{"id":30594,"date":"2024-06-20T09:53:54","date_gmt":"2024-06-20T02:53:54","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=30594"},"modified":"2024-06-20T09:53:54","modified_gmt":"2024-06-20T02:53:54","slug":"phero-o-day-lam-the-nao-xac-dinh-duoc-hai-cot-cua-thanh-phero-tong-do","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/phero-o-day-lam-the-nao-xac-dinh-duoc-hai-cot-cua-thanh-phero-tong-do\/","title":{"rendered":"\u201cPH\u00caR\u00d4 \u1ede \u0110\u00c2Y\u201d: L\u00c0M TH\u1ebe N\u00c0O X\u00c1C \u0110\u1ecaNH \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C H\u00c0I C\u1ed0T C\u1ee6A TH\u00c1NH PH\u00caR\u00d4 T\u00d4NG \u0110\u1ed2?"},"content":{"rendered":"

D\u01b0\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 \u1edf R\u00f4ma l\u00e0 n\u01a1i th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u00ear\u00f4 y\u00ean ngh\u1ec9. S\u1ef1 th\u1eadt n\u00e0y ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX, sau c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt do \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Pi\u00f4 XII ph\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 g\u00e2y ch\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m th\u0103ng hoa g\u1ea7n hai thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea7u nguy\u1ec7n v\u00e0 s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4<\/em><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ec9nh m\u00e1i v\u00f2m cao h\u01a1n 133 m\u00e9t cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u01a1i an ngh\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, c\u00e1ch m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0i m\u00e9t, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh n\u1ed1i li\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ng\u00e0y nay, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u0103m m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y v\u00e0i th\u1eadp ni\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Khi qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1939, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9 Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII, ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u00e3 d\u00e1m ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a t\u1eebng c\u00f3 t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 c\u00f3 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, g\u1ea7n 1900 n\u0103m sau khi ng\u00e0i t\u1eed \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

B\u1ecb \u0111\u00f3ng \u0111inh trong \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a N\u00e9ron, b\u00ean h\u1eefu ng\u1ea1n s\u00f4ng Tiber \u1edf R\u00f4ma, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00f4n c\u1ea5t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng xa, tr\u00ean ng\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ed3i l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba, gi\u1eefa nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 danh. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u n\u00e0o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u gi\u1eef trong kho l\u01b0u tr\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c La M\u00e3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed9i nh\u00e2n ng\u01b0\u1eddi Galil\u00ea t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y. Nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1eef d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 linh thi\u00eang n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ecba \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eeb g\u1ea7n hai thi\u00ean ni\u00ean k\u1ef7 qua.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1m th\u1edd Gaius (*) Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n<\/strong><\/p>\n

L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m th\u1edd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n, d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nguy\u1ec7n nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Gaius Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n, ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n k\u00ednh qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0n th\u1edd kh\u00e1c nhau trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng do ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebf Constantin\u00f4 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0y, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u00e0n th\u1edd hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, do \u0110\u1ee9c Clement VIII cho x\u00e2y v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1549, d\u01b0\u1edbi b\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1n du Bernini.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 truy\u1ec1n mi\u1ec7ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt v\u00e0o th\u1eadp ni\u00ean 1940, tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p do Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn th\u1ee9 hai, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 vang d\u1ed9i trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1ng sinh ng\u00e0y 23 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1950, v\u00e0o l\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00fac N\u0103m Th\u00e1nh: \u201c\u0110\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3<\/em>\u201d (th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4). Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u00e1c \u1edf ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra b\u1ed9 x\u01b0\u01a1ng<\/strong><\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1952, nh\u00e0 kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u0103n kh\u1eafc, b\u00e0 Margherita Guarducci, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m khai qu\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 phi th\u01b0\u1eddng. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chuy\u00ean gia v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef do b\u00e0n tay con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra, b\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y tr\u00ean c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m th\u1edd Gaius Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n, c\u00f3 ni\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1i t\u1eeb n\u0103m 160. Nh\u1eefng d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0y l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u00f9ng k\u00ednh v\u00e0 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 phong tr\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n R\u00f4ma, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n kh\u00e1m th\u1edd n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00f4n vinh k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Margherita Guarducci b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u kh\u1eafc kh\u00e1c nhau, trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u201cPetros eni<\/em>\u201d, trong ti\u1ebfng Hy L\u1ea1p c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cPh\u00ear\u00f4 \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y<\/em>\u201d. G\u1ea7n d\u00f2ng ch\u1eef n\u00e0y, b\u00e0 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e1 porphyre \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trang tr\u00ed qu\u00fd gi\u00e1, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00e9t v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e0o tr\u00ean b\u1ee9c t\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1m th\u1edd Gaius Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n. Nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3nh x\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ee9a trong chi\u1ebfc h\u1ed9p n\u00e0y sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch v\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e0n \u00f4ng kho\u1ea3ng s\u00e1u m\u01b0\u01a1i tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1edd ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00ec ch\u1ee9ng h\u01b0 kh\u1edbp, c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u01b0 d\u00e2n. Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Kh\u00e1m th\u1edd Gaius Kh\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Fiocchi Nicolai, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 \u0111\u1ecba h\u00ecnh c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a trang Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n Kh\u1ea3o c\u1ed5 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh, \u201ckhi th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Constantin\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra, nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a x\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y t\u1eeb h\u1ed1 m\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t trong h\u1ed9p t\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u gi\u1eef ch\u00fang m\u00e3i m\u00e3i<\/em>\u201d .<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c minh b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ee7a Eus\u00e8be de C\u00e9sar\u00e9e v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 IV, ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong cu\u1ed1n Historiae ecclesiasticae<\/em> (II 25, 5-7) c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e3 cho bi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t Gaius n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 ra c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i m\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3 Ph\u00ear\u00f4 v\u00e0 Phaol\u00f4 \u1edf Vatican v\u00e0 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Ostia.<\/p>\n

Trong bu\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfp ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bchung ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1968, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Phaol\u00f4 VI, khi nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111i\u1ec1u tra v\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng \u201cvi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, x\u00e1c minh, th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 tranh c\u00e3i s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y<\/em>\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t \u201cth\u00f4ng b\u00e1o vui m\u1eebng<\/em>\u201d: \u201cch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00e0ng vui m\u1eebng h\u01a1n v\u00ec ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 m\u1ecdi l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 tin r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u00e0i c\u1ed1t ph\u00e0m tr\u1ea7n – nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t th\u00e1nh – c\u1ee7a Ho\u00e0ng t\u1eed c\u00e1c T\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3, c\u1ee7a Simon con \u00f4ng Gi\u00f4na, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e1nh c\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Ph\u00ear\u00f4, c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa giao ph\u00f3 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1edbi s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng ch\u0103n d\u1eaft v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e0n chi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c, cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng v\u00e0 vinh hi\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>\u201d.<\/p>\n

K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1980, c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c khai qu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a V\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4, mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00e0ng g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

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(*) Gaius l\u00e0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t linh m\u1ee5c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 th\u1ee9 III (ctcnd).<\/p>\n

————————-<\/p>\n

T\u00fd Linh<\/em><\/p>\n

(theo Maria Milvia Morciano v\u00e0 Jean-Beno\u00eet Harel \u2013 Vatican News<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n

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