{"id":35422,"date":"2025-06-07T20:25:42","date_gmt":"2025-06-07T13:25:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=35422"},"modified":"2025-06-07T20:28:21","modified_gmt":"2025-06-07T13:28:21","slug":"alasdair-macintyre-nha-tu-tuong-phe-binh-phong-trao-khai-sang","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/alasdair-macintyre-nha-tu-tuong-phe-binh-phong-trao-khai-sang\/","title":{"rendered":"ALASDAIR MACINTYRE, NH\u00c0 T\u01af T\u01af\u1edeNG PH\u00ca B\u00ccNH PHONG TR\u00c0O KHAI S\u00c1NG"},"content":{"rendered":"

Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Jean Duchesne b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Alasdair MacIntyre, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21\/5\/2025, \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 96. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh th\u1ee9c l\u1ea1i \u00fd th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c trong k\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/em><\/p>\n

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Trong d\u00f2ng tin t\u1ee9c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c s\u1eafp b\u1ecb lu m\u1edd b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng tin t\u1ee9c theo sau, \u00edt ai ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21 th\u00e1ng 5 c\u1ee7a Alasdair MacIntyre, g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t tr\u0103m tu\u1ed5i. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tri\u1ebft gia ng\u01b0\u1eddi Scotland sinh n\u0103m 1929, \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u01b0 t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 40, tr\u1edf n\u00ean n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1981 v\u1edbi cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u00f3 t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 After Virtue<\/em> (m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n ch\u1ea1y nh\u1ea5t qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i b\u1ea3n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c) v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o R\u00f4ma \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1983. \u00d4ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u00e1ng ng\u1ea1c nhi\u00ean theo nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch, v\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ebd v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh<\/strong><\/p>\n

Tho\u1ea1t nh\u00ecn, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00ean hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c Gaelic v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ecd m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i ti\u1ebfng Anh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t \u00e2m (b\u1ea3n phi\u00ean \u00e2m \u0111\u1ecdc gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 “Maquine Tailleur”). S\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, v\u00ec \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n (nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ebfn s\u0129 danh d\u1ef1) v\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y t\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi gi\u1ea3ng d\u1ea1y c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Notre Dame, \u1edf Indiana. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 sinh vi\u00ean \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ecbch c\u1ee7a Hi\u1ec7p h\u1ed9i Tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 danh ti\u1ebfng (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Benjamin Franklin th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp n\u0103m 1743).<\/p>\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 giao thoa v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX. Khi c\u00f2n tr\u1ebb, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c s\u01b0 Tr\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e3o (gi\u00e1o ph\u00e1i qu\u1ed1c gia \u1edf Scotland), tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi chuy\u1ec3n sang ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 th\u1ea7n l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a Marx h\u1ee9a h\u1eb9n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch (th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u1edf Anh, v\u1edbi Wittgenstein v\u00e0 Bertrand Russell) v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc “l\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ecba” (c\u1ee7a Husserl v\u00e0 Heidegger), \u0111\u1ec3 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0a Aristote c\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 Th\u00e1nh Thomas Aquin\u00f4 th\u1eddi trung c\u1ed5 tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh ngh\u1ecb s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Hai khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a tri\u1ebft thuy\u1ebft “Khai s\u00e1ng”<\/strong><\/p>\n

Gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 b\u00ecnh lu\u1eadn thay v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, Alasdair MacIntyre kh\u00f4ng kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecdc: thay v\u00ec d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n v\u00e0o c\u00e1c b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft gi\u1ea3ng mang t\u00ednh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n, \u00f4ng k\u1ec3 nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n m\u00e0 \u00f4ng r\u00fat ra c\u00e1c b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn tinh qu\u00e1i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng suy ra t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u00e1c t\u1ed1t hay c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n suy ngh\u0129 nhi\u1ec1u. \u00d4ng lu\u00f4n ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9c d\u1ea7u cho b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ed3 n\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n c\u00e1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 phong tr\u00e0o “Khai S\u00e1ng” (m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u00f4ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng b\u00f4i nh\u1ecd n\u00f3, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c). \u00d4ng t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c tham v\u1ecdng x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ki\u1ebfn \u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch quan, v\u00f4 t\u01b0 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n l\u00f4g\u00edc, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 hai khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m. M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, n\u00f3 cho r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n v\u00e0 lu\u00f4n h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i h\u00ecnh dung, b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng kinh nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i si\u00eau h\u00ecnh v\u1ed1n nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00e1c di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh<\/strong><\/p>\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0, trong c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f9ng theo \u0111u\u1ed5i. \u01af\u1edbc mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed xung \u0111\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc. Trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, lu\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t thi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u00e1c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed chung n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed7n chi\u1ebfn t\u1ef1 do gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi t\u00ednh trung l\u1eadp thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay th\u1ee7 t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf. Nh\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i Clausewitz, ng\u01b0\u1eddi cho r\u1eb1ng chi\u1ebfn tranh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0 “s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c”, MacIntyre \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 r\u1eb1ng, trong c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 “cu\u1ed9c n\u1ed9i chi\u1ebfn ti\u1ebfp di\u1ec5n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n kh\u00e1c”. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 l\u00fd do t\u1ea1i sao nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 c\u1edfi m\u1edf v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u00ednh \u00edt h\u1eddi h\u1ee3t h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e8m mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t \u0111o\u1ea1t ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t – m\u1ed9t l\u00fd t\u00ednh, n\u1ebfu th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n phi l\u00fd, s\u1ebd s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u00fang theo th\u1eddi gian m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia nh\u1eadp tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc kinh vi\u1ec7n t\u00e2n T\u00f4ma \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u00e0 gi\u00fap ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho l\u00e0 s\u1ebd t\u00edch h\u1ee3p m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t v\u00e0 to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu, cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1edbt l\u1edd v\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u1ea3m b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i hay c\u00e1i g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1edbi m\u1ebb n\u00e0o. MacIntyre ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh trong t\u1ea7m nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Aristote v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ecdc, v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y \u1ea3o t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan khoa h\u1ecdc (v\u00ec b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u), x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi \u00f4ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ti\u00ean nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay t\u00e2m l\u00fd. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch, v\u1ed1n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o t\u00ednh ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd l\u00f4gic c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn, khi\u1ebfn \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5. Nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ng\u00e0y nay c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c trong m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng Kant l\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng Bentham<\/strong><\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t d\u00f2ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 v\u0129nh c\u1eedu v\u00e0 t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c quy t\u1eafc ho\u1eb7c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Do \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng b\u00e1c b\u1ecf c\u1ea3 “m\u1ec7nh l\u1ec7nh tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i” c\u1ee7a Kant v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft v\u1ecb l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Jeremy Bentham, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Thay v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 c\u00e1c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1ecb chi ph\u1ed1i b\u1edfi c\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n v\u1ea1ch ra con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111i, d\u00f9 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 mu\u1ed1n hay kh\u00f4ng, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i ch\u1ec7ch kh\u1ecfi n\u00f3 vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u ho\u1eb7c d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, MacIntyre vi\u1ebft: “T\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: ‘T\u00f4i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec?’ n\u1ebfu tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean t\u00f4i tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi kh\u00e1c: ‘T\u00f4i th\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed n\u00e0o (ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n n\u00e0o)?'”<\/p>\n

\u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 h\u00e0m \u00fd m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n n\u1ee3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a nh\u00f2a v\u1edbi qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, ngu\u1ed3n m\u1ea1ch c\u1ee7a hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i trong m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u00f2n dang d\u1edf, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00f9y v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e2n c\u1eadn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00eau g\u1ecdi bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c th\u1ecbt v\u00e0 mong manh, c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e9p k\u00edn m\u00ecnh trong n\u00e3o tr\u1ea1ng l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh l\u00e0m trung t\u00e2m h\u1ee3p l\u00fd h\u00f3a c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong th\u00fa t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n bu\u1ed9c h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c v\u00f4 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i th\u01a1 (1623) c\u1ee7a linh m\u1ee5c Anh gi\u00e1o John Donne n\u00f3i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t hay: “Kh\u00f4ng ai l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea3o.”<\/p>\n

Kh\u00f4ng <\/strong>bi\u1ec7n<\/strong> gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y, v\u1eeba khi\u00eam t\u1ed1n v\u1eeba hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng cho tha nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u MacIntyre g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y hi\u1ec3u: m\u1ed9t n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t tri \u200b\u200b\u200b\u200bth\u1ee9c v\u1ed1n bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, kh\u00f4ng s\u1ee3 th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi ni\u1ec1m tin (kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 l\u00fac n\u00e0o) v\u00e0o ch\u00e2n l\u00fd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea7m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng v\u00f4 \u00edch. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 t\u1ecf l\u1ed9 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ea1nh, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng k\u00edch th\u00edch ch\u1ed1c l\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

MacIntyre kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ec7n gi\u00e1o. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn l\u00e0 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft n\u01a1i c\u00e1c th\u00e1nh, ngay c\u1ea3 khi c\u00e1c ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng rao gi\u1ea3ng. Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn, c\u00f3 tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i trong bong b\u00f3ng b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh c\u1ee7a t\u1ee9c th\u1eddi, nh\u01b0ng trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ecbch s\u1eed l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 m\u1eb7c kh\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u01a0n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n, th\u00f4ng qua truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c trong h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, th\u00ec gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1edbi th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX: c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3, th\u00ec v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ph\u1ea5n kh\u1edfi h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3n chi\u1ebfu nh\u1ee3t nh\u1ea1t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 H\u1eefu Th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i cao trong ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft th\u1ea7n lu\u1eadn, c\u0169ng v\u1eady, g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c soi s\u00e1ng b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u0111\u1ee9c c\u1eady v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c m\u1ebfn s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c \u0111em l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 c\u1ea5m \u0111o\u00e1n, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 so s\u00e1nh gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

———————————-<\/p>\n

T\u00fd Linh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/em><\/p>\n

(ngu\u1ed3n : Aleteia<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n

<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Nh\u00e0 v\u0103n Jean Duchesne b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o Alasdair MacIntyre, ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 21\/5\/2025, […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35424,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[31,8,48],"tags":[168],"class_list":["post-35422","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-luan-ly","category-the-gioi","category-ty-linh","tag-cac-thanh-nhan-vat"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35422","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=35422"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35422\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":35444,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/35422\/revisions\/35444"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35424"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=35422"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=35422"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=35422"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}