{"id":5655,"date":"2014-09-09T10:32:52","date_gmt":"2014-09-09T03:32:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/?p=5655"},"modified":"2014-09-09T10:34:33","modified_gmt":"2014-09-09T03:34:33","slug":"phuong-phap-doc-mot-ban-van-than-hoc","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/phuong-phap-doc-mot-ban-van-than-hoc\/","title":{"rendered":"PH\u01af\u01a0NG PH\u00c1P \u0110\u1eccC M\u1ed8T B\u1ea2N V\u0102N TH\u1ea6N H\u1eccC"},"content":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc\u00a0:<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau : Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, v\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc: c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\/v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh (probl\u00e9matique) v\u00e0 khai tri\u1ec3n, l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn\u2026 (m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1).<\/p>\n

<\/p>\n

+ C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp nhau: t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, n\u00eau b\u1eadt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh \/ hay nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra) v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 (th\u00e8se), \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0 l\u00e0m r\u00f5 \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ C\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e0i nh\u00ecn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 n\u00f3 v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

+ Ghi nh\u1edb d\u00e0n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n s\u1ebd gi\u00fap d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng theo d\u00f5i.<\/p>\n

+ Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

+ Vi\u1ebft b\u00e0i \u2013 th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 – v\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n v\u1edbi ba th\u00ec c\u1ee7a l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n bi\u1ebft ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p vi\u1ebft m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i lu\u1eadn v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

1. H\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/strong>: bi\u1ebft t\u00f3m t\u1eaft m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n theo t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n m\u1ed9t.<\/p>\n

1.1. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3n v\u0103n: xem x\u00e9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh.<\/em><\/p>\n

M\u1ecdi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ec1u x\u1ea3y ra trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb. C\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch vi\u1ec7c xem x\u00e9t ph\u1ea3 h\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n: nh\u1eefng ai l\u00e0 s\u01b0 ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, nh\u1eefng tham chi\u1ebfu c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh b\u1ea3n v\u0103n (trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta vi\u1ebft cho ai?)<\/p>\n

1.2. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc b\u1ea3n v\u0103n: b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecdc nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/em><\/p>\n

+ C\u1ea7n tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n v\u0103n<\/em>, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn ch\u00fang ta trong \u1ea5n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean. Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e0n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n: l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean<\/em> thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ecdc \u00ab\u00a0ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (kh\u00f4ng t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec3u t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, ta ch\u1ec9 ch\u00ecm l\u1eb7n trong ngh\u0129a kh\u00e1i qu\u00e1t (\u00fd chung chung) c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n); th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0n b\u00e0i n\u1eb1m \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean trong ph\u1ea7n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00e0n b\u00e0i (\u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1, ch\u1eef hoa\u2026)<\/p>\n

+ \u0110i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>. L\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc th\u1ee9 hai h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u00ab\u00a0t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb: t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ee7 ch\u1ed1t c\u1ee7a \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n. C\u00e1ch chung, nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ec9 ra \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebfu, v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u00e8m theo b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00e1nh s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1eeb<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c d\u00f9ng t\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec3n l\u00e0 h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u00e1c t\u1eeb v\u00ec ngh\u0129a k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi ngh\u0129a hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh. C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u00fd th\u1ee9c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u1ed1i di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh (vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n chuy\u00ean bi\u1ec7t nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf t\u1ecf ra r\u1ea5t qu\u00fd gi\u00e1).<\/p>\n

+ R\u00fat ng\u1eafn (contracter) v\u00e0 t\u00f3m t\u1eaft<\/em>. C\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa r\u00fat ng\u1eafn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft. Vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat ng\u1eafn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt n\u00f3 (ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1ee9t b\u1ecf c\u00e1c khai tri\u1ec3n, c\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5, \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a c\u00e2u v\u0103n). B\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00ab\u00a0b\u1ea3n d\u1ecbch\u00a0\u00bb h\u01a1n\u00a0: trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i, t\u00f4i \u00ab\u00a0t\u00f3m t\u1eaft\u00a0\u00bb \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c thu ng\u1eafn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. B\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n<\/em>.<\/p>\n

+ C\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u1ea1m b\u1eaby ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i<\/em>. M\u1ed9t b\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i. V\u00ec b\u00e0i ch\u00fa gi\u1ea3i v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 b\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. M\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch sai m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho \u00f4ng n\u00f3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00f3i hay h\u01a1n nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

+ X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c t\u1eeb chuy\u1ec3n \u00fd<\/em> (articulations) v\u00e0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec3 theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u00f2n h\u01a1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n v\u00ec n\u00f3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng<\/em>. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 s\u1ebd ch\u0103m ch\u00fa \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ec9 ra b\u1edfi c\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1eeb hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c (v\u00ec th\u1ebf, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng ng\u00e0y nay, v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, n\u1ebfu, tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng,\u2026) v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i sao \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ebfn sau \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n kia v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

+ C\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111i theo ch\u00fang ta trong khi \u0111\u1ecdc l\u00e0\u00a0: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec\u00a0? \u00d4ng x\u00fac ti\u1ebfn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o\u00a0? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng ta\u00a0? Nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. \u0110\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ef1 r\u00fat ng\u1eafn, ta kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh (nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u00f4ng l\u00e0m) \u0111\u1ec3 khai tri\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng. C\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta\u00a0: m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 chuy\u1ec3n \u00fd c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t d\u00e0n b\u00e0i t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e1t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f3m t\u1eaft n\u00f3i l\u00ean nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c ra \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n<\/em>. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 cho m\u00ecnh c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u1ea5t v\u1ea3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh quan ni\u1ec7m, s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, li\u1ec7t k\u00ea, ch\u1ea5t v\u1ea5n, \u0111\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n, ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t\u2026 B\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft l\u01b0u \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1i logic l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng l\u1ed1i trung chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t quan tr\u1ecdng<\/em>\u00a0:<\/p>\n

a<\/em>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, c\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u00a0chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu\u00a0\u00bb b\u1ea3n v\u0103n m\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 \u00ab\u00a0kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf\u00a0\u00bb \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u00ab\u00a0ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu\u00a0\u00bb m\u00ecnh qu\u00e1 nhanh. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00fa \u00fd khi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i (do b\u1edfi kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay th\u1eddi gian). C\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n\u00a0: m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft\u00a0? M\u1ed9t t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed hay m\u1ed9t nh\u1eadt b\u00e1o\u00a0? \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o hay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch?<\/p>\n

b<\/em>. Gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta quan s\u00e1t v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, m\u1ed9t khi c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3\u00a0: c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u00f3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1ch log\u00edc v\u1edbi nhau kh\u00f4ng\u00a0? C\u00e1c v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u00f3 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng kh\u00f4ng\u00a0?<\/p>\n

c<\/em>. Vi\u1ec7c lu\u00f4n d\u00f9ng v\u0103n phong tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 thu\u00e2n l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng t\u1eeb ng\u1eef ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hay tr\u00e1nh tr\u00edch d\u1eabn th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t t\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3. Trong b\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft y\u1ebfu, r\u1ea5t c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdng trong \u00edt t\u1eeb, v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o log\u00edc. Ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00f9ng nhau hai ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng\u00a0: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u00ed tu\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

d.<\/em> Sau khi \u0111\u1ecdc, gi\u1eef d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft: phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

2. N\u00eau b\u1eadt di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh)<\/strong> (probl\u00e9matique): T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0o? \u00d4ng b\u00e0y t\u1ecf l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o?<\/p>\n

+ N\u1ebfu b\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eafm kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c n\u00eau b\u1eadt m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 log\u00edc c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0: cho bi\u1ebft b\u1ea3n v\u0103n l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ai v\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o; c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, cho d\u1ea7u ta ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ec1 sau hay th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u1ee7 tr\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho m\u00ecnh<\/em>. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 qua hai th\u00ec: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ea1i (gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh) v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 th\u1ee9 hai l\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9ng trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ Di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a \u00ab\u00a0con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng\u00a0\u00bb m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111i: t\u1ea1i sao \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y? Tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi: v\u00ec m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u. N\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft \u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u, th\u00ec ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng ca t\u1ee5ng hay khuy\u00ean d\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i l\u1eddi khuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1eafm b\u1eaft di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\/v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh:<\/em><\/p>\n

a<\/em>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i trong ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp (n\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n v\u0103n tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ed1t), r\u1ed3i ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 xem x\u00e9t v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi\u00a0: t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ai\u00a0? \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0a ta \u0111\u1ebfn\u00a0?<\/p>\n

b<\/em>. Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 t\u00ecm ra \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 trung t\u00e2m, tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft hay c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n. Nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f3, ta \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3i qua t\u1ed1t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, v\u00ec trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

c<\/em>. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh h\u00f3a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u1eeb b\u1ea3n v\u0103n: nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng (ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb \u0111\u00e2u), b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc (c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn), b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5\u2026N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n, th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, d\u1ef1 nh\u1eefng l\u1edbp h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u.<\/p>\n

d<\/em>. Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/em>. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u00e0 di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 (v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh) n\u1eb1m trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng lu\u00e2n chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n

+ Vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u00e0n b\u00e0i: ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u1ebfu ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ea7u trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i thuy\u1ebft tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch log\u00edc c\u1ee7a d\u00e0n b\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 d\u00e0n b\u00e0i ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng ta l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a ta.<\/p>\n

+ H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n\u00a0: ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n duy nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00eau b\u1eadt di\u1ec5n ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o d\u00e0n b\u00e0i c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 log\u00edc n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3<\/em>.<\/p>\n

3. Khai tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1.<\/strong><\/p>\n

+ N\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c n\u00eau b\u1eadt lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 tri\u1ec3n khai \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y<\/em>; x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ee5c th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tri\u1ec3n khai quanh \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

+ L\u1ed1i bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi ch\u00e2n l\u00fd c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1. \u0110\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y\u00a0: tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean<\/em>, ta s\u1ebd \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u0103m ch\u00fa v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng tham chi\u1ebfu hay v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng corpus<\/em> (t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u) m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n (\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e0o t\u1eeb bi\u1ec7t m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh) v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y, h\u01a1n ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00ea ph\u00e1n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 trong l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Th\u1ee9 hai<\/em>, ta s\u1ebd l\u01b0u t\u00e2m tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ed1t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed7i ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn (c\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp) t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng t\u1ed1t v\u1edbi ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y hay ph\u1ea7n kia c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

+ C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i l\u00f4g\u00edc m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ed1n v\u1eabn c\u00f2n thu\u1ed9c \u00ab\u00a0t\u00f3m t\u1eaft\u00a0\u00bb, v\u00ec l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 l\u1eadp l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.\u00a0 Bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u00e1i di\u1ec5n c\u00e1c \u00fd ni\u1ec7m v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 \u0103n nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau<\/em>. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1eebu xu\u1ea5t c\u00e1c ph\u1ea1m tr\u1eebu logic c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i ch\u1ec9 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m h\u01a1n, \u0111\u1ec3 cho th\u1ea5y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang s\u1ea3n sinh. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch v\u1edbi b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, cho d\u1ea7u ta v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i.<\/p>\n

+ Vi\u1ec7c n\u00eau b\u1eadt lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi hai l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean (t\u00f3m t\u1eaft v\u00e0 v\u1ea5n tr\u00ecnh) nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c li\u00ean ti\u1ebfp n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f9ng tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1: ta xem x\u00e9t c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

+ Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1<\/em> v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng hay kh\u00f4ng t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 n\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi hay kh\u00f4ng cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. L\u00fac kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u, lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh l\u00fac cu\u1ed1i m\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00ean\u2026Ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c (m\u00e0 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft) v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh khi \u0111i qua to\u00e0n b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, khi nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng v\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, m\u00e0 ta ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1. Khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, ta \u0111i v\u00e0o trong ph\u1ea1m vi nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb<\/em>, v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u00f9y v\u00e0o hai giai \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean: lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00f3 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7t ra kh\u00f4ng? C\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc do \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ec1n gi\u1ea3 thi\u1ebft trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tu ch\u1ec9nh l\u1ea1i, v\u00ec vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y \u00ab\u00a0nh\u1eefng m\u1eabu\u00a0\u00bb c\u1ee7a hai ph\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 ba (lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1) kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n khai tri\u1ec3n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 theo t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn ch\u1ee9ng minh cho n\u00f3. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, trong su\u1ed1t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c khai tri\u1ec3n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o t\u00ednh hi\u1ec7u l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ Khi ta l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ra, th\u00ec t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i x\u00e9t h\u1ebft m\u1ecdi m\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng trong vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc h\u01a1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch t\u1eadp trung s\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng (c\u00f3 trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n) v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta khai th\u00e1c t\u1ed1i \u0111a. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i xem t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, r\u1ed3i \u0111\u01b0a ra nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u00e1 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

+ N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u00a0h\u1ecda l\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb m\u1ed9t ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi\u00a0: l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1eef\u00a0? \u0110\u00e2u l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111inh \u1ed1c m\u00e0 cho ph\u00e9p to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng? Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t tr\u1ef1c gi\u00e1c. Gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 do \u1edf s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/em>. Nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t danh s\u00e1ch c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i t\u1ea1i sao t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 li\u00ean k\u1ebft c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ee9ng minh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf: t\u1ea1i sao l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 hai c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft theo sau l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u1edf ch\u1ed7 n\u00e0o. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, n\u00ean n\u1ed1i k\u1ebft t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u1edbi lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m sao ch\u00fang b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

4. \u0110\u1ec3 so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1<\/strong>:<\/p>\n

+ C\u0169ng quan tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng l\u00f9i v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn<\/em> v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00ec lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 kh\u00e9p k\u00edn t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 trong nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 cho t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i theo log\u00edc ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea1m tr\u00f9 ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

+ Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i bi\u1ebft ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 v\u00e0 b\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1. Trong m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e3 theo, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u00f3 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3<\/em> c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ch\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n

+ Trong lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, ngay c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea5t nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng minh<\/em>. Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra b\u1edfi n\u1ec1n v\u0103n h\u00f3a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd t\u1edbi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft b\u1edfi c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng cho vang l\u1ea1i hu\u1ea5n quy\u1ec1n tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3.<\/p>\n

+ C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1<\/em>. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, ta b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ghi nh\u1eadn: ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, l\u01b0u t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c n\u01a1i ch\u1ed1n, hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; r\u1ed3i ta xem ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1; v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, t\u1ea1i sao v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch l\u01b0\u1edbt qua c\u00e1c t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed l\u1edbn tr\u00ean 10 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c minh \u00ab\u00a0status quaestionis<\/em>\u00a0\u00bb (hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1).<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5<\/em>\u00a0: C\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed3i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch qu\u00e1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng b\u1eadn t\u00e2m c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng l\u00f9i c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u00ab\u00a0thu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc\u00a0\u00bb tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ecdn l\u1ef1a. Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, ta r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb k\u00e9o v\u00e0o trong vi\u1ec7c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hay b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh s\u1ed1ng th\u1ea3m th\u01b0\u01a1ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p, c\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 bi\u1ebft nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ta l\u00e0m v\u00e0 t\u1ea1i sao ta l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3, hay n\u1ebfu ta c\u00f3 l\u00fd do h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

+ Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta, m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc<\/em>. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. L\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i tri\u1ebft h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i h\u1ecdc m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c tin, \u01a1n c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5n v\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

+ C\u00f2n quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c tham d\u1ef1 c\u00e1c bu\u1ed5i b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 lu\u1eadn \u00e1n kh\u00e1c nhau<\/em>, nh\u01b0 bi\u1ebft bao nhi\u00eau th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u01b0 ph\u1ea1m n\u01a1i m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 g\u00ec ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hay ho\u1eb7c b\u1edfi vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n

+ Nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/em>: N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, ta lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 bi\u1ebfn lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i m\u00e0 ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ec1n hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111i xuy\u00ean qua c\u00e1i s\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i<\/em>. G\u1eb7p m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 hay m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u (corpus) \u0111\u1ec3 xuy\u00ean qua \u00f4ng\/n\u00f3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u1edf n\u01a1i t\u00f4i v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 m\u1ed1i quan t\u00e2m th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho khoa h\u1ecdc<\/em>: Ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 log\u00edc c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 n\u1ed9i dung c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y kh\u00e1ch quan \u1edf nh\u1eefng c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ta s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t kh\u00e1c nhau hay l\u00e0 theo \u00f4ng trong suy t\u01b0 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1edf trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n

+ Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng<\/em>: c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng n\u01a1i t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 tinh th\u1ea7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ecdc c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng theo tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 th\u1eddi gian, theo d\u00f5i nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i v\u00e0 c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng hi\u1ec3u ch\u00fang<\/em>. N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, th\u00ec d\u00f9 sao c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng l\u00e0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng. Th\u1ef1c ra, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra h\u01a1n l\u00e0 v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb. N\u1ebfu ta \u0111\u00e3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u, th\u00ec ta th\u1ea5y ngay r\u1eb1ng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 xuy\u00ean su\u1ed1t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m. Kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 (cho d\u1ea7u n\u00f3 l\u00e0m ta h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng) n\u1ebfu ta mu\u1ed1n ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c t\u00ednh th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. Ch\u00ednh khi gi\u1eef \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ta m\u1edbi so\u1ea1n th\u1ea3o t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

+ \u0110i v\u00e0o trong t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh c\u00e1ch to\u00e1n <\/em>h\u1ecdc (t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng).\u00a0 C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i lu\u00f4n \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang l\u00e0m lu\u1eadn \u00e1n kh\u00e1c\u2026<\/p>\n

5. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn v\u00e0 tham chi\u1ebfu.<\/strong><\/p>\n

C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/em>\u00a0: M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, ch\u00fang c\u1ea7n\u00a0 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng khoa h\u1ecdc cho b\u1ea3n v\u0103n v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9ng minh. B\u1eadn t\u00e2m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u1ee3p t\u00e1c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 trong c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khoa h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n\u00a0 thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 ch\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

C\u00f3 ba lo\u1ea1i ch\u00fa th\u00edch c\u0103n b\u1ea3n:<\/em><\/p>\n

1. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch tranh lu\u1eadn. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn, g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f4i khi tr\u01b0ng b\u00e0y l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong b\u00e0i l\u00e0m, hay trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n m\u00e0 ta \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn, hay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

3. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m. Nh\u01b0 t\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ch\u1ec9 r\u00f5, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hay m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong ph\u1ea7n l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

L\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111i\u1ec3m h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec3 : t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00ean s\u00e1ch<\/em> (ch\u1eef nghi\u00eang), n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n: t\u00ean nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, (t\u00ean b\u1ed9 s\u01b0u t\u1eadp, s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n (n\u1ebfu c\u00f3)), n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 trang.<\/p>\n

+ N\u1ebfu b\u1ea3n v\u0103n g\u1ed1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef kh\u00e1c, th\u00ec c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i vi\u1ebft t\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp ng\u01b0\u1eddi d\u1ecbch.<\/p>\n

+ C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n trong ng\u00f4n ng\u1eef g\u1ed1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i l\u00e0m, hay tr\u00edch d\u1eabn n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch ra v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3n g\u1ed1c trong ph\u1ea7n ch\u00fa th\u00edch.<\/p>\n

+ Trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed7i tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, v\u00e0 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab\u00a0ibidem\u00a0\u00bb (nh\u01b0 tr\u00ean) hay \u00ab\u00a0op.cit\u00a0\u00bb (opus citatum\u00a0: t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1eabn) ch\u1ec9 \u1edf l\u1ea7n l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i sau c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

+ Ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t ch\u00fa th\u00edch v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c. Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ngu\u1ed3n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 t\u00ecm ra cho vi\u1ec7c tham kh\u1ea3o. Ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hay c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i kh\u00e1c (nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ecba l\u00fd hay nh\u1eefng m\u00f4 t\u1ea3).<\/p>\n

PHI\u1ebeU T\u1ed4NG H\u1ee2P<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n
\n

T\u00d3M T\u1eaeT M\u1ed8T B\u00c0I VI\u1ebeT<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

N\u00caU B\u1eacT M\u1ed8T V\u1ea4N TR\u00ccNH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

KHAI TRI\u1ec2N V\u00c0 BI\u1ec6N LU\u1eacN M\u1ed8T LU\u1eacN \u0110\u1ec0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

+ Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u00fd c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/strong> c\u1ee7a b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft<\/p>\n

+ T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 n\u00f3i g\u00ec<\/p>\n

+ Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u b\u1ea3n v\u0103n<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ecdc ch\u0103m ch\u00fa b\u1ea3n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (\u0111\u1ecdc \u00ab\u00a0ng\u00e2y ng\u00f4\u00a0\u00bb)<\/p>\n

– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh d\u00e0n b\u00e0i (c\u00e1ch thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay th\u1ecb gi\u00e1c)<\/p>\n

– R\u1ed3i t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1ed9t, t\u00f3m t\u1eaft t\u1eebng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

– X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c trung chuy\u1ec3n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o b\u1edfi c\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1eeb ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c<\/p>\n

– T\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng \u00fd ngh\u0129a l\u1edbn h\u01a1n\u00a0: c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng, ph\u1ea7n\u2026<\/p>\n

NB\u00a0: B\u00e0i t\u00f3m t\u1eaft kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c r\u00fat ng\u1eafn b\u1ea3n v\u0103n (m\u00e0 h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7c l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i b\u1ea3n v\u0103n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt n\u00f3).<\/td>\n

+ Kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c li\u00ean h\u1ec7 log\u00edc<\/strong> c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n<\/p>\n

+ T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec\u00a0?<\/p>\n

+ X\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 trung chuy\u1ec3n t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3<\/p>\n

+ N\u00f3i b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft l\u00e0 v\u1ec1 ai v\u00e0 n\u00f3 n\u1eb1m trong cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn n\u00e0o<\/p>\n

+ Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u1ea7n d\u1eabn nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u00e0n b\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

– T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi b\u00e0i tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, \u0111\u1eebng qu\u00e1 c\u00f3p nh\u1eb7t, nh\u01b0ng d\u00f9ng th\u1eddi gian tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y cho t\u1ed1t c\u00e1c l\u1ed1i l\u00fd lu\u1eadn trung chuy\u1ec3n.<\/td>\n

+ Lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p m\u00e0 t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

+ Bi\u1ec7n lu\u1eadn n\u00f3, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0k\u1ec3\u00a0\u00bb l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p.<\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1edbn v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho ch\u00fang \u0103n nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau.<\/p>\n

+ T\u00ecm ra ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u tri th\u1ee9c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00ab\u00a0vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c\u00a0\u00bb ch\u1ea5t li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

+ \u00ab\u00a0V\u1ebd l\u1ea1i\u00a0\u00bb ki\u1ebfn tr\u00fac\u00a0: m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng<\/p>\n

– Tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u l\u00fd lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 m\u1ea1ch l\u1ea1c c\u1ee7a l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn<\/p>\n

– Trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y, lu\u00f4n n\u00f3i r\u00f5 ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o n\u00f3i<\/p>\n

– Ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng b\u1edfi t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u00f4i khi, l\u00e0m r\u00f5 c\u00e1c tham chi\u1ebfu n\u00e0y<\/p>\n

– Ch\u1ee9ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng\u00a0 c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1<\/p>\n

– S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t v\u0103n phong tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n\n\n\n\n
\n

C\u00c1C CH\u00da TH\u00cdCH<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

VI\u1ebeT V\u00c0 B\u1ea2O V\u1ec6 1 LU\u1eacN \u0110\u1ec0<\/p>\n<\/td>\n

\n

NGHI\u00caN C\u1ee8U M\u1ed8T T\u00c1C GI\u1ea2<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

Ch\u00fang gi\u00fap cho kh\u00f4ng\u00a0 ch\u1ea5t qu\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y v\u00e0o ph\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng cho \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00fd lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m cho b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia.<\/p>\n

1. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c<\/em><\/p>\n

+ \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bao h\u00e0m trong b\u00e0i l\u00e0m, hay trong c\u00e1c b\u1ea3n v\u0103n m\u00e0 ta \u00e1m ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ebfn, hay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb c\u00e1c con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

+ \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ean t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, t\u00ean s\u00e1ch, s\u1ed1 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, n\u01a1i xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, t\u00ean nh\u00e0 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n, n\u0103m xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 trang.<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c, vi\u1ebft ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 trong khi nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u00ab\u00a0ibidem\u00a0\u00bb v\u00e0 \u00ab\u00a0op.cit.\u00a0\u00bb \u1edf l\u1ea7n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng.<\/p>\n

2. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch tranh lu\u1eadn<\/em><\/p>\n

+ cho th\u1ea5y t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t hay m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

+ Cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 trong b\u00e0i l\u00e0m n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn.<\/p>\n

3. C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/em><\/p>\n

+ Ch\u00fang l\u00e0m s\u00e1ng t\u1ecf hay gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m hay m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n di\u1ec7n trong b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

* C\u00e1c ch\u00fa th\u00edch ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc, tr\u00edch d\u1eabn\u2026<\/p>\n

* C\u00e1c ph\u1ee5 l\u1ee5c (b\u1ea3n v\u0103n ngu\u1ed3n kh\u00f3 t\u00ecm)<\/td>\n

+ M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p cho khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 lu\u00f4n n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 (m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1ed9t kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng\u2026) m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 hay g\u00ec kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

+ Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/em> cho m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n m\u1ee5c v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n

+ \u0110\u1eb7t ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1ch th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, vd\u00a0: h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec m\u00e0 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n.<\/p>\n

+ S\u1ef1 ch\u00fa \u00fd ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 log\u00edc c\u1ee7a l\u1ed1i l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 v\u1eefng ch\u1eafc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c l\u1eadp lu\u1eadn (t\u1ea1i sao \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ebfn sau \u0111i\u1ec1u kia\u00a0?)<\/p>\n

+ M\u1ed9t tr\u00edch d\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee9ng minh v\u00e0 ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00fd lu\u1eadn b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng kh\u1ea9u hi\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

+ L\u00fd lu\u1eadn th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7.<\/p>\n

+ T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng Truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn trung th\u00e0nh v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc (m\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ee9c tin trong m\u1ed9t b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh l\u1ecbch s\u1eed c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3).<\/p>\n

+ Lu\u00f4n xem \u00ab\u00a0hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u00a0\u00bb.<\/p>\n

+ Th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e1c lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1 t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t lu\u00f4n th\u00f4ng qua m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

 <\/td>\n

* Xem\u00a0: T\u00f3m t\u1eaft, \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec1.<\/p>\n

+ T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u0103n t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

+ T\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 cho d\u1ea7u ta kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u00fd v\u1edbi t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng.<\/p>\n

+ Vi\u1ec7c \u00ab\u00a0chi\u1ebfm h\u1eefu\u00a0\u00bb b\u1ea3n v\u0103n c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed5 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f3ng chi\u1ebfu m\u00ecnh \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

+ C\u1ea7n gi\u1eef kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 ng\u1eadp v\u00e0o b\u1ea3n v\u0103n.<\/p>\n

+ L\u00e0m r\u00f5 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a b\u1ea3n v\u0103n (b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch\u2026)<\/p>\n

+ Gi\u1eef d\u1ea5u v\u1ebft (phi\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ecdc).<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

Lm. V\u00f5 Xu\u00e2n Ti\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef theo m\u1ed9t t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a H\u1ecdc Vi\u1ec7n C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o Paris.<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

M\u1ed9t v\u00e0i \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1ec1 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ecdc\u00a0: + M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau : Th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ecdc m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n v\u0103n th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, t\u1eeb ng\u1eef […]<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":5656,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[36,40],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5655","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-lm-vo-xuan-tien","category-dai-chung-vien-hue"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5655","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5655"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5655\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5658,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5655\/revisions\/5658"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5656"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5655"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5655"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5655"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}