rences<\/em> c\u1ee7a Cassien.<\/p>\n

        Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c uy th\u1ebf l\u1edbn su\u1ed1t th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5 \u1edf T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y m\u00e0 Ambroise Autpert (m\u1ea5t 784) \u0111\u00e3 quy chi\u1ebfu trong cu\u1ed1n De conflictu vitiorum atque virtuum<\/em>, trong \u0111\u00f3 Ambroise Autpert \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi m\u1ed7i m\u1ed9t t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

        V\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o trong Glossa ordinaria <\/em>(s\u00e1ch ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i c\u00e1c b\u00e0i \u0111\u1ecdc), v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 Xh 23, 22 v\u00e0 \u0110nl 7, 1, l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

        Tuy nhi\u00ean, danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 uy th\u1ebf tr\u00ean t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Isidore de S\u00e9ville (m\u1ea5t 636) l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u00e1m t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u n\u01a1i Cassien, theo c\u00f9ng th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay invidia<\/em> v\u00e0o ch\u1ed7 acedia<\/em> (Differentiae<\/em> II, 161, PL 83, 96-97). M\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn De octo vitiis principalibus<\/em>, m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta cho l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Colomban (m\u1ea5t 615), \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Cassien b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thay th\u1ebf avaritia<\/em> b\u1eb1ng cupiditas (<\/em>l\u00f2ng tham ti\u1ec1n, ham c\u1ee7a). Cu\u1ed1n Poenitentiale<\/em> c\u1ee7a Cummean (m\u1ea5t 662) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i  ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea3i trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi octo principalia vitia<\/em>, m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ; th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Cassien : \u00ab m\u00ea d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c (fornicatio<\/em>), ham ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a (filargiria<\/em>), gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn (ira),<\/em> bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n (tristitia<\/em>), ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh (accidia<\/em>), h\u00e1o danh (jactantia<\/em>\/khoe khoang kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c), ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o (superbia<\/em>) \u00bb. Cu\u1ed1n Poenitentiale Bigotianum<\/em> (th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 9) \u0111\u1eb7t danh s\u00e1ch Cassien d\u01b0\u1edbi danh Isidore v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 t\u00fac n\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ph\u1ee5 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb Conf\u00e9rence <\/em>V, 16 ; ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c hoa tr\u00e1i c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n theo Gal 5, 22-24 ; xa h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1n t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c \u00bb cho t\u00e1m t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1eddi Carol\u00f4<\/em> gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i con s\u1ed1 t\u00e1m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u thay \u0111\u1ed5i ; n\u00f3i chung th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4.<\/p>\n

        Alcuin (m\u1ea5t 804) vi\u1ebft : \u00ab Octo sunt principalia vel originalia vitiorum\u2026 : superbia, gula (m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng), fornicatio, avaritia, ira, acedia, tristitia, cenodoxia, vana gloria\u201d.<\/p>\n

        Raban Maur (m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 856) l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i invidia<\/em>, gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i acedia<\/em> v\u00e0 tristitia<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng bao g\u1ed3m vana gloria<\/em> trong superbia<\/em> (De ecclesiastica disciplina<\/em> III). Trong De vitiis et virtutibus<\/em> III, Raban tr\u00edch Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 v\u00e0 Cassien v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n dung h\u00f2a c\u1ea3 hai, b\u1edfi th\u1ebf \u00f4ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch ch\u00edn t\u1eeb : \u00ab superbia, inanis gloria, invidia, ira, tristitia, avaritia, gastrimargia, luxuria, acedia<\/em> \u00bb.<\/p>\n

        Theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a H\u1ed3ng y Tom\u00e1\u0161 \u0160pidl\u00edk, tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u b\u00ean T\u00e2y Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch t\u00edn l\u00fd h\u01a1n, \u0111ang khi b\u00ean \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00ec t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

        3.3. Con s\u1ed1 7 t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u<\/em><\/p>\n

        S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n chia c\u1ee7a Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3: tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1m t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn con s\u1ed1 7. Con s\u1ed1 7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y, to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 (x. Augustin, De civitate Dei<\/em>, XI, 31), v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng b\u1ea3n v\u0103n Th\u00e1nh Kinh c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u: b\u1ea3y k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a d\u00e2n Do Th\u00e1i (\u0110nl 7, 1), b\u1ea3y qu\u1ef7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c Tin M\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp (Mt 12, 45; Lc 11, 26; Mc 16, 9). Cu\u1ed1n Glossa ordinaria <\/em>v\u1ec1 Mt 12, 45 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng li\u1ec7t k\u00ea ch\u00fang, b\u1ea3y t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c (ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1eady, \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ebfn, kh\u00f4n ngoan, can \u0111\u1ea3m, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, ti\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed9) v\u00e0 v\u1edbi b\u1ea3y \u01a1n c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

        \u1ede \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Jean Climaque (m\u1ea5t kho\u1ea3ng 650) do d\u1ef1 v\u1ec1 con s\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng. Nh\u01b0 \u00c9vagre, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u00e1m t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u (Scala<\/em> XIII, PG 68, 860) v\u00e0 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u1eebng t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u (VIII-XXIII; V v\u00e0 XXVII b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n). Nh\u01b0ng ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, khi n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u01b0 danh, \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb th\u00e1p nh\u1eadp n\u00f3 v\u00e0o ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3m con s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u (logismoi<\/em>) th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y \u201cnh\u01b0 Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh\u201d (XXII, 948d-949a).<\/p>\n

        \u1ece T\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng, Hugues de Saint-Victor (1096-1141) d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i con s\u1ed1 b\u1ea3y. Kho\u1ea3ng n\u0103m 1130, trong cu\u1ed1n De quinque septenis<\/em>, \u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb7t song song b\u1ea3y t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u (superbia, invidia, ira, tristitia, avaritia, gula, luxuria), b\u1ea3y l\u1eddi c\u1ea7u xin trong kinh L\u1ea1y Cha, b\u1ea3y \u01a1n Ch\u00faa Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n, b\u1ea3y nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c (\u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong v\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e2u Mt 5, 3-9) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3y m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac (v\u1ebf th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u n\u00e0y; \u00e9d. Critique R. Baron, Six opuscules spirituels<\/em>, SC 155, 1969, p.100-19). Vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac  xu\u1ed1ng th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1edfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a Augustin\u00f4, xem m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac th\u1ee9 t\u00e1m nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i ph\u00fac v\u1ec1 \u00ab con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n \u00bb \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng r\u1ed3i (De sermone Domini in monte<\/em> I, 4, 12).<\/p>\n

        S\u1ef1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a m\u00e0 Hugues \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb, v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng (kho\u1ea3ng 1140), trong cu\u1ed1n Summa de sacramentis christianae fidei<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i. \u1ede \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ea7n th\u1ee9 13 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n II, c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 De vitiis et virtutibus<\/em>, Hugues x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab nh\u1eefng t\u1eadt l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u00bb, ch\u00fang nghi\u00eang chi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 :<\/p>\n

        \u00ab Septem capita<\/strong>lia vi<\/strong>tia sive principa<\/strong>lia, origina<\/strong>lia sacra Scriptu<\/strong>ra comme<\/strong>morat, quae i<\/strong>deo capita<\/strong>lia vel principa<\/strong>lia vel origina<\/strong>lia dicu<\/strong>ntur quia reliquo<\/strong>rum o<\/strong>mnium caput sunt et princi<\/strong>pium vel o<\/strong>rigo. Hoc autem intere<\/strong>sse vide<\/strong>tur inter pecca<\/strong>ta et vi<\/strong>tia, quod vi<\/strong>tia sunt corruptio<\/strong>nes animae, ex quibus, si ratio<\/strong>ne non refrene<\/strong>ntur, pecca<\/strong>ta, id est actus injusti<\/strong>tiae, oriu<\/strong>ntur. Quando autem tenta<\/strong>nti vi<\/strong>tio conse<\/strong>nsus adhibe<\/strong>tur, actus injusti<\/strong>tiae est, quod pecca<\/strong>tum di<\/strong>citur\u2026Sunt autem haec : prima supe<\/strong>rbia<\/em>, secu<\/strong>nda invi<\/strong>dia<\/em>, te<\/strong>rtia ira<\/strong>, quarta aci<\/strong>dia<\/em>, quinta avari<\/strong>tia<\/em>, sexta gula<\/em>, se<\/strong>ptima luxu<\/strong>ria<\/em> \u00bb (Summa de sacrame<\/strong>ntis christia<\/strong>nae fi<\/strong>dei<\/em>, II, 13, 1 ; PL 176, 525ac). D\u1ecbch (b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a cha Louis Nguy\u1ec5n V\u0103n B\u00ednh) : \u00ab Kinh Th\u00e1nh nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3y th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed9c, m\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu ho\u1eb7c thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed9c v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u, l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c, v\u00ec ch\u00fang l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u l\u00e0m h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng linh h\u1ed3n, xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb ch\u00fang, n\u1ebfu l\u00fd tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng k\u00ecm h\u00e3m, th\u00ec sinh ra t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ngh\u1ecbch v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh. Khi c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u01b0ng thu\u1eadn chi\u1ec1u theo th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, th\u00ec c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i\u2026Nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i x\u1ea5u \u1ea5y l\u00e0 : th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t <\/em>ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, th\u1ee9 hai <\/em>ghen gh\u00e9t, th\u1ee9 ba <\/em>h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn, th\u1ee9 b\u1ed1n <\/em>bu\u1ed3n b\u1ef1c, th\u1ee9 n\u0103m <\/em>h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n, th\u1ee9 s\u00e1u <\/em>m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng, th\u1ee9 b\u1ea3y <\/em>d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c \u00bb (T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c b\u00ed t\u00edch c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>, II, 13, 1).<\/p>\n

        Trong ph\u1ea7n m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1eafn t\u1eaft m\u1ed7i t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u theo sau, Hugues tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y acidia<\/em> nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u00ab m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 l\u1ed9n x\u1ed9n tinh th\u1ea7n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ch\u00e1n ng\u1ea5y hay s\u1ef1 cay \u0111\u1eafng v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u00bb. Ti\u1ebfp theo, \u00f4ng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai lo\u1ea1i ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o<\/em> : ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o b\u00ean trong l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ; ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, m\u00e0 \u00f4ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 jactantia<\/em> (h\u00e1o danh\/khoe khoang kho\u00e1c l\u00e1c) v\u00e0 thay th\u1ebf cho h\u00e1o danh (vana gloria<\/em>) m\u00e0 Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 C\u1ea3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn : \u00ab superbia in elationne cordis ; jactantia is ostentatione operis <\/em>\u00bb ; th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 m\u00e3n n\u01a1i b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, lu\u00f4n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm danh v\u1ecdng c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 l\u1ed1i. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u00ab acidia \u00bb do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i theo ngh\u0129a bu\u1ed3n ch\u00e1n, v\u00e0 h\u00e1o danh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a con s\u1ed1 7. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, Hugues c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ki\u1ec3u n\u00f3i \u00ab vitia capitalia<\/em> \u00bb (c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu) v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u<\/em> \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i<\/em> : theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, Hugues l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u00ab b\u1ea3y m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u \u00bb.<\/p>\n

        \u0110\u1ebfn th\u1eddi Pierre de Lombard, trong Libri IV Sententiarum<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh (sau n\u0103m 1139), \u00f4ng l\u1ea1i li\u1ec7t k\u00ea \u00ab b\u1ea3y t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu \u00bb theo th\u00e1nh Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 C\u1ea3 ; nh\u01b0ng hai t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a danh s\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i : acidia <\/em>hay tristitia<\/em> (thay v\u00ec tristitia<\/em>), v\u00e0 gastrimargia<\/em> (thay v\u00ec ventris ingluvies<\/em>).<\/p>\n

        V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 13, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Guillaume Peyraut, m\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c v\u1ec1 sau. Sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t chung v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i ( Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn I), Guillaume Peyraut li\u1ec1n b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng (gourmandise<\/em>), d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c (luxure<\/em>), h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n (avarice<\/em>), ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh (ac\u00e9die<\/em>) (II-IV), r\u1ed3i ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o (orgueil<\/em>), ghen gh\u00e9t (envie<\/em>) v\u00e0 gi\u1eadn h\u1eddn (col\u00e8re<\/em>) (V-VIII). Ch\u00ednh khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o m\u00e0 \u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 logic n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 cho b\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh : b\u1ed1n t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u00ednh ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt ; c\u00f2n ba t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u sau c\u00f9ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 thi\u00eang li\u00eang. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u, c\u00e1ch chung, \u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ra nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c \u00ab v\u1ec7 tinh \u00bb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb ch\u00fang. \u1ede Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn IX, \u00f4ng th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u00ab t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1i l\u01b0\u1ee1i \u00bb ; \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng minh nhi\u00ean xem n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u00ab m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i sau ch\u00fang \u00bb v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng n\u00f3. Li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ac\u00e9die<\/em>, \u00f4ng d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0i cho t\u00ednh \u0103n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i r\u1ed3i.<\/p>\n

        V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIII, b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu c\u00e1ch v\u1eafn t\u1eaft trong cu\u1ed1n T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc<\/em> 1a 2ae, q.84 ( ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y kia trong 2a 2ae, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n q. 35 b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 acedia). Ng\u00e0i b\u00e0n d\u00e0i d\u00f2ng h\u01a1n t\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn De malo<\/em>. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y theo sau danh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i accidia<\/em> thay v\u00ec tristitia<\/em> ; tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ng\u00e0i d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n cho superbia (q.8), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c theo sau b\u1edfi b\u1ea3y v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c : inanis gloria<\/em> (9), invidia <\/em>(10), accidia<\/em> (11), ira<\/em> (12), avaritia<\/em> (13), gula<\/em> (14), luxuria<\/em> (15). Kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh tu \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

        Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t b\u1ea3y m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u, nh\u01b0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 La tinh v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e2n chia c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 sau : ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u01b0\u1edbc ao m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i, ho\u1eb7c h\u1ecd ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 d\u1eef.<\/p>\n

        Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t theo nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 l\u1edbn ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u1eefng quy\u1ebfn r\u0169 n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi ba \u00ab d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng \u00bb m\u00e0 th\u00e1nh Gioan n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn (1Ga2, 16),\u2026 : d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft \u2013 hay th\u00f3i h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n<\/em> \u2013 c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gi\u00e0u sang ; d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00fa vui \u1edf b\u00e0n \u0103n (th\u00f3i m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng<\/em>) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh (l\u00f2ng m\u00ea d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c) ; th\u00f3i ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang m\u00ecnh, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng danh v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n

        Trong vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh th\u1ee9 hai, hai th\u1ee9 \u00ab c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i \u00bb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n : ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng To\u00e0n Tha : ac\u00e9die<\/em> (v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng th\u00f3i l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng) bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i tinh th\u1ea7n l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ; l\u00f2ng ganh t\u1ef5<\/em> bu\u1ed3n phi\u1ec1n v\u1ec1 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 mu\u1ed1n h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t tha nh\u00e2n trong s\u1ef1 h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn<\/em>.<\/p>\n

        T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 12, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u danh s\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u1ea3ng thuy\u1ebft. T\u1eeb th\u1eddi n\u00e0y, s\u1ef1 xung \u0111\u1ed9t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111i\u00eau kh\u1eafc hay n\u01a1i c\u00e1c c\u1eeda k\u00ednh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00f2a nh\u00e0 t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o\u2026<\/p>\n

        T\u1eeb th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 14 \u0111\u1ebfn 17, c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ; c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt, c\u00e1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd gia quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i.<\/p>\n

        Danh s\u00e1ch b\u1ea3y t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u hay b\u1ea3y m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 Hugues \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 chi\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n v\u00e2n li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ac\u00e9die<\/em>. T\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1m d\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111an vi\u1ec7n ; n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1ch kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n. Jonas d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1edbi n\u00f3 : \u00ab acedia, <\/em>id est otiositas<\/em> (\u0103n kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ed3i r\u1ed3i, l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng, kh\u00f4ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng) \u00bb. V\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef n\u00e0y h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 \u00ab t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a \u00bb theo ngh\u0129a l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng (paresse<\/em>), ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 ch\u00e1n gh\u00e9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 bu\u00f4ng th\u1ea3 trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (x. S. Wenzel, The Sin of Sloth<\/em>, ch. VII, p. 164-187 The deterioration of acedia). Jonas d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans, trong cu\u1ed1n La Somme le Roi<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7t l\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u1ebfng v\u00e0o v\u1ecb tr\u00ed th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi (p\u00e9ch\u00e9s mortels).<\/p>\n

        C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 mortels<\/em>, v\u00e0 Jonas d\u2019Orl\u00e9ans so s\u00e1nh ch\u00fang v\u1edbi \u00ab b\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Con Th\u00fa \u00bb (Kh 13, 1) ; t\u00ednh t\u1eeb mortel<\/em> kh\u00f4ng theo ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (t\u1ed9i tr\u1ecdng) ; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i ch\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

          \n
        1. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u hay c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          \u00ab T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ra trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u00bb (B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Pseudo-Macaire 6,3, PG 34, 520b). Ch\u00ednh t\u1eeb th\u00e1nh Matth\u00eau (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng 15) m\u00e0 Orig\u00e8ne \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ra kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh : \u00ab Ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u1ea5u \u00bb (Comment. In<\/em> Mt 21.). \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00ab cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u00bb.<\/p>\n

          Theo l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u1ee7a Evagre, th\u00ec \u00ab v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf \u0111\u1eddi, ma qu\u1ef7 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng\/s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (objets) h\u01a1n\u2026 \u00bb (Trait\u00e9 pratique<\/em> 48, SC 171 (1971), p. 609). \u00ab Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh \u00bb li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt (\u03c0\u03c1\u03b1\u03b3\u03bc\u03b1\u03c4\u03b1). S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi ch\u00fang l\u00e0m n\u1ea3y sinh c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00e1ng c\u1ef1 l\u1ea1i ma qu\u1ef7 trong ph\u1ea1m vi n\u00e0y, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ki\u00eang nh\u1ecbn, t\u1eeb b\u1ecf c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng (p.179).<\/p>\n

          \u00ab Nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ea9n s\u0129, th\u00ec ma qu\u1ef7 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng ; qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, v\u00ec s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 t\u1ecbch, n\u00ean h\u1ecd thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u00bb (Trait\u00e9 pratique<\/em>, p. 609)[5]<\/a>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta coi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, \u00ab cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m \u00bb l\u00e0 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 ch\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i : \u00ab V\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i b\u00ean trong h\u01a1n l\u00e0 qua h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng bao nhi\u00eau, th\u00ec cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn n\u1ed9i n\u00e2m c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea5y nhi\u00eau. V\u00ec tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng lay \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 k\u00ecm gi\u1eef theo nghi\u00eang chi\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n<\/em> \u00bb (Trait\u00e9 pratique<\/em> 48, SC 171 (1971), p. 609). Maxime ng\u01b0\u1eddi Tuy\u00ean T\u00edn \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1o : \u00ab H\u00e3y gi\u1eef m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eebng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u01a1i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng tr\u00e1nh kh\u1ecfi \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng : kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd  ta ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ta \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em> \u00bb (Centuries sur la charit\u00e9 II<\/em>, 78, SC 9 (1943), p.117).<\/p>\n

          H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n b\u1ea3y t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i ng\u00e0y nay c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i sau nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch t\u00e2m l\u00fd h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cho ph\u00e9p n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o sinh h\u1ecdc, v\u1edbi kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 v\u1edbi t\u00ednh t\u00ecnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i h\u1eb3n s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, do th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 hay b\u1ea5t c\u1eadp, trong s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n b\u1ec7nh l\u00fd c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a gi\u1eadn d\u1eef). V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ta s\u1ebd th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u n\u00e0y hay t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u kia \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng n\u00e9t ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, m\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh theo kh\u00ed ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y (idiosyncrasie<\/em>) v\u00e0 theo c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

          C\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu cho th\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh m\u00e0 g\u1ee3i l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u00ab xung \u0111\u1ed9ng\/n\u0103ng<\/em> \u00bb (pulsions (ti\u1ebfng \u0110\u1ee9c : trieb<\/em> = xung \u0111\u1ed9ng, b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng)) : Nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00f4 th\u1ee9c th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n) c\u1ee7a ph\u00e2n t\u00e2m h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a S. Freud. L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a Freud  nh\u1eafc nh\u1edb \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u00ab qu\u1ef7 qu\u00e1i \u00bb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c logismoi<\/em> n\u01a1i Evagre, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng tinh th\u1ea7n (spiritus<\/em>) n\u01a1i Cassien. Ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o v\u1ec1 \u00ab \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng xung \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00bb, m\u00e0 Freud nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, \u00f4ng quy c\u00e1c xung \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 \u00ab hai nhu c\u1ea7u ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta : \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00bb ; v\u1eady m\u00e0 n\u01a1i Evarge, m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea7u danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng x\u1ea5u. Kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c v\u1ed1n thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 libido<\/em>, nh\u1eefng t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu kh\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng, \u00edt ra l\u00e0 ph\u00e2n n\u00e0o, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Freud g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab xung \u0111\u1ed9ng hung h\u0103ng \u00bb (h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn), \u00ab xung \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb \u00bb (ki\u00eau ng\u1ea1o, h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n, ghen gh\u00e9t), \u00ab xung \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u00bb (m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng), \u00ab xung \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ebft \u00bb (ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1nh (ac\u00e9die<\/em>) nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 phi\u1ec1n mu\u1ed9n (m\u00e9lancolie<\/em>)) (xem J. Laplanche et J.B. Pontalis, Vocabulaire de la Psychanalyse<\/em>, 6e<\/sup> \u00e9d., Paris, 1978, p.359-85).<\/p>\n

          Kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, d\u0129 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t tri th\u1ee9c ch\u01b0a v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t, c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc nh\u00e2n v\u0103n ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb nh\u1eefng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf tu \u0111\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n

          4.1. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu<\/em>, n\u01a1i Evagre v\u00e0 Cassien, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/em> : giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111am m\u00ea d\u1ee5c v\u1ecdng ; nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 \u00ab con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng thanh t\u1ea9y \u00bb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u01a1i \u00ab nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u00bb, \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed7 cho \u00ab con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng chi\u00eam ng\u1eafm \u00bb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ebd l\u00e0 nguy hi\u1ec3m khi cho r\u1eb1ng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u thi\u00eang li\u00eang<\/em> kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd ng\u1eebng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ; katharsis (cu\u1ed9c thanh luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n) ch\u1ec9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u00e0o gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o trong h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng. C\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea5y h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c \u00ab thi\u00eang li\u00eang \u00bb c\u00f2n nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c thanh luy\u1ec7n t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c che \u0111\u1eady c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ebb b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh h\u01a1n (h\u00e0 ti\u1ec7n thi\u00eang li\u00eang, m\u00ea \u0103n u\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, d\u00e2m d\u1ee5c thi\u00eang li\u00eang). Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch sau c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang ; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang m\u00e0 th\u00f4i, ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

          4.2. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu, n\u01a1i \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp, th\u1ef1c ra l\u00e0 c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec3 khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ed1i s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m tu \u0111\u1ee9c<\/em> \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c. Evagre v\u00e0 Cassien kh\u00f4ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129 chinh ph\u1ee5c ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n duy \u00fd ch\u00ed. Cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5ng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed9c : c\u00e1c m\u1eabu g\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u00ab ti\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n \u00bb, c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb c\u00e1m d\u1ed7, nh\u1eefng tr\u00edch d\u1eabn Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Cassien, \u0111\u1ee9c Gr\u00eag\u00f4ri\u00f4 C\u1ea3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i, h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 tai h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9 b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp. Cu\u1ed1n De conflictu<\/em> c\u1ee7a Ambroise Autpert l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n m\u1eabu theo th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y : Cu\u1ed9c t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a \u00ab cu\u1ed9c b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i \u00bb n\u00e0y m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ai \u00ab mu\u1ed1n s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 \u00bb (2 Tim 3, 12) ph\u1ea3i tr\u00f4ng ch\u1edd. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng theo m\u1ed9t s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 gi\u1ed1ng nhau : \u00ab Superbia<\/em> dicit\u2026 Sed humilitas<\/em> vera respondet \u00bb ; \u00ab Invidia<\/em> dicit \u2026 Sed congratulatio fraterni profectus<\/em> respondet \u00bb\u2026 L\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t cho cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc : ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, n\u01a1i Hugues de Saint-Victor, b\u1ea3y t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 b\u1edfi b\u1ed1n b\u1ed9 b\u1ea3y kh\u00e1c. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh bi quan : ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, n\u00f3 bi\u1ec3u tr\u01b0ng cho tr\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng thi\u00eang li\u00eang, nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ee5c t\u00edch c\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n

          4.3.<\/em> Sau c\u00f9ng, cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i<\/em>, v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n[6]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 n\u00e9t trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Summa de sacramentis christianae fidei <\/em>c\u1ee7a Hugues: \u201c Linh h\u1ed3n c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed trong s\u1ef1 l\u00e0nh m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 li\u00eam khi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00fat h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng n\u00e0o\u201d. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn, c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ea7u n\u1eadu \u0111\u1ebfn \u201cl\u00e0m cho linh h\u1ed3n h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng\u201d. Nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng minh m\u00e0 n\u00f3 s\u1ea3n sinh s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u1ef1 h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng n\u00e0y: \u201cQu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 li\u00eam khi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n. V\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng minh h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed9t chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a tinh th\u1ea7n (mens) c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, m\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 tr\u01b0\u1edbc theo Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1edfi quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u1edf b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i cho \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a th\u00e2n th\u1ec3\u201d. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng k\u00e9p c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n: l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 theo sau b\u1ed1n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0a n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00f9ng kh\u1edbp v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau: s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i ki\u1ec3u n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, tr\u1ea7n t\u1ee5c, \u201ckhai t\u00e2m\u201d (ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec5n \u1ea3nh c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t) v\u00e0 con th\u1ea3o. Ch\u00ednh \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ee9 ba m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i<\/em> n\u1ea3y sinh; \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i n\u00e0y \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ta \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d v\u00e0 sinh ra l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh s\u1ee3 con th\u1ea3o, \u201cm\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ebfm trong \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i\u201d. V\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n v\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa: \u201cTha nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau m\u1ebfn v\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00ec v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta trong Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u2026 Ch\u00fang ta y\u00eau m\u1ebfn tha nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea1y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n\u201d. N\u01a1i th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, \u0111\u1ee9c \u00e1i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u00f4 th\u1ec3<\/em> c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d (T\u1ed5ng lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc,<\/em> 2a 2ae, q.23, art.8).<\/p>\n

          L\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c t\u1eadt x\u1ea5u hay c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tu \u0111\u1ee9c, do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 t\u1ed3n d\u01b0 t\u1ed1i t\u0103m c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 thuy\u1ebft nh\u1ecb nguy\u00ean ng\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ea1o hay manik\u00ea; n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng trong m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (tr\u1eeb Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Maria) c\u00f3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1i t\u0103m m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0a h\u1ecd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 d\u1eef v\u00e0 l\u00e0m bi\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd; ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, n\u00f3 nh\u1eafm ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c n\u00e9t c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed1i t\u0103m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang v\u00e0 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c t\u1ef1 do, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng y\u00eau m\u1ebfn b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00e2n th\u1eadt. Ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 k\u00e9p, b\u1ecb chia r\u1ebd gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ednh k\u00e9p nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua: s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 thi\u00eang li\u00eang, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m. Trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, vi\u1ec7c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 \u00edch l\u1ee3i: khi chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n v\u00e0 khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ecdc bi\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi bao dung v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu \u0111u\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Linh m\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng T\u00ean, J\u00e9r\u00f4me Nadal (m\u1ea5t 1580), khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: \u201cC\u00e1c khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d.<\/p>\n

            \n
          1. T\u1ea1i sao quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed1i?<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            N\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u00fang ta, nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang c\u00f2n gi\u1ea5u m\u00ecnh n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng u\u1ea9n kh\u00fac c\u1ee7a t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n ch\u00fang ta.
            \n<\/em><\/p>\n

            Ch\u00fang chi ph\u1ed1i ch\u00fang ta<\/em><\/p>\n

            C\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ed7i t\u1ed9i ; \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng t\u1ed9i b\u1ec1 ngo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau ; chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u v\u1edbi ch\u00fang, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1eaft \u0111\u1ee9t s\u1ef1 d\u1eef t\u1eadn g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5. Cassien, v\u1ecb \u0111an s\u0129 \u0110\u00f4ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ed1ng \u1edf th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 V, so s\u00e1nh cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m n\u00e0y v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tay \u0111\u1ea5u s\u0129 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u00e1c th\u00fa \u1edf \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng : \u00ab Sau khi \u0111\u00e3 xem x\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00fa \u00fd nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang hay nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u gh\u00ea g\u1edbm nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ednh hung d\u1eef c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ec tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ch\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u00fang m\u00e0 h\u1ecd d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u. Khi h\u1ecd gi\u1ebft ch\u00fang, th\u00ec h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh b\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng con kh\u00e1c \u00edt gh\u00ea g\u1edbm v\u00e0 hung d\u1eef h\u01a1n. \u00bb<\/p>\n

            M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ph\u1ee5 sa m\u1ea1c \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed5 l\u1ed9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadt l\u1ed9n trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m d\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i th\u00f3i h\u1eddn gi\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh : Ng\u00e0i k\u1ec3 : \u00ab M\u1ed9t ng\u00e0y n\u1ecd, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1ng kh\u1ee9 n\u00f3 ; ng\u00e0y h\u00f4m \u0111\u00f3, th\u1eadt kinh ng\u1ea1c, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i l\u1ea7m kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ee5t l\u00f9i d\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o. \u00bb Chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ecf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u00e1o m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o \u0111an : \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 r\u00fat \u0111\u00fang s\u1ee3i gi\u00e2y, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp theo sau.<\/p>\n

            Ch\u00fang gi\u1ea5u m\u00ecnh \u0111i<\/em><\/p>\n

            L\u00e9on Bloy \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong La Femme pauvre<\/em> : \u00ab S\u1ef1 suy y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta s\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u00f4n th\u1edd ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. \u00bb Ch\u00fang ta m\u00f9 m\u1edd v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng t\u00f4n th\u1edd ng\u1eabu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00ec s\u00e1u l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh y\u1ebfu :<\/p>\n