{"id":37037,"date":"2025-09-25T15:43:25","date_gmt":"2025-09-25T08:43:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=37037"},"modified":"2025-09-25T15:44:41","modified_gmt":"2025-09-25T08:44:41","slug":"hoc-thuyet-ve-ly-le-can-xung-trong-than-hoc-luan-ly","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/hoc-thuyet-ve-ly-le-can-xung-trong-than-hoc-luan-ly\/","title":{"rendered":"H\u1eccC THUY\u1ebeT V\u1ec0 L\u00dd L\u1ebc C\u00c2N X\u1ee8NG TRONG TH\u1ea6N H\u1eccC LU\u00c2N L\u00dd"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi.<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ec1 ra ba ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0:<\/p>\n

a\/ b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi;<\/em><\/p>\n

b\/ c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh;<\/em><\/p>\n

c\/ ch\u1ee7 \u00fd.<\/em><\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u th\u00ec ti\u00ean v\u00e0n ph\u1ea3i c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u201cb\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\u201d c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, xem n\u00f3 h\u1ee3p ho\u1eb7c tr\u00e1i v\u1edbi quy chu\u1ea9n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd; c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u201cho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh\u201d hay \u201cch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gia t\u0103ng hay bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ph\u1ea1t, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi x\u1ea5u th\u00e0nh h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n

L\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eeba n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i do nh\u1eefng lu\u1ed3ng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1eb7ng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u201cch\u1ee7 \u00fd\u201d hay \u201cho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh\u201d l\u00ean tr\u00ean y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 \u201cb\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u201d, theo \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u t\u00f9y theo \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u c\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o sau C\u00f4ng \u0110\u1ed3ng Va-ti-ca-n\u00f4 II, mang danh l\u00e0 : c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u hay kh\u00f4ng (actus intrincese mali). Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m h\u1ebft<\/em> (semper et pro semper): kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do g\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh, kh\u00f4ng m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ph\u00e9p h\u1ebft ! C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0 v\u1eady hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 (t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i; ngo\u1ea1i t\u00ecnh). Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba thai, m\u1ed9t lu\u1ed3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t l\u1ea1i v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i t\u1edbi k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi n\u00e0o t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u c\u1ea3. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn nh\u1eefng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u01b0ng cho tr\u00e0o l\u01b0u m\u1edbi thu\u1ed9c v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc \u00c2u v\u00e0 B\u1eafc M\u1ef9, t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0: Franz Boeckle, Charles Curran, Richard McCormick, Josef Fuchs, Louis Jannsens, Peter Knauer, Bruno Schueller.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 b\u00eanh v\u1ef1c cho l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 du nh\u1eadp hai th\u1ee9 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t t\u1edbi trong khi x\u00e9t \u0111o\u00e1n c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi:<\/p>\n

1) ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9;<\/em><\/p>\n

2) ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00fang.<\/em><\/p>\n

1) Th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9.<\/p>\n

a\/ C\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201csi\u00eau-vi\u1ec7t\u201d (: transcendental, c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c\u201d: formel) b\u1ea3o cho ta bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ed d\u1ee5: M\u1ebfn Ch\u00faa y\u00eau ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea3i \u0103n \u1edf ngay l\u00e0nh. Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y r\u1ea5t t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, hi\u1ec3n nhi\u00ean, nh\u01b0ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i cho ta bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u01b0 x\u1eed th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch khuy\u1ebfn thi\u1ec7n (par\u00e9n\u00e9tique).<\/p>\n

b\/ \u0110\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9\u201d (: cat\u00e9goriel; hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3\u201d: mat\u00e9riel) th\u00ec bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t n\u1ed9i dung (contenu), m\u1ed9t quy chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u01b0 x\u1eed. Nh\u1eefng quy t\u1eafc n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3n minh, v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i: ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng quy chu\u1ea9n \u1ea5y do vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ta ho\u1eb7c c\u00f9ng n\u1ebfp s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a : nh\u1eefng quy chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian, cho n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t, b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

2) C\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1eeba n\u00f3i c\u00f2n du nh\u1eadp th\u00eam m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t b\u1ea3n th\u1ec3 (hay th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 : bien ontique) v\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (bien moral). Theo h\u1ecd, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 hai c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/em><\/p>\n

a\/ \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u201cth\u1ef1c th\u1ec3\u201d, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u (good \/ bad) khi \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay t\u1eadp th\u1ec3: \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t khi gi\u00fap ta th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (t\u1ef1a nh\u01b0 : m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng, s\u1ee9c kho\u1ebb, ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c, s\u1eafc \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u0103n h\u00f3a, t\u00ecnh ngh\u0129a, th\u1eafng l\u1ee3i); c\u00f2n c\u00e1i g\u00ec ng\u0103n c\u1ea3n ta \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y th\u00ec l\u00e0 \u201cx\u1ea5u\u201d (b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, ch\u1ebft ch\u00f3c, th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i, ch\u00e1n ch\u01b0\u1eddng). C\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0y c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d (pr\u00e9-moral) hay \u201cv\u00f4 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d (non-moral), v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00ean t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.-<\/p>\n

b\/ \u1ede c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 \u201clu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d, \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u (right, wrong: \u0111\u00fang \/ sai, tr\u00fang \/ tr\u1eadt) l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u (l\u00e0nh \/ d\u1eef, thi\u1ec7n \/ \u00e1c) x\u00e9t d\u01b0\u1edbi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh lu\u00e2n l\u00fd: n\u00f3 gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee7a \u00fd ch\u00ed t\u1ef1 do (Ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00fd h\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn).<\/p>\n

Sau nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 v\u1eady r\u1ed3i, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn nh\u01b0 sau. Ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t \/ x\u1ea5u theo-h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3; nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t, nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u00fap ta l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n trong nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, khi ph\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m hay kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec, th\u00ec \u00fd ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a theo m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u1ec7nh danh \u201cl\u00fd-do t\u01b0\u01a1ng-x\u1ee9ng\u201d (proportionate reason; hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 : \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng: proportionate good) m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 sau: \u201ckhi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng, ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u201d (The greater good is to be preferred). Gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1i t\u1ed1t-h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3 th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a c\u00e1i g\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n; ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa hai c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u-h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3, ph\u1ea3i l\u1ef1a c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u00edt x\u1ea5u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Do \u0111\u00f3 m\u00e0 \u00fd ch\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u-h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3 (ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd) n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t-h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 : ai ai c\u0169ng bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, n\u00f3i d\u1ed1i, t\u00e0 d\u00e2m l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u; nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i x\u1ea5u-h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3 (ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd).<\/p>\n

N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m: n\u1ebfu vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea3 bom nguy\u00ean t\u1eed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e3 gieo qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00e0 sinh m\u1ea1ng, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd do c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng tuy k\u00e8m theo s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n s\u00e1t nh\u1eefng n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i. (C\u0169ng v\u1eady d\u00f9ng thu\u1ed1c ng\u1eeba thai l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u; nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau h\u00f4n nh\u00e2n th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 n\u00ean l\u00e0m).<\/p>\n

Thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 l\u00fd do c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng (proportionalisme), x\u00e9t v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t \u201cl\u00fd l\u1ebd c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng\u201d l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng: trong khi h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eb1m t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t x\u00e9t theo l\u00fd l\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u k\u00e8m theo.<\/p>\n

Ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ec7-th\u1ed1ng-h\u00f3a thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 Peter Knauer, t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1965. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ef1a t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u201cm\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh-vi sinh hai h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t cho m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

Theo th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng mang theo hai h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 (m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u) th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3, mi\u1ec5n l\u00e0 gi\u1eef 4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n

1) h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c \u00edt l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng-t\u1ed1t kh\u00f4ng-x\u1ea5u;<\/em><\/p>\n

2)  ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 \u00fd ngay th\u1eb3ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t, c\u00f2n h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u x\u1ea3y ra \u201cngo\u00e0i \u00fd mu\u1ed1n\u201d (praeter intentionem);<\/em><\/p>\n

3) h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u \u0111i k\u00e8m theo h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u0103n c\u1edb \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t (x\u00e9t v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 d\u1eef \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n);<\/em><\/p>\n

4) sau c\u00f9ng ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i  c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do tr\u1ea7m tr\u1ecdng c\u00e2n x\u1ee9ng v\u1edbi h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u g\u00e2y ra.<\/em><\/p>\n

Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0 m\u1eb9 \u0111ang mang thai v\u00e0 m\u1eafc b\u1ec7nh; b\u00e0 c\u1ea7n u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00e0 nu\u00f4i ch\u1ed3ng nu\u00f4i con d\u00f9 r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m s\u1ea9y thai. B\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 \u00fd ph\u00e1 thai, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3y thai ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 \u0111i k\u00e8m vi\u1ec7c u\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed1c m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0nh b\u1ec7nh.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 sao th\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n hi\u1ec3u ng\u1eadm l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u (ph\u00e1 thai) v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p l\u00e0m; nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t tuy k\u00e8m theo h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 x\u1ea5u.<\/p>\n

C\u00f2n cha Peter Knauer th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u hay t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t x\u1ea5u \u201ch\u1eefu th\u1ec3\u201d; c\u00f2n m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u \u201ctheo lu\u00e2n l\u00fd\u201d, khi \u0111i k\u00e8m v\u1edbi  \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 b\u1ecf qua h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \u201ch\u00e0nh vi v\u1edbi hai h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t n\u00f3 l\u00e0m nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi: m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u1ecb coi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u khi n\u00e0o ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng thi\u1ebfu l\u00fd l\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00fd l\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ec7n minh<\/em> cho vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u x\u1ea5u h\u1eefu-th\u1ec3 (ti\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd), th\u1eddi l\u00fac \u1ea5y ph\u1ea3i coi l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd.<\/p>\n

X\u00e9t v\u00ec h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft n\u00e0y l\u1ea5y vi\u1ec7c c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc l\u00fd l\u1ebd t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 quy t\u1eafc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd duy nh\u1ea5t, n\u00ean n\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00edch\u201d (t\u00e9l\u00e9ologisme) hay l\u00e0 thuy\u1ebft \u201ch\u1eadu qu\u1ea3\u201d (cons\u00e9quentialisme). G\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00edch\u201d, b\u1edfi v\u00ec h\u1ecd l\u1ea5y \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n h\u00e0nh vi; g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201ch\u1eadu qu\u1ea3\u201d b\u1edfi v\u00ec gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh vi nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 x\u00e9t theo h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 g\u00e2y ra (l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u).<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u0169ng x\u00e9t t\u1edbi \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 khi th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; nh\u01b0ng \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam ph\u1ea9m-t\u00ednh cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 v\u00f4 th\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00f4 ph\u1ea1t, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 x\u1ea5u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 l\u00e0 t\u1ed1t, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu \u0111i nh\u00e0 th\u1edd v\u00ec mu\u1ed1n cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00ecnh th\u00ec n\u00f3 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, c\u01b0\u1edbp c\u1ee7a gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n x\u1ea5u; n\u1ebfu \u0111i \u0111\u00e1nh c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y ti\u1ec1n gi\u00fap ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, th\u00ec c\u00e1i m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee9u nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9 th\u1ebf v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 \u0103n c\u01b0\u1edbp th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed1t.<\/p>\n

Th\u1ef1c ra, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n coi nh\u1eb9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch trong khi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c h\u00e0nh vi; nh\u01b0ng h\u1ecd ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t hai th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u00edch hay c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh:<\/p>\n

a) m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00e0ng l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c\u201d (finis operis), x\u00e9t b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ec1 c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 h\u00e0nh vi s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 l\u00e0 t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 t\u1ed1t hay x\u1ea5u (th\u00ed d\u1ee5 m\u00f3c t\u00fai c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng sao, nh\u01b0ng m\u00f3c t\u00fai c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c khi h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n th\u00ec l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u1ea5u);<\/p>\n

b) \u0111\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eafm t\u1edbi\u201d (finis agentis) khi l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi. C\u00f2n c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ebft \u201ch\u01b0\u1edbng-\u0111\u00edch\u201d th\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi \u201cc\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3\u201d: theo h\u1ecd, ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1i ch\u1ee7 \u00fd m\u1edbi mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb lu\u00e2n l\u00fd cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3; c\u00f2n c\u1ee9u c\u00e1nh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u00ec coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n-lu\u00e2n-l\u00fd, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c, c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn m\u00e0 th\u00f4i !<\/p>\n

Bibl. S.T. PINCKAERS, Ce qu\u2019on ne peut jamais faire. La question des actes intrins\u00e8quement mauvais. Histoire et discussion. Ed. Universitaires Fribourg Suisse<\/em> 1986.<\/p>\n

————————————-<\/p>\n

T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Phan T\u1ea5n<\/strong><\/p>\n

(ngu\u1ed3n: daminhvn.net<\/a>)<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00eau l\u00ean m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 tranh lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1012,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[8],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-37037","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-the-gioi"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37037","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=37037"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37037\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":37038,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/37037\/revisions\/37038"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1012"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=37037"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=37037"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=37037"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}