{"id":36279,"date":"2025-08-02T11:14:12","date_gmt":"2025-08-02T04:14:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=36279"},"modified":"2025-08-02T11:14:37","modified_gmt":"2025-08-02T04:14:37","slug":"duc-leo-xiii","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/duc-leo-xiii\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0110\u1ee8C L\u00ca\u00d4 XIII, V\u1eca GI\u00c1O HO\u00c0NG \u0110\u00c3 XOAY CHUY\u1ec2N GI\u00c1O H\u1ed8I V\u00c0O TH\u1ebe K\u1ef6 XX"},"content":{"rendered":"

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIV l\u00ean ngai t\u00f2a Ph\u00ear\u00f4, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 13 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng mang t\u00ean n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i. H\u00e3y kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng L\u00ea\u00f4 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIV<\/em>. B\u00e0i 13: \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII.<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

K\u1ebf th\u1eeba m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng, \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII (1878-1903) \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p ch\u00fang b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 Rerum Novarum<\/em><\/a>, trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00e0i \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p ng\u00e0i khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XX \u0111ang n\u1ed5i l\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Khi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 IX qua \u0111\u1eddi n\u0103m 1878, T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh \u0111ang tr\u1ea3i qua m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng r\u1ea5t nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. K\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1870 v\u00e0 khi qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i \u00dd chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c R\u00f4ma, Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh “t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n” \u1edf Vatican v\u00e0 c\u00f3 xung \u0111\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng khai v\u1edbi V\u01b0\u01a1ng qu\u1ed1c \u00dd non tr\u1ebb. Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111ang ch\u1ecbu \u00e1p l\u1ef1c \u1edf Ph\u00e1p, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n C\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a th\u1ee9 ba r\u1ea5t b\u00e0i gi\u00e1o s\u0129, ho\u1eb7c \u1edf \u0110\u1ee9c, n\u01a1i Th\u1ee7 t\u01b0\u1edbng Otto von Bismarck l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o “Kulturkampf<\/em>” (cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea5u tranh v\u0103n h\u00f3a) nh\u1eb1m l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh. \u1ede Hoa K\u1ef3, m\u1ed9t tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u r\u1ea5t t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a \u0111ang ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n, trong khi \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a t\u1ee5c h\u00f3a \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, m\u1eadt ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn H\u1ed3ng y Vincenzo Pecci, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng xu\u1ea5t th\u00e2n t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi qu\u00fd t\u1ed9c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng R\u00f4ma, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi t\u00e0i n\u0103ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 ngo\u1ea1i giao v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n th\u1eddi<\/strong><\/p>\n

H\u1ed3ng y Vincenzo Pecci l\u1ea5y t\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u l\u00e0 L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII. Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 T\u1ed5ng Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a Perugia trong ba m\u01b0\u01a1i n\u0103m, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn R\u00f4ma m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 IX qua \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh H\u1ed3ng y nhi\u1ebfp ch\u00ednh, do s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe y\u1ebfu. M\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u mong \u0111\u1ee3i m\u1ed9t tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn ng\u1ee7i, ngay c\u1ea3 ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n ng\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ng\u00e0i s\u1ebd tr\u1ecb v\u00ec trong m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n t\u01b0 th\u1ebf k\u1ef7, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed. M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed3ng ti\u1ebfp n\u1ed1i c\u00e1c quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c Pi\u00f4 IX li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 R\u00f4ma \u2013 ng\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ed1 c\u00e1o h\u00e0nh vi ti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n do vua \u00dd th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u2013 nh\u01b0ng \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 ghi d\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c gi\u1ea3i t\u00e1n c\u00e1c Qu\u1ed1c gia Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1900. L\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u1eed ch\u1ec9 c\u1edfi m\u1edf \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a \u1edf Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1edbi Bismarck v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t Kulturkampf<\/em>. Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i \u1edf \u201cT\u00e2n Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi\u201d, \u1edf Ch\u00e2u M\u1ef9 Latinh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u1edf Hoa K\u1ef3, n\u01a1i ng\u00e0i l\u00ean \u00e1n \u201cch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a s\u00f9ng M\u1ef9\u201d.<\/p>\n

R\u1ea5t \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u00ecnh (ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi ham \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e1o ch\u00ed v\u00e0 l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n), \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII c\u0169ng d\u00e0nh th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c suy t\u01b0 s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a 86 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u2013 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef7 l\u1ee5c. V\u00e0o n\u0103m 1902, m\u1ed9t n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi qua \u0111\u1eddi, \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII, h\u01a1i theo phong c\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n R\u00e9tractations<\/em> (Xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i) c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh Augustin\u00f4, \u0111\u00e3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch ch\u00edn th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t b\u1ee9c tranh to\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u1ec1 tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng r\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i, tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t v\u1ecb gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c. Nh\u00e0 tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc \u00c9tienne Gilson th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n coi ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 “tri\u1ebft gia v\u0129 \u0111\u1ea1i nh\u1ea5t th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX”.<\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

M\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng\u201d<\/strong><\/p>\n

Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 \u00c6terni Patris<\/em> (1879), v\u1ec1 “tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o”, \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n th\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u m\u1edbi m\u1ebb v\u1ec1 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 (ch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u00e2n T\u00f4ma), ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 Libertas Praestantissimum<\/em> (1888), v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, l\u00ean \u00e1n s\u1ef1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do. R\u1ed3i Arcanum Divinae Sapientiae<\/em> (1880), gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch vi\u1ec7c Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i l\u00ean \u00e1n ly h\u00f4n ; Humanum Genus<\/em> (1884), ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n \u201cch\u1ee7 thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Tam \u0111i\u1ec3m ; Diuturnum <\/em>(1881), v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n b\u00ednh ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ; Immortale Dei<\/em> (1885), v\u1ec1 hi\u1ebfn ph\u00e1p Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a th\u1ebf t\u1ee5c, v\u00e0 Quod Apostolici Muneris<\/em> (1878), l\u00ean \u00e1n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00eao XIII, Rerum Novarum<\/em> (1891), th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e1c n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng cho \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 cho nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 sau n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i\u201d. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, trong Sapientiae Christianae<\/em> (1890), \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch ng\u01b0\u1eddi C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i tu\u00e2n theo lu\u1eadt d\u00e2n s\u1ef1 khi ch\u00fang m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIII c\u00f3 gi\u1ecdng \u0111i\u1ec7u ph\u1ea3n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, th\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u1ed5 v\u0169 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m m\u1ed9t \u201c\u0111\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111ang chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/em>\u201d c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i m\u1edbi. L\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t ham hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft, ng\u00e0i l\u00e0 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi \u00e2m gi\u1ecdng n\u00f3i<\/a> v\u00e0 l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quay phim<\/a>. V\u00e0 di s\u1ea3n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tri\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea1i gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebf v\u1ecb ng\u00e0i, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIV ng\u00e0y nay.<\/p>\n

T\u00fd Linh<\/em><\/p>\n

(theo Aleteia<\/a>)<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi \u0110\u1ee9c L\u00ea\u00f4 XIV l\u00ean ngai t\u00f2a Ph\u00ear\u00f4, trong l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 13 v\u1ecb Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng mang t\u00ean n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ng\u00e0i. H\u00e3y kh\u00e1m […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":35040,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,31,8,48],"tags":[168,206],"class_list":["post-36279","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-luan-ly","category-the-gioi","category-ty-linh","tag-cac-thanh-nhan-vat","tag-leo-xiv"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36279","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=36279"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36279\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":36281,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/36279\/revisions\/36281"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/35040"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=36279"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=36279"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=36279"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}