{"id":36241,"date":"2025-07-31T08:15:37","date_gmt":"2025-07-31T01:15:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=36241"},"modified":"2025-07-31T08:15:37","modified_gmt":"2025-07-31T01:15:37","slug":"leo-x-vi-hoang-than-thoi-phuc-hung-nguoi-da-ghi-dau-cuoc-ly-giao-voi-luther","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/leo-x-vi-hoang-than-thoi-phuc-hung-nguoi-da-ghi-dau-cuoc-ly-giao-voi-luther\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u00ca\u00d4 X, V\u1eca HO\u00c0NG TH\u00c2N TH\u1edcI PH\u1ee4C H\u01afNG, NG\u01af\u1edcI \u0110\u00c3 GHI D\u1ea4U CU\u1ed8C LY GI\u00c1O V\u1edaI LUTHER"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIV l\u00ean ngai t\u00f2a Ph\u00ear\u00f4, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 13 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng mang t\u00ean n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i. H\u00e3y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIV<\/em>. B\u00e0i 10: L\u00ea\u00f4 X.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

Sinh ra v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1475 t\u1ea1i Florence, v\u1edbi t\u00ean g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici, v\u00e0 qua \u0111\u1eddi v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 1 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 1521 t\u1ea1i R\u00f4ma, L\u00ea\u00f4 X l\u00e0 con trai c\u1ee7a Lorenzo de’ Medici, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 ‘Ng\u01b0\u1eddi xa hoa’ (1449-1492), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ch\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t trong th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a Florence. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i n\u00e0y, ngay t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u, Giovanni di Lorenzo de’ Medici \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1eb5n cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nghi\u1ec7p gi\u00e1o s\u0129, m\u1ed9t \u01a1n g\u1ecdi m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 chia s\u1ebb v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi em h\u1ecd Julius de’ Medici, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Cl\u00e9ment VII t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai (1523-1534), ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 lo li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea5n phong H\u1ed3ng y ngay sau khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u v\u00e0o ngai t\u00f2a Ph\u00ear\u00f4.  <\/p>\n

Ch\u1ecbu ch\u1ee9c c\u1eaft t\u00f3c khi m\u1edbi s\u00e1u tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1482, Giovanni de’ Medici \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u danh hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb th\u1eddi th\u01a1 \u1ea5u: ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec7 nh\u1ea5t l\u1ee5c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh n\u0103m 1483, v\u00e0 l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn th\u00e1nh l\u1ed9c c\u1ee7a Tu vi\u1ec7n Monte Cassino v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1486. N\u0103m 1489, khi m\u1edbi 13 tu\u1ed5i, ng\u00e0i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u h\u1ecdc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Pisa, v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong H\u1ed3ng y l\u00fac 16 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1492 b\u1edfi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Innocent VIII. Ngay sau \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i tham gia m\u1eadt ngh\u1ecb d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea7u ch\u1ecdn Rodrigo Borgia d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u Alexandre VI, ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 tr\u1ef1c di\u1ec7n. Trong c\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u00f3, s\u1ef1 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 Medicis \u1edf Florence \u0111\u00e3 bu\u1ed9c ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i s\u1ed1ng l\u01b0u vong trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f3 tin, v\u00ec ng\u00e0i ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y tr\u1ed1n kh\u1ecfi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1, c\u1ea3i trang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t tu s\u0129 d\u00f2ng Phanxic\u00f4. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m l\u00e0m \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ee9 \u1edf Bologna v\u00e0 Romagna v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1511, ng\u00e0i b\u1ecb b\u1eaft l\u00e0m t\u00f9 binh trong Tr\u1eadn Ravenna ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i qu\u00e2n Ph\u00e1p n\u0103m 1512, sau \u0111\u00f3 tr\u1ed1n tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt tr\u00ean ngai t\u00f2a Ph\u00ear\u00f4<\/strong><\/p>\n

Sau c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Julius II, ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 11 th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m 1513 d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u L\u00ea\u00f4 X. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ecb ho\u00e0ng th\u00e2n th\u1eddi Ph\u1ee5c h\u01b0ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 37, khi\u1ebfn ng\u00e0i tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u1ebb nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 thu th\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea3n th\u1ea3o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Dante. H\u1ecda s\u0129 Rapha\u00ebl \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1eddi ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c c\u00e1c b\u1ee9c b\u00edch h\u1ecda trong c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ee9c ch\u00e2n dung n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng c\u1ee7a L\u00ea\u00f4 X. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e0 bi\u00ean ni\u00ean s\u1eed ng\u01b0\u1eddi Th\u1ee5y S\u0129 Fran\u00e7ois Bonivard (1493-1570), “L\u00ea\u00f4 X th\u00f4ng th\u00e1i v\u1ec1 v\u0103n ch\u01b0\u01a1ng Hy L\u1ea1p v\u00e0 Latinh, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u1ea1c s\u0129 gi\u1ecfi… H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, th\u00e2n h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb9p, nh\u01b0ng khu\u00f4n m\u1eb7t x\u1ea5u x\u00ed v\u00e0 d\u1ecb d\u1ea1ng v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00e1 to do s\u01b0ng ph\u1ed3ng”.<\/p>\n

Tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 X \u0111\u00e3 k\u00fd Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Viterbo v\u1edbi C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc Fran\u00e7ois I v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 13 th\u00e1ng 10 n\u0103m 1515, v\u1ecb n\u00e0y l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn l\u00e0 C\u00f4ng t\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a Milan. M\u1ed9t n\u0103m sau, Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc Bologna trao cho vua Ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n b\u1ed5 nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1c tu vi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c trong v\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng gi\u1eefa ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 qu\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi x\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1438 khi vua Charles VII k\u00fd \u00ab S\u1ef1 tr\u1eebng ph\u1ea1t th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng \u00bb. L\u1ec7nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 vua tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i Ph\u00e1p, do \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft gallican.<\/p>\n

Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 X c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c ly gi\u00e1o Luther, li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c mua b\u00e1n c\u00e1c \u00e2n x\u00e1 m\u00e0 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e0i tr\u1ee3 cho vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u01b0\u01a1ng cung th\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng Th\u00e1nh Ph\u00ear\u00f4. Sau m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y b\u1edfi mong mu\u1ed1n h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c \u0110\u1ee9c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 ng\u00e0i \u00edt quan t\u00e2m, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 X \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Luther v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 15 th\u00e1ng 6 n\u0103m 1520 v\u1edbi t\u00f4ng s\u1eafc Exsurge Domine<\/em>. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1t t\u00f4ng s\u1eafc n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0o l\u1ec5 Gi\u00e1ng Sinh, Martin Luther \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111o\u1ea1n tuy\u1ec7t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i: L\u00ea\u00f4 X \u0111\u00e3 r\u00fat ph\u00e9p th\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng Luther v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y 3 th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m 1521 v\u1edbi t\u00f4ng s\u1eafc Decet Romanum Pontificem<\/em>. Luther c\u0169ng g\u1ecdi Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 X l\u00e0 \u00ab ph\u1ea3n Kit\u00f4 \u00bb. Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f3 v\u1ebb gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi m\u1ed9t \u00ab ‘cu\u1ed9c tranh ch\u1ea5p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111an s\u0129 \u00bb \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c xung \u0111\u1ed9t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u nhi\u1ec1u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed ch\u00e2u \u00c2u. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng qua \u0111\u1eddi ngay sau khi c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 t\u00f4ng s\u1eafc n\u00e0y, khi m\u1edbi 45 tu\u1ed5i, \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i k\u00fd \u1ee9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc y\u1ebfu k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2021, k\u1ef7 ni\u1ec7m 500 n\u0103m v\u1ea1 tuy\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng Luther, nh\u00f3m th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea1i k\u1ebft \u0110\u1ee9c Altenberg<\/a> \u0111\u00e3 k\u00eau g\u1ecdi c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c tr\u00e1ch C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 Tin L\u00e0nh ph\u00e1i Luther r\u00fat l\u1ea1i v\u1ea1 tuy\u1ec7t th\u00f4ng l\u1eabn nhau v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

T\u00fd Linh<\/em><\/p>\n

(theo Aleteia<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIV l\u00ean ngai t\u00f2a Ph\u00ear\u00f4, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 13 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng mang t\u00ean n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i. H\u00e3y kh\u00e1m […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":36243,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8,48],"tags":[168,106],"class_list":["post-36241","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-gioi","category-ty-linh","tag-cac-thanh-nhan-vat","tag-doi-thoai-lien-ton"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36241","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36241"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36241\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36244,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36241\/revisions\/36244"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/36243"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36241"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36241"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36241"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}