{"id":30989,"date":"2024-07-30T11:28:59","date_gmt":"2024-07-30T04:28:59","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=30989"},"modified":"2024-07-30T11:28:59","modified_gmt":"2024-07-30T04:28:59","slug":"luat-tu-nhien-trong-giao-huan-xa-hoi-cong-giao","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/luat-tu-nhien-trong-giao-huan-xa-hoi-cong-giao\/","title":{"rendered":"LU\u1eacT T\u1ef0 NHI\u00caN TRONG GI\u00c1O HU\u1ea4N X\u00c3 H\u1ed8I C\u00d4NG GI\u00c1O"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a <\/em><\/strong>Christian Pian<\/em><\/strong> t\u1eeb \u00ab Natural Law in Catholic Social Teachings \u00bb c\u1ee7a Stepen J. Pope.<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Christian Pian, Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ea1i H\u1ecdc vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Paris<\/em><\/p>\n

B\u1ea3n v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng \u201cLu\u1eadt T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em>\u201d trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a Stepen J. Pope, Modern Catholic Social Teaching: Commentaries and interpretations<\/em>, 2005. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y xin c\u1ea3m \u01a1n Stephen J. Pope v\u00ec s\u1ef1 cho ph\u00e9p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y. Ph\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u201cLu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i sau \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II\u201d \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam.<\/p>\n

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Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft X\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/em><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c xa x\u01b0a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 R\u00f4ma. N\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh chi ph\u1ed1i c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n, sinh s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c con c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ec1u xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00ec hai l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin, Th\u00e1nh Kinh, kh\u00f4ng cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft l\u00fd lu\u00e2n l\u00fd hay m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o cho ph\u00e9p cai tr\u1ecb c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c gi\u00fap suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u1ee5 \u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t h\u01a1n khi c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00f2a nh\u1eadp v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 R\u00f4ma.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ee9 hai, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0110\u1ebf ch\u1ebf R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 truy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1t ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i chia s\u1ebb ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m cho ph\u00e9p b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch v\u00e0 suy ngh\u0129 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ed1n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c truy\u1ec1n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n th\u1ea7n linh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng (Rm 1, 19-21). Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 c\u0169ng l\u01b0u \u00fd r\u1eb1ng khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o tu\u00e2n theo nh\u1eefng quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec h\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u201cnh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc ghi trong l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd\u201d (Rm 2, 14-15).<\/p>\n

H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cc\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 quan\u201d. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 gi\u00e1o lu\u1eadt th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n (jus<\/em>) nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do\u201d, m\u1ed9t \u201cquy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n\u201d hay m\u1ed9t \u201ckh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng\u201d do m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u1edf h\u1eefu. C\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u201cc\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d ch\u1ee7 quan hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 y\u1ebfu so v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 (1224 ho\u1eb7c 1225-1274) l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n cho lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y: \u201cm\u1ed9t m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00ec c\u00f4ng \u00edch, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban h\u00e0nh b\u1edfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng\u201d.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh vi\u1ec7c gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch m\u1edbi m\u1ebb tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Aristote v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Theo vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, \u201cm\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch\u201d hay \u201cb\u1ea3n t\u00ednh\u201d n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 \u201cnh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt l\u00e0 khi n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7\u201d v\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ngo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ecb tr\u00ed m\u00e0 n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng \u201cthu\u1eadn theo t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d (kala physin<\/em>), t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 theo c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/em> \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft th\u00f3i quen c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng n\u0103ng<\/em> (synderesis<\/em>) v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft trong tr\u00e1i tim\u201d c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Phaol\u00f4 (Rm 2, 15). L\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa s\u1ef1 d\u1eef, v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh xa s\u1ef1 d\u1eef.<\/p>\n

B\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p mang l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a cho l\u1eddi m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 tham d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu\u201d. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec chi ph\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed, t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u00e0 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1eefu c\u01a1. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma hi\u1ec3u khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a Aristote, nh\u01b0ng khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu theo thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4 v\u1ec1 v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n cao h\u01a1n. Th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4 coi nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u0129nh c\u1eedu trong t\u00e2m tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa nh\u01b0 c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn hay “lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu” m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo.  Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nh\u1edd tr\u00ed th\u00f4ng minh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 quan ph\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chu c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y tham gia v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt v\u0129nh c\u1eedu theo nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt kh\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c b\u1ea3n l\u1ec1 gi\u00fap cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 tin h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng, truy\u1ec1n l\u1ec7nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00fac ki\u1ebfn. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3, l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a \u201ch\u00e3y tu\u00e2n theo t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt, nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u00ean trong c\u1ee7a \u01b0\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd tr\u00ed, n\u00ean vi\u1ec7c m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00edch th\u00fa trong vi\u1ec7c chi\u00eam ng\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n m\u1edbi v\u00e0o nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma : s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ta t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cung c\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 tham gia v\u00e0o c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh duy nh\u1ea5t trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u00f3m. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i v\u00ec nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n t\u1eed bi\u1ec7t l\u1eadp, nh\u01b0ng b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, ch\u00ednh Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i do s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Do \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t ra khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 cho ph\u00e9p b\u00e1c b\u1ecf hai th\u00e1i c\u1ef1c m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, coi tr\u1ecdng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i cho t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 coi tr\u1ecdng to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi b\u1ed9 ph\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00f4ng l\u00fd theo nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Quy\u1ec1n (jus<\/em>) t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 khi cha m\u1eb9 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c con c\u00e1i. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u \u201cquy\u1ec1n\u201d trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch quan, nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201c\u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u201cch\u00ednh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd\u201d, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c (quy\u1ec1n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cquy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 quan\u201d).<\/p>\n

Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edfi h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ch\u00fang ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng Quy t\u1eafc v\u00e0ng \u1edf d\u1ea1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng v\u00e0, \u1edf d\u1ea1ng m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, b\u1ea3ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a M\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110i\u1ec1u R\u0103n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ng\u00e0i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f9 \u0111\u1eafp cho s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu h\u1ee5t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, v\u00e0 mang l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1eefu h\u1ea1n s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1i cao, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i ph\u00fac ki\u1ebfn. L\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt v\u1ed1n th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac b\u1ea5t to\u00e0n trong cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y, c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n l\u1eabn c\u00f4ng \u00edch bao tr\u00f9m h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n. N\u00f3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tuy nhi\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c m\u00e0 nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p \u0111\u00f3. Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 r\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u00ean lu\u1eadt n\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch si\u00eau nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i<\/em><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 s\u1eed h\u1ecdc g\u00e1n ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1n nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7: ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy danh, \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai\u201d, lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Hobbes v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1eeba k\u1ebf tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy danh \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u cho m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i T\u00f4ma mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1eeb c\u00e1i chung sang c\u00e1i ri\u00eang \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung ch\u00fa \u00fd m\u1edbi v\u00e0o c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 quan c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

Tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Phanxic\u00f4 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Anh William Ockham (kho\u1ea3ng 1266-1349) \u0111\u00e3 thay th\u1ebf c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed b\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp (c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do th\u1edd \u01a1). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung m\u1edbi v\u00e0o ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ea9y nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ra kh\u1ecfi trung t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Ockham \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eeda \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tinh t\u1ebf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 theo c\u00e1ch mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh m\u1edbi cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m ch\u1ee7 quan v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n. \u00d4ng l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 v\u1eady m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Phanxic\u00f4, nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi mu\u1ed1n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u1eeba \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Ockham ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c coi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 quan l\u00e0 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 tr\u1ed7i d\u1eady c\u1ee7a \u201ctri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n th\u1ee9 hai\u201d v\u00e0o th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c H\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Francisco de Vitoria, D\u00f2ng \u0110a Minh ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha (1483-1546) \u0111\u00e3 bi\u00ean so\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u1eb1m b\u00e1c b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec7n minh mang t\u00ednh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u khai th\u00e1c c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba \u1edf ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9. Tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi T\u00e2y Ban Nha Francisco Suarez (1548-1617) \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed3i \u0111\u1eafp d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u00e1c ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh duy \u00fd ch\u00ed trong lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Suarez quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p. V\u00ec lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1edfi \u00fd ch\u00ed, n\u00ean b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 mang nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ee9c b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u1ede m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, Suarez c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u1edbi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n b\u1ed1i n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Suarez chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb duy \u00fd ch\u00ed lu\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y sang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n quan \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 quan nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.  \u00d4ng \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u00edch ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean theo th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 quan.<\/p>\n

Nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao h\u01a1n trong m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc-qu\u1ed1c gia m\u1edbi \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn th\u1ee9 ba cho s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. B\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVI v\u00e0 XVII \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn cho nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua c\u00e1c ranh gi\u1edbi t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n

V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, lu\u1eadt gia Tin L\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi H\u00e0 Lan, Hugo Grotius (1585-1645), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cCha \u0111\u1ebb c\u1ee7a Lu\u1eadt qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf\u201d, \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cho th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 hi\u1ebfu chi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 chia r\u1ebd tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ban \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a Grotius di\u1ec5n ra b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft gi\u1eef m\u1ed9t con t\u00e0u tr\u00ean bi\u1ec3n trong l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 n\u1eb1m ngo\u00e0i ranh gi\u1edbi do lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t. T\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, De iure belli et pacis<\/em> (1625), mang l\u1ea1i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean nh\u1eb1m \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh xung \u0111\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng; nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u01b0\u1edbc Geneva sau n\u00e0y. Grotius \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Theo sau c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kinh vi\u1ec7n T\u00e2y Ban Nha, \u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1edf h\u1eefu b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t n\u00e0y hay c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t kh\u00e1c. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1edfi l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t: ch\u00fang r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ngay c\u1ea3 khi, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 (etiamsi d<\/em>aremus<\/em>), kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa – m\u1ed9t tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o sau n\u00e0y. Vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o. T\u1eeb nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf r\u1eb1ng ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c b\u00ean tham chi\u1ebfn c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a k\u1ebb th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Nh\u1edd \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Grotius, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c suy t\u01b0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XVII v\u00e0 XVIII.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng khai tri\u1ec3n. Hobbes \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n n\u1eb1m \u1edf n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u00e2n t\u00edch b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb \u201ckhoa h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi\u201d v\u00e0 \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh lu\u1eadn c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Aristote v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Hobbes cho r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u201cl\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef\u201d. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3 t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh to\u00e1n t\u01b0 l\u1ee3i. \u00d4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 \u201ctu\u00e2n theo t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 trau d\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u1ed1n t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u201cQuy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. “Quy\u1ec1n T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” (ius Naturale<\/em>) l\u00e0 “Quy\u1ec1n T\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, t\u00f9y theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n B\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh; v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, l\u00e0m b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, m\u00e0 theo Ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u00e0 L\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, h\u1ecd s\u1ebd coi l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3.” Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, Hobbes t\u00e1ch quy\u1ec1n (jus<\/em>) kh\u1ecfi lu\u1eadt (lex<\/em>): “Quy\u1ec1n, h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m, ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng; trong khi Lu\u1eadt x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c v\u1edbi nhau; do \u0111\u00f3, Lu\u1eadt v\u00e0 Quy\u1ec1n kh\u00e1c nhau nhi\u1ec1u nh\u01b0 Ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 T\u1ef1 do.  V\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c xa v\u1edbi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Hobbes v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, l\u00e0 \u201cng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, [v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i] h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c\u201d (Rerum Novarum<\/em>, 22 ).<\/p>\n

Hobbes r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00edn “lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean” t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n: t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1c giao k\u00e8o, v.v. Ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111ang \u1edf trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh v\u1edbi nhau. Lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0, v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0, s\u1ef1 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7m quy\u1ec1n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0o cao h\u01a1n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, do \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd kh\u1ee7ng khi\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Hobbes l\u00e0 “kh\u00f4ng lu\u1eadt n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng”.<\/p>\n

John Locke (1632-1704), \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m Essays on the Law of Nature <\/em>(1676) v\u00e0 Second Treatise on Civil Government<\/em> (1690) c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m trong vi\u1ec7c h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp lu\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi c\u1ea3 ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o b\u00e8 ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh g\u00e2y tranh c\u00e3i v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n cao nh\u1ea5t. Locke \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi Hobbes r\u1eb1ng quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ti\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eeb b\u1ecf tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00f4 ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o kh\u1ebf \u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch an to\u00e0n cao h\u01a1n. Khi \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u201cS\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n.\u201d Khi ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u00e2n c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Locke ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 \u201cn\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, m\u00e0 lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean trong \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cto\u00e0n th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00fat ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u01b0u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Locke \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng cho s\u1ef1 bao dung t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn b\u1edfi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o (d\u00f9 tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c nhau) v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c ban h\u00e0nh tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis humanae<\/em> v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1965. V\u00ec s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang t\u01b0 – \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ed1t cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mong \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t l\u00e0nh. S\u1ef1 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lu m\u1edd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng to l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1o hu\u00e2n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a Locke c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e2u s\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn Rousseau, Hume, Jefferson, Kant, Montesquieu v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3t \u0111\u01b0a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0o nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh quan tr\u1ecdng. Ch\u1ec9 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt quan tr\u1ecdng, Immanuel Kant (1724-1805) \u0111\u00e3 coi l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng trong c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 c\u1ea3 \u201ct\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u00e0 \u201clu\u1eadt\u201d. \u00d4ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Aristote v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng: n\u1ebfu \u201ct\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d l\u00e0 \u201ct\u1ed5ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kinh nghi\u1ec7m\u201d v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c qua c\u00e1c gi\u00e1c quan v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu s\u1ef1 th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. N\u1ebfu \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed, th\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac hay h\u01b0ng th\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Kant coi lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i thi\u1ebfu s\u00f3t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a “s\u1ef1 d\u1ecb tr\u1ecb”, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 giao ph\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cho ch\u00ednh quy\u1ec1n thay v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb. Kant cho r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 \u00fd ch\u00ed m\u1edbi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, n\u00ean t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 tu\u00e2n theo c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi l\u00fd tr\u00ed h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u00e0o h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ho\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ea1o ra h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Con v\u1eadt tu\u00e2n theo t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c ngo\u00e0i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo b\u1ea3n n\u0103ng, nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u201cm\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Kant v\u1ec1 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed \u0111\u00e3 cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc cho n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d, m\u1ed9t h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a Kant, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trung gian th\u00f4ng qua c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c l\u1eabn t\u00edch c\u1ef1c, qua \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II. T\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00ecnh v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin c\u1ee7a Kant v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u201ct\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh trung t\u00e2m tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n trong b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb thay th\u1ebf b\u1edfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) v\u00e0 John Stuart Mill (1806-73). Bentham \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean – “t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 cai tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a hai b\u1eadc th\u1ea7y t\u1ed1i cao l\u00e0 n\u1ed7i \u0111au v\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m vui” – nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 “h\u01b0 c\u1ea5u” v\u1ed1n g\u00e2y tr\u1edf ng\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. S\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00ednh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong hai th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 qua \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ef1c ch\u1ee9ng v\u1ed1n coi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n minh cho c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/p>\n

T\u1eeb \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00eao XIII \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II, gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau b\u1edfi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y, cho d\u00f9 c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 hay ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u00fang. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i t\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m x\u01b0a h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh hai th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh: m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc Gaudium et spes<\/em>, v\u00e0 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 kh\u00e1c n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp n\u00f3. C\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u1ec7nh \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng. Ch\u00fang s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn theo lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 kh\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. Khung tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang l\u00e0 t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n. V\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y h\u01a1n (h\u1eadu Vatican II) c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00fat ra t\u1eeb gi\u00e1o thuy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4. N\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc h\u01a1n. M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n sinh, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef ” t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n” d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX nh\u1eb1m quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u1ecdc gi\u1ea3 kinh vi\u1ec7n th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 D\u00f2ng T\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tu s\u0129 \u0110a Minh) nh\u1eb1m cung c\u1ea5p m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c tri\u1ebft l\u00fd th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c \u0111ang ng\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII <\/em><\/p>\n

Ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 1878 \u0111\u1ebfn 1903) \u0111\u00e3 lo ng\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n g\u00e2y ra cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u00e2n s\u1ef1. Ng\u00e0i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo nh\u1eefng \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 n\u00e0y t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c cao h\u01a1n, tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, l\u00e0m suy tho\u00e1i s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean gi\u1eefa nam v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef v\u00e0 t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Immortale Dei<\/em> (V\u1ec1 Hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc), xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1885, bi\u1ec7n minh cho ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Libertas praestantissimum<\/em> (V\u1ec1 T\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi), xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1888, l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfc r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c qu\u00ean \u0111i lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c g\u00e2y ra t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. S\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 l\u1eadp ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i cao. \u00dd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh b\u1edfi ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, \u201cm\u1ed9t quy t\u1eafc c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u1ea1y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m\u201d. L\u00fd tr\u00ed \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn \u00fd ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1nh n\u00e9, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u201d. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u v\u00e0o t\u00e2m tr\u00ed m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d trong gi\u1edbi r\u0103n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh \u0111i\u1ec1u d\u1eef; m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa khen th\u01b0\u1edfng hay tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t t\u00f9y theo vi\u1ec7c h\u1ecd tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y cho \u201cv\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i\u201d trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum Novarum<\/em> (1891). S\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nghi\u1ec7p \u0111o\u00e0n v\u00e0o th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ef1 b\u00f3c l\u1ed9t v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n s\u0103n m\u1ed3i. C\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng n\u00e0y, theo \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u2013 quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu, quy\u1ec1n l\u1eadp h\u1ed9i (c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u00e0n), quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ee9c l\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, c\u00f3 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ngh\u1ec9 ng\u00e0y sab\u00e1t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

M\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ng\u00e0i coi l\u00e0 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean – m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt gia hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i theo khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ecf r\u01a1i. \u00c1p d\u1ee5ng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Darwin v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII cho r\u1eb1ng ch\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eafp \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1eefu c\u01a1, l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t th\u1eddi Trung c\u1ed5, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c giai c\u1ea5p s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y l\u1eabn nhau.<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trao tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m cho Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1c gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho n\u00f3. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 \u201ctr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t trong vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00f4ng \u00edch\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cth\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y t\u1ed1i \u0111a l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o\u201d. V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u201cl\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u201d, n\u00ean Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c (RN 32). V\u00ec gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc (RN 13), n\u00ean Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1i cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi gia \u0111\u00ecnh. B\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u200b\u200b\u201cnguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 Xl (QA 79-80), \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p m\u1ed7i khi c\u00f4ng \u00edch (k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t giai c\u1ea5p) b\u1ecb \u0111e d\u1ecda v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0o kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi (RN 36) .<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 1922 \u0111\u1ebfn 1939) \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p k\u00eau g\u1ecdi quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. N\u0103m 1931, \u201cb\u1ed1n m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m\u201d sau Rerum novarum<\/em>, ng\u00e0i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n Quadragesimo anno<\/em>, (V\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i thi\u1ebft tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i<\/em>). \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n vi ph\u1ea1m. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chu c\u1ea5p cho b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. Cho d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lu\u1eadt thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh cho ph\u00e9p, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0 h\u1eefu m\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

V\u0103n ki\u1ec7n Casti Connubii<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 Xl (31\/12\/1930), th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 \u201cV\u1ec1 H\u00f4n nh\u00e2n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o<\/em>\u201d, n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 Quadragesimo anno<\/em>.<\/p>\n

Trong t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI l\u00ean \u00e1n vi\u1ec7c ng\u1eeba thai nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi l\u00fd do n\u00f3 \u201ct\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t ng\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d. Vi ph\u1ea1m tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u00fac ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i nh\u1eb1m c\u1ea3n tr\u1edf \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 “gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i”, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Casti Connubii<\/em> c\u00f3 h\u00e0m \u00fd ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd (\u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 \u0110\u1ee9c Qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 m\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y ban h\u00e0nh). V\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng t\u1ed9c, l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 ki\u00ean quy\u1ebft nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI l\u00ean \u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c tri\u1ec7t s\u1ea3n v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea5m k\u1ebft h\u00f4n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 sinh con b\u1ecb khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft di truy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 cao sinh ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ee9a con khi\u1ebfm khuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t di truy\u1ec1n n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch k\u1ebft h\u00f4n, nh\u01b0ng Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf quy\u1ec1n k\u1ebft h\u00f4n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 1939 \u0111\u1ebfn 1958) ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf k\u00e9p r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y vi ph\u1ea1m ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII ban \u0111\u1ea7u t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 Xl kh\u00f4ng tin v\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XI \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 nguy hi\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ph\u00e1t x\u00edt v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a qu\u1ed1c x\u00e3. Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfn tranh d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao h\u01a1n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ef1 do. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 XII \u0111\u00e3 r\u1eddi xa t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn h\u1eefu c\u01a1 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh t\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n thuy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t. V\u00ec n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ph\u1ea3i cho ph\u00e9p cu\u1ed9c ch\u01a1i t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn n\u00e0y, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n, v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh tr\u1ed7i v\u01b0\u1ee3t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 s\u1ebd s\u1edbm khi\u1ebfn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m duy\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong Pacem in terris<\/em> (1963) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp trong tuy\u00ean ng\u00f4n Dignitatis humanae<\/em> ( 1965).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 1958 \u0111\u1ebfn 1963) \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf c\u1ea5p b\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ng\u00e0i. Mater et magistra<\/em>, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf, ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc trong vi\u1ec7c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00f4ng \u00edch. Nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o gi\u1eefa ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, imago Dei<\/em> (h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa) thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u1eddi k\u00eau g\u1ecdi s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00ean h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII \u0111\u00e3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft hai ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef theo m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 d\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u cho kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, Pacem in Terris<\/em>, \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng cho nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eb1m tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 do cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00ean l\u1eeda Cuba \u0111\u1eb7t ra. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 Grotius, \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t hi\u1ebfn ch\u01b0\u01a1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m con ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 m\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a \u0111\u00e3 in s\u00e2u trong m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII nh\u00ecn chung c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh h\u01a1n \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 v\u1edbi th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII l\u00e0 v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111a nguy\u00ean x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 coi nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 v\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 ch\u00fang v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0i ki\u1ec3m tra nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Do \u0111\u00f3, Pacem in Terris<\/em> \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t l\u00ean m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Vatican II : Gaudium et spes<\/em><\/p>\n

Hi\u1ebfn ch\u1ebf Gaudium et spes<\/em> (1965) b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ecdc \u201cc\u00e1c d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng Tin M\u1eebng. Nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi l\u1ebd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i kh\u00e1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n trong \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 n\u00e0y. Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n: s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u0103ng c\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, s\u1ef1 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc, v\u00e0, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (\u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec3m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng n\u00e0y) \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng nhi\u00ean \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Vi\u1ec7c th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh quy n\u1ea1p h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi phong c\u00e1ch th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ea5y trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i trao cho gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m l\u1edbn h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u00e2m linh c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh h\u1ecd v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u1ecd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u00edch h\u1ee3p n\u00f3 v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u Kit\u00f4 h\u1ecdc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n. \u201cS\u00e2u th\u1eb3m trong l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m m\u00ecnh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t cho m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng bu\u1ed9c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo\u201d (GS 16). M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo \u201cc\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan\u201d (GS 16). H\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u201cho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tu\u00e2n theo b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d (GS 75). T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ngay c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft g\u00ec v\u1ec1 Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n nh\u1edd nh\u00e2n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. \u201cT\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 thi\u1ec7n ch\u00ed m\u00e0 trong l\u00f2ng h\u1ecd \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d (GS 22).<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ngh\u1ecb ph\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan XXIII, c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 b\u1edfi c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n n\u00e0y b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 1963 \u0111\u1ebfn 1978) \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u00e2n kinh vi\u1ec7n l\u1eabn nh\u1eefng tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u nh\u1ea1y c\u1ea3m v\u1edbi chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. Ch\u1ecbu \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Jacques Maritain, \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea1y r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y \u201cs\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n con ng\u01b0\u1eddi to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n\u201d, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 thi\u1ec7n \u00edch to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

Nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI thu\u1ed9c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb: m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t  \u01a1n g\u1ecdi (PP 15). Do \u0111\u00f3, th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Populorum Progressio<\/em> (1967) kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn sinh k\u1ebf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng (theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Rerum novarum<\/em>), m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y v\u00e0 trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00e1c (PP 16).<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng v\u00ec b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 t\u1eeb n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a n\u00e0y sang n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c, n\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c khoa h\u1ecdc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng qua vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0i bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u00e0 chi ti\u1ebft cho m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng trong t\u00f4ng th\u01b0 Octogesima adveniens<\/em> (1971). Trong khi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00eao XIII mong \u0111\u1ee3i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1eeb c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00ec \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 cho c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Tin M\u1eebng v\u00e0o ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. Thay v\u00ec tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u201ct\u1eeb tr\u00ean cao\u201d v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u201c\u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh c\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong cu\u1ed9c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm\u201d. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u201ckh\u00f4ng can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh l\u00e0m s\u1eb5n\u201d cho m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Thay v\u00ec b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u201cph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qua vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh \u0111ang thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng\u201d (OA 42).<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eeb b\u1ecf, c\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ch\u00ednh trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng Humanae vitae<\/em> (1967) b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c v\u00e0 sinh s\u1ea3n, m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t. Humanae vitae<\/em> l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f3 t\u00ednh m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch lu\u1eadn, theo \u0111\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo. M\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i tu\u00e2n theo tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean n\u00e0y. V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c t\u00ednh d\u1ee5c, c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn n\u00e0y v\u1ec1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u201cc\u00e1c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d c\u1ee7a c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ng\u0103n tr\u1edf ch\u00fang l\u00e0 \u201cx\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i\u201d.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u201cduy v\u1eadt l\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ecfa \u0111\u00e1ng s\u1ef1 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, t\u00ednh \u01b0u vi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ed7 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00e2n m\u1eadt trong h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng n\u00f3i chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong vi\u1ec7c m\u1edf ra cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ee5 thai trong m\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh vi t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb 1978 \u0111\u1ebfn 2005) gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1eeb hai quan \u0111i\u1ec3m: ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc. Nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha v\u00e0 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II hi\u1ebfm khi \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Th\u1ef1c ra, th\u00e0nh ng\u1eef n\u00e0y th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n trong c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Laborem exercens<\/em> (1981), Sollicitudo rei socialis<\/em> (1987) hay Centesimus annus<\/em> (1991). L\u1eadp lu\u1eadn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec1 cao ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; ng\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n coi s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II vi\u1ec7n d\u1eabn Th\u00e1nh Kinh th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh suy ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1n, so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m. Ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu s\u1ed1ng trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. Ng\u00e0i d\u00e0nh cho s\u1ef1 tri\u1ec3n n\u1edf c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3 d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Suy t\u01b0 s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng trong Veritatis Splendor<\/em> (1993), m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u1eb1m kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00e1ch quan. \u0110\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc chung c\u1ee7a l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ng\u00e0i ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, ng\u00e0i nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi M\u1eb7c Kh\u1ea3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng b\u1eb1ng l\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n ph\u1ea9m tr\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n. V\u00ec nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1edd nh\u1ea1t trong \u201cl\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i\u201d, n\u00ean \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha cho r\u1eb1ng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ea7n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfng n\u00f3i c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u201cchuy\u00ean vi\u00ean v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft s\u00e2u s\u1eafc nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f3 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ee9 hai v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ba (v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc xa x\u00f4i nh\u1ea5t) c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha v\u1eabn ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c gi\u1eef truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ed5 x\u01b0a r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c chu\u1ea9n m\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. C\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thu\u1ed9c m\u1ecdi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ng\u00e0y nay \u0111\u1ec1u th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, th\u00f4ng qua nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n, cung c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 \u0111a nguy\u00ean. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed cho ph\u00e9p bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ed9i ph\u1ea1m ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qu\u1ed1c gia vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m. Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1eabn cung c\u1ea5p c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

L\u1ed1i gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh: vi\u1ec7c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 thi\u00ean lu\u1eadt, g\u00e2y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean; thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n trong vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef Th\u00e1nh Kinh, \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n; m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc cao v\u00e0 phi l\u1ecbch s\u1eed v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean (\u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi lu\u1eadt \u201cb\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn\u201d ng\u0103n c\u1ea5m c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u t\u1ef1 n\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f4i khi \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ea3i qua s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i).<\/p>\n

Lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i sau \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II<\/em><\/p>\n

N\u00f3i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn, v\u1edbi \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2005 \u0111\u1ebfn 2013), lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 quay tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Ngay trong n\u0103m 2004, ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n v\u1edbi tri\u1ebft gia J\u00fcrgen Habermas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 l\u01b0u \u00fd: \u201cLu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eabn l\u00e0, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 trong Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn qua \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i k\u00eau g\u1ecdi l\u00fd tr\u00ed chung trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o kh\u00e1c, m\u00e0 c\u0169ng qua \u0111\u00f3 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft l\u1eabn nhau v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ph\u00e1p lu\u1eadt, trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 \u0111a nguy\u00ean. \u00bb (J. Habermas, J. Ratzinger, \u201cLes fondements pr\u00e9-politiques de l\u2019\u00c9tat d\u00e9mocratiques\u201d, trong Esprit<\/em>, th\u00e1ng 7 n\u0103m 2004, trang 5-28).<\/p>\n

M\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y: duy tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Mong mu\u1ed1n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n d\u01b0\u1edbi tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI, n\u0103m 2009, T\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. C\u00e1i nh\u00ecn m\u1edbi v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/em> Trong b\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ed9i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng l\u00e2u tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 (\u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Lat\u00earan\u00f4, 12\/02\/2007), \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng \u201ct\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng thu\u1ed1c cho \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c\u201d m\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng, gia \u0111\u00ecnh v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111ang l\u00e0 n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u201ccu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 l\u00e1 ch\u1eafn h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u duy nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111o\u00e1n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba d\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 thao t\u00fang \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Do \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng c\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 cho s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a l\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e2m lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u201d<\/p>\n

Trong Caritas in veritate<\/em> (2009), th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i duy nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0110\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hai l\u1ea7n, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf nh\u1eefng \u0111o\u1ea1n quan tr\u1ecdng. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng d\u00e0nh cho \u201cs\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gia \u0111\u00ecnh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i\u201d v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong c\u00e1c chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n. Nh\u00e2n d\u1ecbp n\u00e0y, ng\u00e0i nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2007: \u201cTrong t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00e1ch bi\u1ec7t, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nhau, nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi duy nh\u1ea5t, do \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a mong mu\u1ed1n; truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4n ngoan \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 n\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p t\u00ednh \u0111a nguy\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u m\u1eb7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb t\u00e1ch r\u1eddi kh\u1ecfi vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm chung s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt, s\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Do \u0111\u00f3, vi\u1ec7c tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i mang t\u00ednh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng n\u00e0o. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t, c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u00f3ng t\u1ed1i m\u00e0 h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t ra. \u0110\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t ch\u00fang, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong t\u00ecnh th\u00e2n \u00e1i v\u00e0 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u00ec l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0nh tinh.\u201d (CV 59).<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c quy chi\u1ebfu minh nhi\u00ean th\u1ee9 hai \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n trong ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed1c xung quanh c\u00e1c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc r\u1eb1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc: \u201cTrong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi g\u00f5 c\u1eeda nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i gi\u00e0u c\u00f3, th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi gi\u00e0u c\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nghe th\u1ea5y ti\u1ebfng g\u00f5 c\u1eeda n\u1eefa, \u00fd th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn ra con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5y \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y n\u00f3; lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 L\u00fd Tr\u00ed s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng, cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 cao c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n kh\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft ti\u1ebfng g\u1ecdi c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2n l\u00fd lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.\u201d (CV 75).<\/p>\n

\u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ngay c\u1ea3 trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, r\u1eb1ng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XXI n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n nh\u00e2n h\u1ecdc v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia s\u1ebb ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 trong s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con l\u1eafc \u2013 nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai \u2013 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 (gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng t\u1eeb n\u0103m 2013) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat lui \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, s\u1ef1 r\u00fat lui \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 v\u1eafng m\u1eb7t v\u00e0 t\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n khai m\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng n\u00e0y, Evangelii gaudium<\/em> (2013) v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c loan b\u00e1o Tin M\u1eebng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi ng\u00e0y nay, t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 quan tr\u1ecdng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ee9c tin, l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc. Trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n nhi\u1ec7m tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u2013 \u0110\u1ee9c Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 h\u01a1n l\u00e0 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 \u2013 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 nh\u1eafc l\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng \u201c\u0111\u1ee9c tin kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1ee9c tin t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00fd tr\u00ed, b\u1edfi v\u00ec \u201c\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng l\u00fd tr\u00ed v\u00e0 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa\u201d v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi nhau\u201d. Ng\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi n\u00e0y: \u201cVi\u1ec7c truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 soi s\u00e1ng ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng \u0111\u1ee9c tin v\u00e0 lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00fang lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1eddi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. To\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ph\u00fa h\u00f3a nh\u1edd cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n m\u1edf ra nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi cho t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 gia t\u0103ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a l\u00fd tr\u00ed. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u00f2a h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh.\u201d (EG 242).<\/p>\n

Trong hai th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng thu\u1eadt ng\u1eef lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, trong Laudato si’<\/em> (2015), d\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n khi vi\u1ebft: \u201cN\u1ec1n sinh th\u00e1i nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u0169ng bao h\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 r\u1ea5t s\u00e2u xa: m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi lu\u1eadt lu\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc trong ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n.\u201d (LS 155) Trong Fratelli tutti<\/em> (2020), \u0111ang khi \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt nh\u01b0ng theo ngh\u0129a lu\u1eadt m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1ch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i g\u1ee3i l\u00ean \u201clu\u1eadt c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta\u201d, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u201cx\u00e3 h\u1ed9i theo \u0111u\u1ed5i vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0, t\u1eeb m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh\u201d. (FT 66) Nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ra trong b\u00e0i b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn do \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb v\u1ec1 d\u1ee5 ng\u00f4n Ng\u01b0\u1eddi Samaritan\u00f4 nh\u00e2n h\u1eadu (ch\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ee7a th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p), vi\u1ec7c quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng li\u00ean quan nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu Kit\u00f4 m\u1ea1c kh\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n

C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u1edbi T\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n Amoris laetitia<\/em> (2016) v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong gia \u0111\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf n\u0103m 2009, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn tr\u00edch d\u1eabn r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh s\u1ef1 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 c\u00f3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u2013 d\u00f9 l\u00e0 m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean \u2013 trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i: \u201cDo \u0111\u00f3, lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t t\u1eadp h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean thi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng kh\u00e1ch quan cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ra quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 mang t\u00ednh c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd\u201d. (AL<\/em> 305; s\u1ed1 59 trong v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u1ee6y ban Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf).<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111a nguy\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb Evangelii gaudium<\/em>, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn theo m\u1ed9t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n h\u01a1n v\u1eeba \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. Ng\u00e0i vi\u1ebft trong t\u00f4ng hu\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 sau: \u201cC\u1ea3 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u1eabn Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n trong vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i.\u201d (EG 184) Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0a ra, theo ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, x\u00e1c t\u00edn sau \u0111\u00e2y trong Laudato si’<\/em>: \u201cV\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd do g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh ph\u1ea3i l\u1eafng nghe v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn.\u201d (LS 61).<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf nh\u1eefng tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi Christoph Theobald, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u01b0 th\u1ebf c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 th\u1ebf gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c ng\u00e0i s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t th\u1eadn tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t k\u00edn \u0111\u00e1o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean trong ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ee3i \u00fd r\u1eb1ng Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch n\u00f3. Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng, b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi l\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn quy nh\u00e2n lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t (trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, v\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ef1ng gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i t\u1eeb Vatican II v\u00e0 Gaudium et spes<\/em> ngay c\u1ea3 trong mong mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i), \u0110\u1ee9c Phanxic\u00f4 ch\u1ec9 ra m\u1ed9t \u201cc\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 d\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng gian cho s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111a d\u1ea1ng v\u00e0 \u0111ang nguy\u00ean \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec3u th\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng h\u00ecnh kh\u1ed1i \u0111a di\u1ec7n \u2013 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.\u201d H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady l\u00e0, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u1eadt\u201d, th\u00ec l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 \u201cch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u201cngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c\u201d quan tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t phong c\u00e1ch s\u1ed1ng, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc “nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng””. (cf. \u00ab L\u2019enseignement social de l\u2019\u00c9glise selon le pape Fran\u00e7ois<\/a> \u00bb dans La pens\u00e9e sociale du pape Fran\u00e7ois<\/em>, dir. Bertrand H\u00e9riard Dubreuil, 2016, p. 25).<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 : <\/strong>Christian Pian<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n

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T\u00fd Linh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef (c\u00f3 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n

(ngu\u1ed3n : doctrine-sociale-catholique.fr<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch ti\u1ebfng Ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a Christian Pian t\u1eeb \u00ab Natural Law in Catholic Social Teachings \u00bb c\u1ee7a Stepen J. Pope. Christian Pian, Gi\u1ea3ng vi\u00ean th\u1ea7n […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":30991,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,31,32,33,8,48,97],"tags":[56,84,82,96,137],"class_list":["post-30989","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-luan-ly","category-nhan-ban","category-tam-linh","category-the-gioi","category-ty-linh","category-dao-duc-sinh-hoc","tag-benedicto-xvi","tag-giao-hoi-nha-nuoc","tag-nhan-quyen","tag-nhan-pham","tag-phanxico-i"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30989","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30989"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30989\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30992,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30989\/revisions\/30992"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30991"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30989"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30989"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30989"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}