{"id":38955,"date":"2026-01-02T21:35:44","date_gmt":"2026-01-02T14:35:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=38955"},"modified":"2026-01-03T06:52:09","modified_gmt":"2026-01-02T23:52:09","slug":"lap-truong-va-giao-huan-cua-ghcg-ve-viec-ton-trong-su-song-va-quyen-duoc-song-cua-con-nguoi-phan-1-tinh-thang-thieng-cua-su-song","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/lap-truong-va-giao-huan-cua-ghcg-ve-viec-ton-trong-su-song-va-quyen-duoc-song-cua-con-nguoi-phan-1-tinh-thang-thieng-cua-su-song\/","title":{"rendered":"L\u1eacP TR\u01af\u1edcNG V\u00c0 GI\u00c1O HU\u1ea4N C\u1ee6A GHCG V\u1ec0 VI\u1ec6C T\u00d4N TR\u1eccNG S\u1ef0 S\u1ed0NG V\u00c0 QUY\u1ec0N \u0110\u01af\u1ee2C S\u1ed0NG C\u1ee6A CON NG\u01af\u1edcI. PH\u1ea6N 1 – T\u00cdNH TH\u00c1NG THI\u00caNG C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 S\u1ed0NG"},"content":{"rendered":"

Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2025, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 long tr\u1ecdng m\u1eebng k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e1nh gia v\u00e0 trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00edn h\u1eefu, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t m\u00e3nh li\u1ec7t b\u1edfi l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n sau \u0111\u00e2y: \u201cV\u00ec l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh s\u00e2u xa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat th\u1ee5 thai, qua m\u1ecdi giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u00f4i th\u00ec l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n s\u01a1 \u1ea5y l\u1ea1i mang m\u1ed9t \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u s\u1eafc v\u00e0 bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/em> (GHCG) v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong d\u1ea1 m\u1eb9, ng\u00e2y t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, cho \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c sinh ra v\u00e0 l\u1edbn l\u00ean. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn t\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, th\u1ec3 theo l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00ean v\u1eefng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o  hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, g\u00ecn gi\u1eef v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m.<\/p>\n

\u201cNgay t\u1eeb gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 t\u1eeb khi h\u1ee3p t\u1eed \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, theo \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ed1n d\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong to\u00e0n v\u1eb9n th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb ngay t\u1eeb gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat th\u1ee5 thai; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat \u1ea5y, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng.\u201d<\/em>[1]<\/a><\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1edfi l\u1eddi nguy\u1ec7n xin tha thi\u1ebft trong th\u00e1nh l\u1ec5 m\u1eebng k\u00ednh gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e1nh gia v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, ngang qua t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u201cDonum Vitae\u201d Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n. Cho n\u00ean, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e3y sinh ra \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp trong c\u00e1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, t\u1eeb gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat th\u1ee5 thai cho \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.[2]<\/a> \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1eeb khi m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u00ecnh trong l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi nh\u1eafm m\u1eaft xu\u00f4i tay sang b\u00ean kia th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y m\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai c\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 \u00fd v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p h\u00f3a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an t\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eed, d\u00f9 cho m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 qu\u1ed1c gia tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n l\u1ea7n l\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1edbi qu\u00fd v\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 qua c\u00e1c b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong th\u1eddi gian t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n

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  1. T\u00ednh th\u00e1ng thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng<\/strong><\/li>\n
  2. Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m<\/strong><\/li>\n
  3. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00e1 thai<\/strong><\/li>\n
  4. An t\u1eed v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 t\u1eed<\/strong><\/li>\n
  5. Hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    \u01af\u1edbc mong c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i l\u00e0 qua lo\u1ea1t b\u00e0i kh\u1ea3o c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap cho qu\u00fd \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o am t\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng ki\u00ean v\u1eefng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh Kinh v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

    Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, t\u00f4i xin ph\u00e9p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o.<\/p>\n

     <\/p>\n

    T\u00cdNH TH\u00c1NH THI\u00caNG C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 S\u1ed0NG<\/strong><\/p>\n

     <\/strong>D\u1eaaN NH\u1eacP:<\/p>\n

    \u201cT\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 bi\u1ebft k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. T\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ea3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a lu\u00e2n l\u00fd<\/em>.\u201d (Albert Schweizer, K\u00ednh Tr\u1ecdng S\u1ef1 S\u1ed1ng<\/em>). [3]<\/a><\/p>\n

    S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban t\u1eb7ng v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7. H\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.[4]<\/a> Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf, v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 t\u1ef1 do h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.[5]<\/a> M\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u00edn th\u00e1c\u201d (trust) ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu\u201d (possession) thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ta.<\/p>\n

    H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u tin r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u00f4i khi \u201ct\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c k\u00ednh tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng,\u201d \u201cph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\u201d \u201cgi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi,\u201d th\u1eadm ch\u00ed \u201cquy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng.\u201d[6]<\/a> Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y? Sau khi t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u xong nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p cho c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y, ta s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng n\u00eau m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u1eefa: \u201cT\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o v\u00e0 trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ra sao?<\/p>\n

      \n
    1. NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C V\u1ec0 T\u00cdNH TH\u00c1NH THI\u00caNG C\u1ee6A S\u1ef0 S\u1ed0NG<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      T\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o.[7]<\/a> \u0110\u1ea1o C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea1o Tin L\u00e0nh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea7n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00ean t\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c l\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1eb7c cho n\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u \u0111i\u1ec3m gi\u00e1o l\u00fd Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o nh\u01b0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u1ee9u chu\u1ed9c, t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t t\u1eed c\u1ee7a linh h\u1ed3n, v.v… Nh\u00ecn chung, C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng r\u1ea5t gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Tin L\u00e0nh, c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i th\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Joseph Fuchs kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: \u201ccon ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa c\u00e1ch tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Ng\u00e0i m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.\u201d[8]<\/a> C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, James Gustafson xem th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u201c\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i l\u00ean, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ee7ng c\u1ed1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c phong ph\u00fa h\u00f3a\u201d nh\u1edd ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ea5ng t\u00e1c t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 mu\u1ed1n s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u thi\u1ec7n h\u1ea3o.[9]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Norman St. John-Stevas, ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eebng vi\u1ebft r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o La-m\u00e3, \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng \u201cs\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00ec s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1eddi \u0111\u1eddi c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. M\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o t\u00ednh (creatureliness) c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u00edn th\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u201d[10]<\/a><\/p>\n

      C\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, Paul Ramsey nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi g\u00e1n cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ti\u00ean v\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa:<\/p>\n

      Ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5u tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan ni\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t khi nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao ban v\u00e0 bao b\u1ecdc b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang, kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; r\u1eb1ng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0 alien dignity <\/em><\/strong>(ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng)[11]<\/a>… Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e0o d\u00e2ng t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa khi Ng\u00e0i ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u1ecdng mong s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e1i g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 do kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.[12]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Nh\u1eefng quan \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y xem ra kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0\/ho\u1eb7c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia hay d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o th\u00e0nh t\u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00fang ra, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa d\u00e0nh cho ch\u00fang ta. Richard Gula<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch s\u00fac t\u00edch v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u1eb9p nh\u01b0 sau: Ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0<\/strong> ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong>,[13]<\/a> kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c ch\u00fang ta theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Ng\u00e0i (Kn 1:26-27).[14]<\/a> \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a quan \u0111i\u1ec3m C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd t\u00ednh kh\u00e1ch quan, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd trong gi\u00e1o hu\u1ea5n c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.[15]<\/a> V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, t\u1ee9c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c \u201calien dignity – ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng,\u201d l\u00e0 do Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban cho.[16]<\/a> Nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng ai ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n gi\u1ea3i th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc cho ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn n\u00e0y, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m, b\u1edfi v\u00ec c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c duy nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu l\u00e0 \u1edf trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cgiao \u01b0\u1edbc.\u201d[17]<\/a><\/p>\n

      M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc cho t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang n\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng, r\u1ea5t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ed5 v\u0169 cho t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 trong m\u1ecdi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc Edward Shils<\/strong> \u0111\u00e3 suy t\u01b0 theo h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00e0y t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng, t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 trong c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, \u201ctrong c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean c\u0103n r\u1eb1ng m\u00ecnh \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng, trong n\u1ed7i lo s\u1ee3 b\u1ecb ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t, trong t\u00e2m tr\u1ea1ng kinh ho\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng can thi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 m\u01b0u toan, trong c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c gh\u00ea r\u1ee3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00e0nh vi h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1i t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, v\u00e0 trong ni\u1ec1m kinh ng\u1ea1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed3ng lo\u1ea1i.\u201d \u00d4ng g\u1ecdi c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u201csi\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o nguy\u00ean c\u0103n\u201d hay \u201csi\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean\u201d v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.[18]<\/a><\/p>\n

      C\u1ed1 g\u1eafng t\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, v\u00e0 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u1ed1 \u00fd ph\u00e1 thai v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p ph\u00e1p ho\u00e1 an t\u1eed ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng, l\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t. Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 suy t\u01b0 kh\u00e1c nhau v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 hai b\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. X\u00e9t cho c\u00f9ng, hai b\u00ean nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u00ec l\u00fd do r\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ti\u1ec5n. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Edward Shils vi\u1ebft:<\/p>\n

      \u201cN\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng th\u00eam ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o cho \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd b\u1ecb tr\u00f4i d\u1ea1t… v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang th\u00ec s\u1ebd ch\u1eb3ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec l\u00e0 th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang n\u1eefa.\u201d[19]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Norman St. John-Stevas<\/strong> th\u00ec di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0y: <\/p>\n

      \u201cM\u1ed9t khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, th\u00ec to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd b\u1ecb b\u0103ng ho\u1ea1i.\u201d[20]<\/a><\/p>\n

      C\u1ea3 hai \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: n\u1ebfu mu\u1ed1n c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II c\u0169ng \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 quan \u0111i\u1ec3m n\u00e0y khi ng\u00e0i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cKhi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa b\u1ecb qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng th\u00ec \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1ecb l\u00e3ng qu\u00ean. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea1y theo nh\u1eefng s\u1edf th\u00edch h\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea1c v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c d\u1ee5ng.\u201d [21]<\/a><\/p>\n

      D\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 v\u1ebb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, \u0111\u1ec3 hy v\u1ecdng mai \u0111\u00e2y m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed tr\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 cho r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n lu\u1eadt, ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, James Gustafson nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 ni\u1ec1m t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m, th\u00ec c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0o con d\u1ed1c tr\u01b0\u1ee3t. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, h\u1ea7u cho ta bi\u1ebft ch\u1eafc “s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng” l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ai ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7.[22]<\/a><\/p>\n

      Tuy ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u00eam \u0111\u00f4ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u1eady th\u00ec t\u1ea1i sao ta c\u1ee9 b\u00e1m l\u1ea5y nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u00f2n m\u01a1 h\u1ed3 nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf? N\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng g\u00ec trong cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 an t\u1eed? David Callahan tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n

      \u201cNguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed \u00e2n c\u1ea7n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 n\u00f3. Ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u00f3a nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n n\u00e0y. Sau \u0111\u00f3, nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u1ea5y, l\u1ea1i g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 th\u1ea9m \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qui lu\u1eadt.\u201d[23]<\/a><\/p>\n

      N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00f4 th\u1ec3<\/strong> tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 trong lu\u00e2n l\u00fd h\u1ecdc. T\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng cho ch\u00fang ta bi\u1ebft vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng t\u00ecnh hu\u1ed1ng c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3<\/strong>, v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng cho ta bi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m g\u00ec.[24]<\/a> N\u00f3i \u0111\u00edch x\u00e1c h\u01a1n, v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc m\u00f4 th\u1ec3, \u201ct\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng\u201d v\u1ea1ch h\u01b0\u1edbng cho ch\u00fang ta n\u00e2ng cao ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 khi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. N\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f3 t\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng m\u1ed9t xu h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u1ee7ng h\u1ed9 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1 thai hay v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 an t\u1eed, m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng qui t\u1eafc m\u00f4 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 trong nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ec1n t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00e1ch b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng<\/strong>.[25]<\/a> Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng b\u1eaft ta ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 v\u1ea5n, li\u1ec7u vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh qui t\u1eafc n\u00e0y s\u1ebd thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, di\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch lu\u1eadn l\u00fd h\u1ecdc cho th\u1ea5y, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n d\u0129 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m ra nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. N\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 v\u1ea1ch cho ta th\u1ea5y ph\u01b0\u01a1ng h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.[26]<\/a><\/p>\n

      V\u1eady, d\u00f9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o hay kh\u00f4ng, t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n v\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 chu \u0111\u00e1o nh\u1ea5t, nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. QUY\u1ec0N L\u00c0M CH\u1ee6 V\u00c0 QUY\u1ec0N QU\u1ea2N L\u00dd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        C\u00f3 li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng, l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ni\u1ec1m tin \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ea7n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ee3i ra ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em>.[27]<\/a> \u0110\u00f4i khi ta nghe l\u1eddi k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i r\u1eb1ng, ai can thi\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn mau, hay ai \u0111\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 \u0111i\u1ec1u tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 cho b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 \u201cti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u201d[28]<\/a> L\u1eddi k\u1ebft t\u1ed9i nh\u1eb1m nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng, v\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 T\u00e1c Gi\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, n\u00ean th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u1ebft th\u00fac s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta. R\u1ea5t b\u1ea5p b\u00eanh l\u00fac n\u00e0y l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. \u1ede ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c, \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y trong cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn v\u1ec1 an t\u1eed.[29]<\/a><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. NGU\u1ed2N G\u1ed0C NGUY\u00caN T\u1eaeC QUY\u1ec0N L\u00c0M CH\u1ee6 V\u00c0 QUY\u1ec0N QU\u1ea2N L\u00dd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          Chi\u1ebfm v\u1ecb tr\u00ed trung t\u00e2m trong c\u1ea3 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o[30]<\/a> v\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc Tin L\u00e0nh l\u00e0 ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn r\u1eb1ng: Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. Ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn n\u00e0y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ec9nh v\u00e0 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn. Tuy\u00ean x\u01b0ng Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Ch\u00faa c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1edd Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ec7nh t\u1ed1i h\u1eadu c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Nh\u1eefng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y, m\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c.[31]<\/a><\/p>\n

          Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c t\u00edn n\u00e0y, c\u0169ng n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u00ednh nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1o l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111em \u0111\u1ebfn cho ta nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, nh\u1edd gi\u00e1o l\u00fd trong \u0111\u1ea1o d\u1ea1y v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0 Norman St. John-Stevas c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u: \u201cTuy\u1ec7t nhi\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u00e2n x\u00e1c m\u00ecnh. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3 m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 gi\u1eef n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n t\u00edn th\u00e1c d\u00e0nh cho nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u201d[32]<\/a> T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, Bernard H\u00e4ring t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i l\u00ean r\u1eb1ng: s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cS\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00fd th\u00e1c cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u201d[33]<\/a> Paul Ramsey, v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 \u201calien dignity\u201d n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa cho ch\u00fang ta vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n. \u00d4ng cho r\u1eb1ng: ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 v\u00ec s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng n\u01a1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 c\u00f2n v\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 ban cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u00edn th\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng theo \u00fd c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng.[34]<\/a><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u00dd NGH\u0128A V\u00c0 CH\u1ee8C N\u0102NG C\u1ee6A QUY\u1ec0N L\u00c0M CH\u1ee6 V\u00c0 QUY\u1ec0N QU\u1ea2N L\u00dd<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd, \u0111\u00e3 t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ed1i \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn nh\u1edd nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i h\u00e0nh vi t\u1ef1 t\u1eed: Duy Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a, c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft. V\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng di\u1ec7n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc<\/em>, II-II, q. 64, a. 5). Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u00e0i S\u1ea3n T\u00edn Th\u00e1c\u201d (Trust) hay nh\u01b0 \u201cT\u1eb7ng V\u1eadt\u201d (Gift) t\u1eeb Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 n\u00f3 nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u00e0i s\u1ea3n s\u1edf h\u1eefu ri\u00eang\u201d (personal possession). V\u00ec th\u1ebf, tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n

            Kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 t\u1eed b\u1edfi l\u1ebd s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng l\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, \u0110\u1ea5ng duy nh\u1ea5t c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ed1ng. V\u00ec th\u1ebf b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 ai t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ch\u1eb3ng kh\u00e1c n\u00e0o k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ch\u1ebft n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i \u00f4ng ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4 l\u1ec7 \u1ea5y, v\u00e0 c\u0169ng gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 k\u1ebb ph\u1ea1m t\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1n quy\u1ebft v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho m\u00ecnh.[35]<\/a><\/p>\n

            C\u0169ng trong b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y, th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n ph\u00e1n \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

            Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh v\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00fa cho quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn . Nh\u1edd quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn t\u1ef1 do n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1ef1 do t\u00f9y nghi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng g\u00ec tr\u00ean \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y sang \u0111\u1eddi sau h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y, b\u1edfi v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u1eddi n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c \u00fd mu\u1ed1n v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.[36]<\/a><\/p>\n

            Theo lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh. S\u1edf d\u0129 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ti\u1ebfm quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

            Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o x\u01b0a nay v\u1eabn xem vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i sinh m\u1ea1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 d\u1eef n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\u201d[37]<\/a> do khuy\u1ebft th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n, v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Thomas J. O’Donnell di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u201ctuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u201ch\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng.\u201d Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u1eadn m\u1ec7nh c\u00e1nh chung c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi; quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf b\u1edfi th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n cao h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Trong s\u00e1ch gi\u00e1o khoa \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc, cu\u1ed1n Medicine and Christian Morality (Y Khoa v\u00e0 Lu\u00e2n L\u00fd Kit\u00f4 Gi\u00e1o)<\/em>,[38]<\/a> \u00f4ng n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u201c\u0111\u1eb7c<\/em> quy\u1ec1n<\/em><\/strong>\u201d (prerogative) thay v\u00ec \u201cquy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7<\/strong>\u201d (dominion) nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, \u1ea5y l\u00e0: v\u1ec1 sinh m\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd. Quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i, hay \u0111\u1eb7c quy\u1ec1n, ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0nh ri\u00eang cho m\u1ed9t m\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.[39]<\/a><\/p>\n

            \u0110\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh vi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc lu\u00e2n l\u00fd (Moral Theologians) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0o c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c h\u1ecdc, trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng dung h\u00f2a nh\u1eefng c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u1ec1 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eeba l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o v\u1eeba l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, Bernard H\u00e4ring \u0111\u01b0a ra lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, minh nhi\u00ean ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i m\u1ecdi h\u00e0nh vi can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0o qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft li\u1ec5u m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng. \u00d4ng n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng: quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o kh\u00f4ng tr\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a, bu\u1ed9c c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n do ch\u00fang ta qui \u0111\u1ecbnh. Theo H\u00e4ring, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 vi\u00ean m\u00e3n c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do v\u1ec1 c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f3n nh\u1eadn c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ee9c nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1eed th\u1ea7n, ch\u00fang ta m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn m\u00ecnh hi\u1ec7n h\u1eefu nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.[40]<\/a> Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, H\u00e4ring bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn t\u1eeb ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng ph\u1ea9m thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cS\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee7y th\u00e1c cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a sinh m\u1ea1ng m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u201d[41]<\/a><\/p>\n

            Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, Richard Westley ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng ni\u1ec1m tin v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3, Westley ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u r\u1eb1ng: Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p l\u00e0m m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i t\u00e1ch b\u1ea1ch quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Theo Westley, m\u1ea7u nhi\u1ec7m nh\u1eadp th\u1ec3 cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng, Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u00e3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0m cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i c\u0169ng l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta. V\u00ec Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa s\u1ed1ng trong ta, n\u00ean b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, th\u00ec c\u0169ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta.[42]<\/a> Westley c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i lu\u1eadn \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u201ct\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt\u201d c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Theo c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Westley, n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho nh\u01b0 t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt th\u00ec n\u00f3 thu\u1ed9c quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, ch\u1ee9 n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd trong v\u0103n m\u1ea1ch \u1ea5y t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u1ea1c \u0111\u1ec1.[43]<\/a><\/p>\n

            Nh\u01b0 Westley, Daniel C. Maguire c\u0169ng n\u00eau ra s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 s\u1edf kh\u00e1c. Maguire d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o l\u1ed1i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 \u201ch\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa,\u201d nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed3ng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u1edbi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0 nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 quan ph\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf n\u00e0y, \u00f4ng t\u00ecm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1edfi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft, so v\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n trong lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 c\u1ee7a H\u00e4ring v\u00e0 trong nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa,  hay quy\u1ec1n qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.[44]<\/a><\/p>\n

            Bruno Sch\u00fcller ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 \u00fd ki\u1ebfn n\u00e0o ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i an t\u1eed m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7. Theo \u00f4ng, kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 \u201cm\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i an t\u1eed\u201d m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec7p lu\u1eadn (tautology) v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf, theo Sch\u00fcller, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01a1n thu\u1ea7n t\u00e1i ph\u00e1t bi\u1ec3u \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh:<\/p>\n

            Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p t\u1ef1 t\u1eed\u201d v\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh\u201d l\u00e0 hai c\u1ee5m t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a. N\u1ebfu ta n\u00f3i ch\u1ec9 duy Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa l\u00e0 Ch\u1ee7 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00ec, theo v\u0103n m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n \u0111\u1ea1t v\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.[45]<\/a><\/p>\n

            Nh\u1eefng v\u00ed d\u1ee5 tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa v\u00e0o n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. Westley v\u00e0 Maguire kh\u00f4ng t\u00e1n th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u1eefa t\u1ea1o h\u00f3a v\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o nh\u01b0 H\u00e4ring v\u00e0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u00f4ng, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng. Sch\u00fcller ch\u1ec9 ra cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf c\u1ee7a quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7, x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc trong lu\u1eadn c\u1ee9 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd n\u00e0y. Do \u0111\u00f3, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn n\u00f3 m\u00e0 tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng minh.<\/p>\n

            Copyright\u00a92025 b\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: linh m\u1ee5c Tr\u1ea7n M\u1ea1nh H\u00f9ng, STD.<\/strong><\/p>\n

            ——————————————————–<\/p>\n

            [1]<\/a> . Xem T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u Donum Vitae,<\/em> Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n (Ban h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 22\/02\/1987). https:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19870222_respect-for-human-life_en.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com<\/a>  (Truy c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 30\/12\/2025)<\/p>\n

            [2]<\/a> . Xem Hu\u1ea5n Th\u1ecb Donum Vitae c\u1ee7a Th\u00e1nh B\u1ed9 Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd \u0110\u1ee9c Tin v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1eeb l\u00fac b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 vi\u1ec7c sinh s\u1ea3n (Ban h\u00e0nh ng\u00e0y 22\/02\/1987). https:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_19870222_respect-for-human-life_en.html?utm_source=chatgpt.com<\/a>  (Truy c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 30\/12\/2025).<\/p>\n

            V\u00e0 Hu\u1ea5n th\u1ecb Dignitas Personae (ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi) v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c sinh h\u1ecdc.  https:\/\/www.vatican.va\/roman_curia\/congregations\/cfaith\/documents\/rc_con_cfaith_doc_20081208_dignitas-personae_vi.html<\/a>   (Truy c\u1eadp ng\u00e0y 30\/12\/2025).<\/p>\n

            [3]<\/a> Xem Jonathan Glover, \u201cThe Sanctity of Life.\u201d trong Helga Kuhse v\u00e0 Peter Singer, ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, Bioethics: An Anthology. <\/em>(Great Britain: Blackwell Publishers Ltd., 1998), tr. 193-202, \u1edf tr. 193.<\/p>\n

            [4]<\/a> Gi\u00e1o L\u00fd c\u1ee7a H\u1ed9i Th\u00e1nh C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o, <\/em>s\u1ed1 2258, 2270, 2280.<\/p>\n

            [5]<\/a> Bernard H\u00e4ring, t\u1eeb x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 t\u1eb7ng v\u1eadt thi\u00eang li\u00eang c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh: \u201cS\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp c\u1ee7a m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u01b0\u1edbi quy\u1ec1n Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.\u201d Xem Bernard H\u00e4ring, Free and Faithful in Christ, <\/em>quy\u1ec3n 3. (New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1981), tr.5.<\/p>\n

            [6]<\/a> Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York: Paulist Press, 1986), tr. 26.<\/p>\n

            [7]<\/a> Daniel Callahan, Abortion, Law, Choice and Morality. <\/em>(New York: Macmillan Company, 1970). tr. 313.<\/p>\n

            [8]<\/a> Callahan, S\u0111d., tr. 310.<\/p>\n

            [9]<\/a> James Gustafson, The Contributions of Theology to Medical Ethics. <\/em>(Wilwaukee: Marquette University Theology Department, 1975), tr. 56; xem th\u00eam Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York: Paulist Press, 1986), tr. 72.<\/p>\n

            [10]<\/a> Norman St. John Stevas, The Right to Life. <\/em>(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), tr. 12.<\/p>\n

            [11]<\/a> . Khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 \u201calien dignity<\/strong>\u201d (t\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng hay b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng), \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 \u00fd l\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u00f4i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb trong t\u00f4i. Nh\u01b0ng theo Thielicke, n\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. V\u00ec ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho t\u00f4i ngay t\u1eeb khi Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean t\u00f4i, v\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban cho t\u1eeb kh\u1edfi th\u1ee7y do l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng y\u00eau, n\u00ean n\u00f3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u1edf v\u1edbi t\u00f4i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch g\u1eafn b\u00f3, n\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i nh\u01b0 m\u1ecdi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i v\u00e0 c\u00f2n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, v\u00ec ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 do \u201cb\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d n\u00ean con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t l\u1ea5y n\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t bao gi\u1edd. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00e0u da, ph\u00e1i t\u00ednh, tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n hay c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u201cb\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d n\u00ean t\u00f4i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111em n\u00f3 cho ai v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ai l\u1ea5y m\u1ea5t n\u00f3 c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 x\u00f3a m\u1edd v\u00ec l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u \u1ea5n c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n t\u1eadn c\u1ed1t t\u1ee7y cu\u1ed9c sinh t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i. V\u00ec ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u00e0 v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa chung th\u1ee7y, v\u1eefng b\u1ec1n n\u00ean ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, kh\u00f4ng  phai l\u1ea1t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf khi b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 \u201cph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch x\u1ee9ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m. V\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a \u201cph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t chuy\u1ec3n nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a Thielicke, xin xem m\u1ed9t ti\u1ec3u lu\u1eadn l\u00fd th\u00fa c\u1ee7a Karen Lebacqz, \u201cAlien Dignity: The Legacy of Helmut Thielicke for Bioethics,\u201d trong Neil Messer, ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean, Theological Issues in Bioethics. <\/em>(London: Longman, Darton & Todd, 2002), tr. 50-62.<\/p>\n

            [12]<\/a> Paul Ramsey, \u201cThe Morality of Abortion.\u201d trong Edward Bachelor Jr., ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean Abortion: The Moral Issues. <\/em>(New York: Pilgrim Press, 1982), tr. 78.<\/p>\n

            [13]<\/a> . Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady theo Richard Gula (th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia lu\u00e2n l\u00fd ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9), \u201calien dignity\u201d l\u00e0 \u201cph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d<\/p>\n

            [14]<\/a> Tr\u00ecnh thu\u1eadt S\u00e1ch S\u00e1ng Th\u1ebf cho ta bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng \u1edf ch\u00f3p \u0111\u1ec9nh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng cu\u1ed9c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi nam v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ef1ng n\u00ean theo h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Qua m\u00f4-t\u00edp h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, Kinh Th\u00e1nh kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd t\u00ednh th\u00e1nh thi\u00eang c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1. M\u1eb7c nhi\u00ean, tr\u00ecnh thu\u1eadt loan b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 nh\u1edd t\u00ecnh y\u00eau Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u00ednh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta, v\u01b0\u1ee3t tr\u00ean m\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng tr\u1ea1ng c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. (Kn 4-11). Xem Richard M. Gula, The Good Life: Where Morality and Spirituality Converge. <\/em>(New York: Paulist Press, 1999), ch\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

            [15]<\/a> Richard M. Gula, The Good Life: Where Morality and Spirituality Converge. <\/em>(New York: Paulist Press, 1999), tr. 15.<\/p>\n

            [16]<\/a> Charles Curan ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201calien dignity\u201d c\u1ee7a Ramsey v\u1edbi l\u00fd do l\u00e0 n\u00f3 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 kh\u00e1c v\u1ec1 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u1ed1n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean \u201cnh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\u201d. Xem Charles E. Curan, Politics, Medicine, and Christian Ethics: A Dialogue with Paul Ramsey. <\/em>(Philadelphia: Fortress Press, 1973), tr. 121.<\/p>\n

            [17]<\/a> Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York, Paulist Press, 1986), tr. 28; Daniel Callahan, Abortion, Law, Choice and Morality. <\/em>(New York: Macmillan Company, 1970). tr. 313; xem th\u00eam Richard M. Gula, The Good Life: Where Morality and Spirituality Converge. <\/em>(New York: Paulist Press, 1999), tr. 3-8.<\/p>\n

            [18]<\/a> Xem Daniel Callahan, Abortion, Law, Choice and Morality. <\/em>(New York: Macmillan Company, 1970). tr. 313; Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York, Paulist Press, 1986), tr. 29.<\/p>\n

            [19]<\/a> Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York: Paulist Press, 1986), tr.30.<\/p>\n

            [20]<\/a> Norman St. John-Stevas, The Right to Life. <\/em>(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), tr. 14.<\/p>\n

            [21]<\/a> Xem Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, \u201cH\u00e0 Lan v\u00e0 An T\u1eed\u201d, x\u00e3 lu\u1eadn tr\u00ean nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o Quan S\u00e1t Vi\u00ean R\u00f4-ma (L’Osservatore Romano) <\/em>ng\u00e0y 21-02-1993, in l\u1ea1i trong The Pope Speaks, <\/em>38 (1993): 230-231. David Thomasma c\u0169ng cho ch\u00fang ta l\u1eddi c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o: \u201cM\u1ed9t khi ni\u1ec1m x\u00e1c t\u00edn t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 tan r\u00e3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u00ec ch\u00fang ta th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111o\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh.\u201d Xem David C. Thomasma, \u201cAn Analysis of Arguments For and Against Euthanasia and Assisted Suicide: Part One.\u201d Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics <\/em>5 (1996): 69.<\/p>\n

            [22]<\/a> James Gustafson, The Contributions of Theology to Medical Ethics. <\/em>(Milwaukee: Marquette University Theology Department, 1975), tr. 62-3.<\/p>\n

            [23]<\/a> David Callahan, Abortion: Law, Choice and Morality. <\/em>(New York: The Macmillan Company, 1970), tr. 326.<\/p>\n

            [24]<\/a> Xin xem cu\u1ed9c th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u1ec1 \u201cQui t\u1eafc m\u00f4 th\u1ec3\u201d v\u00e0 \u201cQui t\u1eafc ch\u1ea5t th\u1ec3\u201d k\u00e8m theo c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 trong Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York: Paulist Press, 1986), tr. 54-89.<\/p>\n

            [25]<\/a> . V\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a thai nhi trong l\u00f2ng m\u1eb9 hay m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n m\u1eafc ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng c\u0103n b\u1ec7nh v\u00f4 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee9u ch\u1eefa v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec1u \u0111au \u0111\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u00e2n x\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nay \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec ph\u1ea1m ph\u00e1p c\u1ea3, n\u00ean ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd do ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111o\u1ea1t m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n

            [26]<\/a> Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York: Paulist Press, 1986), tr.31.<\/p>\n

            [27]<\/a> \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o Ho\u00e0ng Gioan Phaol\u00f4 II, Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Evangelium Vitae (Tin M\u1eebng S\u1ef1 S\u1ed1ng): V\u1ec1 Gi\u00e1 Tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 T\u00ednh B\u1ea5t Kh\u1ea3 X\u00e2m Ph\u1ea1m c\u1ee7a S\u1ef1 S\u1ed1ng Con Ng\u01b0\u1eddi. <\/em>(25-03-1995). B\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfng Anh trong The Pope Speaks <\/em>40 (1995): 193-281.<\/p>\n

            [28]<\/a> Robert N. Wennberg, Terminal Choices: Euthanasia, Suicide, and the Right to Die. <\/em>(Michigan: WM. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1989), tr. 94-95.<\/p>\n

            [29]<\/a> Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York: Paulist Press, 1986), tr. 32.<\/p>\n

            [30]<\/a> \u201cTuy\u00ean Ng\u00f4n V\u1ec1 An T\u1eed<\/em>\u201d kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng: c\u1ed1 \u00fd g\u00e2y ra c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft l\u00e0 ch\u1ed1i b\u1ecf quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee7 t\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 th\u1ee5 t\u1ea1o ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a. S\u1edf d\u0129 vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb nghi\u00eam c\u1ea5m l\u00e0 v\u00ec n\u00f3 vi ph\u1ea1m quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. V\u00ec l\u00fd do n\u00e0y, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o lu\u00f4n xem vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee7y ho\u1ea1i m\u1ea1ng s\u1ed1ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 d\u1eef n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i\u201d do khuy\u1ebft th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n (defect of right), b\u1edfi l\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ai c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u1ea5y. Kh\u00f4ng ai \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 nh\u1eadn c\u00f3 to\u00e0n quy\u1ec1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 sinh m\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Xem Richard M. Gula, Euthanasia: Moral and Pastoral Perspectives<\/em>. (New York, Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1994), tr. 26.<\/p>\n

            [31]<\/a> Richard M. Gula, What Are They Saying about Euthanasia<\/em>. (New York: Paulist Press, 1986), tr. 30.<\/p>\n

            [32]<\/a> Norman St. John Stevas, The Right to Life. <\/em>(New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1963), tr. 12.<\/p>\n

            [33]<\/a> Bernard H\u00e4ring, Free and Faithful in Christ, <\/em>Vol. 3. (New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1981), tr. 5.<\/p>\n

            [34]<\/a> Paul Ramsey, \u201cThe Morality of Abortion,\u201d trong Edward Bachelor Jr., ch\u1ee7 bi\u00ean Abortion: the Moral Issues. <\/em>(New York: Pilgrim Press, 1982), tr. 80-81.<\/p>\n

            [35]<\/a> Th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4, \u201cT\u1ef1 T\u1eed C\u00f3 H\u1ee3p Lu\u1eadt Ch\u0103ng,\u201d trong Summa Theologica (T\u1ed5ng Lu\u1eadn Th\u1ea7n H\u1ecdc)<\/em>, II-II, q. 65, a. 64, ad. 3.<\/p>\n

            [36]<\/a> S\u0111d.<\/p>\n

            [37]<\/a> . Hay c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cs\u1ef1 d\u1eef t\u1ef1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t\u201d.<\/p>\n

            [38]<\/a> Thomas J. O’Donnell, Medicine and Christian Morality. <\/em>(New York: Alba House, 1976).<\/p>\n

            [39]<\/a>  S\u0111d., tr. 42-43. <\/p>\n

            [40]<\/a> Bernard H\u00e4ring, Medical Ethics. <\/em>(Notre Dame: Pides Publishers, 1973), tr. 149; xem th\u00eam Richard M. Gula, Euthanasia: Moral and Pastoral Perspectives<\/em>. (New York, Mahwah: Paulist Press, 1994), tr. 14.<\/p>\n

            [41]<\/a> Bernard H\u00e4ring, Free and Faithful in Christ, <\/em>Vol. 3. (New York: Crossroad Publishing Co., 1981), tr. 5.<\/p>\n

            [42]<\/a> Richard Westley, Catholic Perspectives: The Right to Die. <\/em>(Chicago: Thomas More Press, 1980), tr. 91-92.<\/p>\n

            [43]<\/a>  S\u0111d.<\/p>\n

            [44]<\/a> Daniel C. Maguire, Death by Choice.<\/em> (Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1984), tr. 119.<\/p>\n

            [45]<\/a> Richard A. McCormick, \u201cThe New Medicine and Morality,\u201d Theology Digest <\/em>21 (M\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng 1973): 315.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

            Ch\u1ee7 nh\u1eadt, ng\u00e0y 28 th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m 2025, Gi\u00e1o h\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 long tr\u1ecdng m\u1eebng k\u00ednh l\u1ec5 gia \u0111\u00ecnh th\u00e1nh […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":402,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[112,87,31,97],"tags":[53],"class_list":["post-38955","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-hoc-thuyet-xa-hoi","category-lm-tran-manh-hung","category-luan-ly","category-dao-duc-sinh-hoc","tag-pha-thai"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38955","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=38955"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38955\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":38956,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/38955\/revisions\/38956"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/402"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=38955"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=38955"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=38955"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}