![\"misericorde_Kasper\"](\"http:\/\/xuanbichvietnam.net\/trangchu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/misericorde_Kasper.jpg\")
<\/p>\nB\u00e0i n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed1n “La Mis\u00e9ricorde: Notion fondamentale de l’\u00c9vangile, Cl\u00e9 de la vie chr\u00e9tienne” c\u1ee7a \u0110\u1ee9c H\u1ed3ng y Walter Kasper (\u00c9ditions des B\u00e9atitudes, 2e \u00e9dition, 2015). \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c Th\u00e1nh Cha Phanxic\u00f4 \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ebfn trong bu\u1ed5i \u0111\u1ecdc Kinh Truy\u1ec1n Tin ng\u00e0y 17\/3\/2013, t\u1ee9c 4 ng\u00e0y sau khi ng\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea7u l\u00e0m Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng. Ng\u00e0i n\u00f3i: “Nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y qua, t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ecdc cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t H\u1ed3ng y v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t. V\u00e0 cu\u1ed1n s\u00e1ch n\u00e0y mang l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u \u00edch l\u1ee3i cho t\u00f4i.” \u00ab M\u1ed9t ch\u00fat l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t l\u00e0m cho th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u1edbt l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng h\u01a1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ch\u00ednh h\u01a1n. Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa, v\u1ecb Cha \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf\u2026 \u00bb.<\/p>\n
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T\u00fd Linh chuy\u1ec3n ng\u1eef<\/p>\n
L\u00d2NG TH\u01af\u01a0NG X\u00d3T<\/strong><\/p>\n Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a Tin M\u1eebng<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu<\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng VIII<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n V\u00ec M\u1ed9t N\u1ec1n V\u0103n Minh T\u00ecnh Y\u00eau<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n <\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu \u0111\u00e3 sai c\u00e1c m\u00f4n \u0111\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i, r\u1ed3i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, \u0111i v\u00e0o th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1eb1ng l\u00f2ng loan b\u00e1o s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u1edf b\u00ean trong bi\u00ean c\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u00e0 th\u00f4i; n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb giam h\u00e3m trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 men, l\u00e0 mu\u1ed1i v\u00e0 l\u00e0 s\u00e1nh s\u00e1ng cho tr\u1ea7n gian (x. Mt 5,13tt ; 13,33) v\u00e0 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. Nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 ; trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y, ch\u00ednh gi\u00e1o d\u00e2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i c\u00e1c th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc gia[1]<\/a>.<\/p>\n S\u1ebd l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n sai l\u1ea7m khi ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n trong kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ; v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ; n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0103n h\u00f3a, \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0, trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i. C\u01a1m b\u00e1nh l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng, nh\u01b0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd c\u01a1m b\u00e1nh. N\u00f3 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. \u01afu th\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay c\u1ee7a kinh t\u1ebf trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1eaft x\u00e9n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, th\u00ec m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00f4 ngh\u0129a.<\/p>\n K\u1ebft c\u1ee5c, cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf hi\u1ec7n nay l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta b\u1eadn t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 v\u1eadt v\u00e0, khi l\u00e0m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta qu\u00ean t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. \u0110\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y r\u01a1i v\u00e0o qu\u00ean l\u00e3ng, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i can thi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kinh t\u1ebf – x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i n\u01a1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng n\u01a1i l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 v\u1eabn l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi[2]<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u0103n b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng. Theo \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a c\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a Cic\u00e9ron, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 cho ai c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3 (suum cuique<\/em>)[3]<\/a>. Augustin \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc :<\/p>\n \u00ab Qu\u1ea3 th\u1eadt, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd l\u00e0 g\u00ec n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p to l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng ? V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb b\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u01a1ng ch\u1eb3ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 sao, v\u00ec n\u00f3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cai tr\u1ecb b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t l\u00e3nh t\u1ee5, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00e0ng bu\u1ed9c b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7p \u01b0\u1edbc, v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c chia s\u1ebb chi\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 quy \u01b0\u1edbc<\/em>[4]<\/a> ? \u00bb<\/p>\n \u0110ang khi, tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c, th\u00ec tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i t\u1ecf ra do d\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t. D\u00f9 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn r\u1eb1ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u0103n b\u1ea3n, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ea1i vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 trong m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta vi\u1ec7n c\u1edb r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee7 cho c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00edt l\u1ea5p nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 th\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a chi\u1ebfc l\u01b0\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 th\u00ed, m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n; b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u00fang gi\u1edd \u0111\u00fang h\u1eb9n theo c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t, n\u00f3 che gi\u1ea5u nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i thay v\u00ec bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i n\u00f3 c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa[5]<\/a>. L\u1ed1i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng tha cho ch\u00ednh M\u1eb9 T\u00ear\u00eaxa Calcutta, v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n g\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1eabu c\u1ee7a M\u1eb9 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 nh\u1ea5t trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5.<\/p>\n Kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t quan \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u00e1c, Adam Smith, \u00f4ng t\u1ed5 c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u1ef1 do kinh t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh. \u0110\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0o th\u1eddi c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng, \u00f4ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tha nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00ean l\u1ee3i \u00edch c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n c\u01a1m b\u00e1nh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 n\u01a1i m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb tha, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb l\u00f2ng v\u1ecb k\u1ef7, tin r\u1eb1ng \u00ab b\u00e0n tay v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u00bb c\u1ee7a th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[6]<\/a>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft kh\u00e1 ng\u00e2y th\u01a1, nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y.<\/p>\n Karl Marx \u0111\u00e3 tr\u00fat t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ef1 m\u1ec9a mai c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a ti\u1ec1n l\u1eadp n\u00e0y. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m x\u1ea3y ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin n\u1ed5i n\u01a1i giai c\u1ea5p c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p. Trong khi c\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 thuy\u1ebft l\u1ea1c quan c\u1ee7a Adam Smith d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 \u00edch k\u1ef7, th\u00ec Marx v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a mar-x\u00edt l\u1ea1i kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u t\u01b0\u1ee3ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n, v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec3u sai ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0, tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u1ea5y kh\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ebfc. S\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u00f3 t\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n \u2013 c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a mar-x\u00edt \u2013 xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn phi\u1ebfn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 sai l\u1ea7m v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Khi khai tri\u1ec3n \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0o th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea7n c\u00f9ng h\u00f3a qu\u1ea7n ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y n\u00ean b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ph\u1ea3n ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9. Tr\u00e1i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i m\u00e0, t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, th\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o hay \u0111\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 thanh to\u00e1n n\u1ea1n ngh\u00e8o \u0111\u00f3i t\u1eadp th\u1ec3, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1n n\u0103ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i[7]<\/a>. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ed ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng cho to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n ; \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng : nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i khung trong \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf t\u1ef1 do trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi[8]<\/a>. C\u00e1i khung n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3i mang l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh c\u00e1ch x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tham gia v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i; v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c nguy c\u01a1 c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng (tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, b\u1ec7nh t\u1eadt, th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p, tai n\u1ea1n) : c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 n\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Tr\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n c\u00e1c quy lu\u1eadt s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 nh\u1eefng quy lu\u1eadt v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 trong Th\u00e1nh Kinh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 v\u1ecb, b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn lao \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, quy\u1ec1n s\u1edf h\u1eefu, nh\u01b0ng c\u1ea3 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3[9]<\/a>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i m\u00e0, ngay c\u1ea3 t\u1eeb vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1eef g\u00ecn v\u00e0 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng t\u00f9y theo nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng gi\u1eefa l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n[10]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ec3 c\u1ea5p v\u1ed1n cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n c\u00e1c t\u1ec9 su\u1ea5t t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng kinh t\u1ebf n\u1eefa \u2013 nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay ; do nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec3n d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd, m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan gi\u1eefa d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn d\u00e2n s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3 \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3. S\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng cho ph\u00e9p thay th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e2n tay b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t \u0111i vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra n\u1ea1n th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p m\u00e0, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang n\u01a1i gi\u1edbi tr\u1ebb v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ea5t nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0m t\u1ed5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00f2ng t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecdng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea3 bom \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a hi\u1ec7n nay trong kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh. Ch\u00fang c\u00f3 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u00edt t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 r\u01a1i v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. Th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t m\u1ec1m d\u1ebbo \u0111\u00e3 qua do s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a kinh t\u1ebf[11]<\/a>. V\u00ec c\u00f3 \u00edt h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u00e0, v\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang c\u00f3 \u00edt tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, n\u00ean tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch chuy\u1ec3n do s\u1ef1 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 do v\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u1ee7a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, trong \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n \u00edt \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng d\u1eef ki\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ee3i l\u1ed9c v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sinh l\u1ee3i \u0111ang th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb. D\u00f3 \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ed1 ph\u1eadn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ng\u00e0y c\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c b\u1ecb li\u00ean quan. \u0110a s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u b\u1ea5t l\u1ef1c, b\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng rung chuy\u1ec3n n\u00e0y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 hi\u1ec7n sinh v\u1ed1n ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n Th\u00eam v\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc gi\u00e0u \u1edf ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ngh\u00e8o \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam, gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng (bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam) v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u00f9ng s\u1ed1ng trong s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac, v\u00e0 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, \u0111ang ch\u1ebft \u0111\u00f3i. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i n\u00e0y tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 gia t\u0103ng di d\u00e2n h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi qu\u00e1 t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y nguy hi\u1ec3m cho c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u00edt ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u (global governance<\/em>) m\u00e0, trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7n th\u1ef1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c quy \u01b0\u1edbc li\u00ean ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 – b\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh thay th\u1eadt r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 – v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u2013 \u0111\u00e3 gia t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eadp ni\u00ean v\u1eeba qua ch\u00fang kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o n\u1eefa, trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, b\u1edfi s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a n\u1ec1n kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ed1 thu nh\u1eadp thu\u1ebf kh\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 ch\u1eebng m\u1ef1c, \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ed1ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho s\u1ef1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta l\u00e2m nguy. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c m\u1eafc n\u1ee3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh hi\u1ec7n nay. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ef1 c\u1ea5p t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 tr\u1ea3 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u1eefa. Cu\u1ed9c kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i l\u00e2m nguy trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 c\u1ea5p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m thi\u1ec3u trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ; s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ea3n sinh ra nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c n\u1ee3 n\u1ea7n d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed b\u1ed5 sung \u2013 s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i t\u1ee9c \u2013 m\u00e0 th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 hay kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng l\u00ean c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra.<\/p>\n R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u01a1i l\u00ean nh\u1eefng e s\u1ee3 v\u00e0 lo \u00e2u n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng d\u00e2n. H\u1ecd nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i do s\u1ef1 to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u h\u00f3a v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2n-t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a v\u1ed1n \u0111ang h\u00e9 l\u1ed9 – h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e0u l\u00ean tr\u00ean l\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, trong m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1y \u0111ua ti\u1ec1n b\u1ea1c v\u00f4 li\u00eam s\u1ec9. Trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u1ea1i. Nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra : C\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f3 t\u00ednh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong \u0111\u00f3 b\u00e1c \u00e1i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ee9ng ? L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ? Ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103ng trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y b\u00e1c \u00e1i Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f2n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i t\u00ecm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, b\u00ean kia c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ed1n v\u1eabn l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 ?<\/p>\n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00ec nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, do cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 XIX g\u00e2y ra, v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng k\u00eau th\u1ea5u tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e3 khai tri\u1ec3n n\u00f3 theo ch\u00e2n Aristote. Theo sau m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ecb ti\u1ec1n h\u00f4 v\u00e0 ti\u00ean phong nh\u01b0 Gi\u00e1m m\u1ee5c gi\u00e1o ph\u1eadn Mayence l\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c cha Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ea7u trong phong tr\u00e0o x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i C\u00f4ng Gi\u00e1o kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Rerum novarum<\/em> c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c L\u00ea-\u00f4 XIII. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i[12]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb; con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e3nh nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb \u0110\u1ea5ng T\u1ea1o H\u00f3a, v\u00ec th\u1ebf n\u00f3 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u00f3 g\u1eafn b\u00f3 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi gi\u1eefa m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ph\u00e1t sinh t\u1eeb ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh l\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n s\u1ed1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1ng t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n, li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do chung c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0m n\u00ean nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. T\u00e0i nguy\u00ean quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t m\u1ea3nh \u0111\u1ea5t hay m\u1ed9t t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1edbi tr\u00ed kh\u00f4n, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ph\u00e1t minh v\u00e0 \u00f3c s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a n\u00f3.<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh khi kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y : s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb, m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ed5 v\u00f5 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1eeba tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0 b\u1ea3n t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7. Theo h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n V\u1edbi nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 hay m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, kh\u1edfi t\u1eeb Tin M\u1eebng v\u1ec1 B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean n\u00fai. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean \u00e1n lo\u1ea1i s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, v\u1ed1n gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o[13]<\/a>, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng gi\u00e1o, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c v\u0103n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c[14]<\/a>. H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1eebu t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, suy di\u1ec5n, mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p l\u00e0m s\u1eb5n. \u0110\u00fang h\u01a1n, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c suy t\u01b0 v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1ee7ng h\u1ecdc Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ef1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, mu\u1ed1n mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay, do tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p h\u00f3a sinh ra.<\/p>\n V\u00ec, trong kinh t\u1ebf, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan, n\u00ean s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 trung l\u1eadp v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ec9 theo nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau ch\u00ed quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c, th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng hay \u00edch l\u1ee3i kinh t\u1ebf; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i ch\u0103m lo cho c\u00f4ng \u00edch v\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf b\u00ean trong c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t quy ch\u1ebf th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng, v\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho kh\u1ea3 thi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea1nh tranh t\u1ef1 do, \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u00edch[15]<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, s\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng li\u00ean th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng quan tr\u1ecdng. Th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 hi\u1ec7n nay kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng chi ti\u00eau c\u00f4ng m\u00e0 h\u1ecd kh\u00f4ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ho\u00e0n tr\u1ea3. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 \u01b0u t\u01b0 g\u00ecn gi\u1eef c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c c\u00f3 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean, \u0111\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n l\u1ea1i cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y c\u1ed9i r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 trong s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o; nh\u1eefng t\u00e0i s\u1ea3n n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao ph\u00f3 cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ch\u00fang v\u00e0 s\u0103n s\u00f3c ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n Khi l\u1ea5y ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 s\u1ef1 s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c L\u00ea-\u00f4 XIII \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng theo hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 t\u00fac nhau, nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi.<\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 coi tr\u1ecdng ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u0169 b\u1ecf tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m cho n\u00f3 n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i mang l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan li\u00eau mu\u1ed1n gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf b\u00e9 nh\u1ea5t, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 h\u1eefu h\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c x\u00e3 hay c\u00e1c h\u1ee3p \u0111o\u00e0n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ef1 do th\u00e0nh l\u1eadp, ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. C\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, nh\u01b0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c can thi\u1ec7p \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n hai v\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t khi th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 nh\u1ecf nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng xoay x\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hay b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng. Vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00f4m \u0111\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 trong tay v\u00e0 trung \u01b0\u01a1ng h\u00f3a t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u00e0 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 – m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng k\u00ecm h\u00e3m h\u1ecd b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 quan li\u00eau \u2013 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c thi tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.<\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Nh\u01b0ng s\u1ef1 li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb; n\u00f3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u \u1edf nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e2n c\u1eadn nh\u1ea5t, gia \u0111\u00ecnh, l\u00e1ng gi\u1ec1ng, v\u00f2ng b\u1ea1n b\u00e8 v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi quen. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc g\u1ea7n g\u0169i x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 n\u1ed3ng \u1ea5m nh\u00e2n sinh trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7. Nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i th\u1ea5m nh\u1eadp v\u00e0o to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf v\u1ed1n ch\u0103m lo sao cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong s\u1ef1 sung t\u00fac \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f9ng nhau th\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eafc.<\/p>\n B\u1ea5t h\u1ea1nh thay, hai nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc n\u00e0y trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ecba ph\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea5t \u0111i \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng quan li\u00eau trung \u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1eadp quy\u1ec1n v\u1ed1n l\u00e0m cho l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c thay v\u00ec gi\u00fap cho t\u1ef1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do, v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7. Trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u1ea5p ph\u1ea3i gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, th\u00ec th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. V\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng b\u00e1c \u00e1i c\u1ee7a Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea5y t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i nh\u01b0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p thay th\u1ebf cho \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, nh\u01b0ng nh\u01b0 \u0111ang ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb b\u00ean trong nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0y v\u00e0 b\u1ed5 sung cho n\u00f3.<\/p>\n Th\u1ef1c ra, c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng trong c\u00e1c th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, m\u00e0 ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 t\u00ednh th\u1eddi s\u1ef1. C\u00e1c ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y : c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i nh\u00ecn y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t, v\u00ec t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1eefng kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u1edbi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn, m\u1ed9t khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn ra, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t l\u00ean n\u00f3[16]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i xa h\u01a1n v\u00e0 h\u1ebft s\u1ee9c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n quy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd :<\/p>\n \u00ab Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9 v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ee9ng minh r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd m\u00e0 th\u00f4i th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7, v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ph\u1ee7 nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1ee5p \u0111\u1ed5 n\u00f3, n\u1ebfu ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u xa nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y nh\u00e0o n\u1eafn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong nh\u1eefng chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a l\u1ecbch s\u1eed \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ti\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 : <\/em>summum ius, summa iniuria, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p, \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng<\/em>.[17]<\/a>\u00bb<\/p>\n Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00ab n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u00bb m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh[18]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1eeb th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i Deus caritas est<\/em> (2005), m\u00e0 \u00fd ngh\u0129a s\u00e2u xa c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ng\u00e0i l\u1ea5y t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0i ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng l\u00fd[19]<\/a>. Trong th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh Caritas in veritate<\/em> (2009), minh nhi\u00ean d\u00e0nh cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 coi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 \u201ccon \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o\u201d v\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u201cnguy\u00ean l\u00fd\u201d c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i[20]<\/a>. \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u00e0i, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1eb1ng h\u1eefu hay gia \u0111\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng quan tr\u1ecdng l\u00e0m cho di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n D\u0129 nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u1ec9 tr\u00ean b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n c\u1ea3m x\u00fac hay t\u00ecnh c\u1ea3m. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ghi kh\u1eafc s\u00e2u xa n\u01a1i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 n\u01a1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ban; v\u00ec th\u1ebf, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 h\u1ecdc. V\u00ec, theo \u0111\u1ee9c tin Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t m\u00f3n qu\u00e0, m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o d\u1ef1ng b\u1edfi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 cho t\u00ecnh y\u00eau. S\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t \u00e2n hu\u1ec7 nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 ban cho ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u00e1c \u00e1i anh h\u00f9ng, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n quan t\u00e2m b\u00e9 nh\u1ecf, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 cho \u0111i th\u1eddi gian c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay b\u00e0y t\u1ecf c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n D\u00f9 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng thay th\u1ebf c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u00e0 c\u00e1i t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, c\u00f2n t\u00ecnh y\u00eau l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u00e0n tr\u1ec1. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n m\u1eafc n\u1ee3 sau c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i n\u00f3 \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. Do \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n b\u1ed5 sung hay m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n ph\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. V\u00ec tha nh\u00e2n x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o c\u1ee7a c\u1ea3i c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, n\u00f3 c\u00f2n t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o t\u00ecnh y\u00eau m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ban cho m\u00ecnh. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng, v\u1ed1n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a tha nh\u00e2n. Trong khung c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab l\u00f4-g\u00edc c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 trao ban[21]<\/a> \u00bb.<\/p>\n B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i l\u1ed1i ph\u00ea b\u00ecnh h\u1eadu hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ph\u00e2n ph\u1ed1i thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay v\u00e0 trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean nh\u1eefng l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a Paul Ricoeur v\u00e0 Jean-Luc Marion[22]<\/a>. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf r\u1eb1ng th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p Caritas in veritate<\/em>, m\u1ed9t th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p khai tri\u1ec3n h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n n\u1eb1m tr\u00ean c\u00f9ng b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi suy t\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay. C\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u00e0 n\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7t ra cho ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0: Nh\u1eefng suy t\u01b0 n\u00e0y d\u1eabn ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2u ? Ch\u00ednh c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y m\u00e0 b\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i b\u00e0n \u0111\u1ebfn.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a t\u00f4i n\u1ebfu t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch suy di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng g\u00ec v\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf-x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. T\u00f4i xin t\u1ef1 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0a ra m\u1ed9t v\u00e0i ch\u1ec9 d\u1eabn.<\/p>\n N\u1ebfu ta coi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean l\u00fd c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, th\u00ec h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 h\u00e0nh x\u1eed b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m trong m\u1ecdi tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p. L\u00e0m t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt c\u1ea5m n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng trong t\u1eed cung v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c t\u1ef1 t\u1eed (c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab tr\u1ee3 t\u1eed \u00bb). \u0110\u00f3 c\u0169ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf t\u1ef1 do v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft x\u1ebbo c\u01a1 th\u1ec3, s\u1ef1 tra t\u1ea5n, s\u1ef1 c\u01b0\u1edbp \u0111o\u1ea1t, s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c, s\u1ef1 hi\u1ebfp d\u00e2m v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng t\u00ecnh d\u1ee5c, \u00f3c b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 m\u1ecdi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, s\u1ef1 l\u1eeba \u0111\u1ea3o, vu kh\u1ed1ng, s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o d\u1ed1i tr\u00e1 \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n h\u1ea1i nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng hay \u0111\u1ebfn danh d\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec cho ph\u00e9p l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 \u00fd th\u1ee9c. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n ma t\u00fay, bu\u00f4n b\u00e1n v\u0169 kh\u00ed \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i bu\u1ed3n, ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n g\u00e2y tai ti\u1ebfng : ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ebfm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1ng ti\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng gi\u00fap \u00edch g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 ph\u00e1 ho\u1ea1i gia s\u1ea3n v\u0103n h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n Chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u0169ng \u0111\u1eb7t ra m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft. M\u1ed7i cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ec1u bao h\u00e0m nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i ch\u1ebft, nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111au kh\u1ed5, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng tham d\u1ef1 v\u00e0o chi\u1ebfn s\u1ef1. Chi\u1ebfn tranh t\u1ef1 n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ; v\u00ec n\u00f3 m\u00e2u thu\u1eabn v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t th\u00e1i \u0111\u1ed9 y\u00eau th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hi\u1ec3u bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u \u2013 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u2013 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tham d\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nghi\u00eam ch\u1ec9nh[23]<\/a>. Trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u01a1 khai, c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n ngh\u0129a v\u1ee5 qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1; cho \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u00e0y nay m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i t\u1ef1 do l\u00e0m v\u1eady \u2013 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00ab c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u00bb (ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Huynh \u0110\u1ec7 Ti\u1ec7p, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i Quakers hay Mennonites). \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u2013 xem ra th\u1eadt ngh\u1ecbch l\u00fd \u2013 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh hay c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1eef v\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p g\u00e2y h\u1ea5n v\u00e0 \u00e1p b\u1ee9c \u2013 khi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u h\u1ebft v\u00e0 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u2013 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn b\u00e1c \u00e1i.<\/p>\n H\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng (hay \u0111\u00fang h\u01a1n : \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 cho ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1nh Augustin \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft v\u00e0 th\u00e1nh T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 khai tri\u1ec3n, th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 th\u1ecfa hi\u1ec7p lu\u00e2n l\u00fd. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o trong \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi l\u00f2ng y\u00eau chu\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft khi v\u1ea1ch ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n cho s\u1ef1 d\u1eef v\u00e0 k\u00ecm h\u00e3m n\u00f3 l\u1ea1i. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y, m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ec7n h\u1ed9 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn sau c\u00f9ng (ultima ratio<\/em>) n\u1ebfu, sau khi \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh chi\u1ebfn tranh, n\u00f3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch n\u00e0y, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 t\u1eeb ch\u1ed1i s\u1ef1 t\u00e0n \u00e1c v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi b\u00e1o th\u00f9, n\u1ebfu sau c\u00f9ng, b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi chi\u1ebfn tranh c\u00f3 gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 l\u00e0m s\u1ef1 vi\u1ec7c tr\u1edf n\u00ean t\u1ed3i t\u1ec7 h\u01a1n, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu m\u1ed9t vi\u1ec5n c\u1ea3nh h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u1edf trong t\u1ea7m tay. Theo ngh\u0129a \u00ab ultima ratio<\/em> \u00bb v\u00e0 trong s\u1ef1 t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u00ednh t\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u1ee9ng, \u0111i\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3n n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c can thi\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ebf qu\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c v\u0169 kh\u00ed hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, c\u00e1ch ri\u00eang v\u0169 kh\u00ed nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u1edbi s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh h\u1ee7y di\u1ec7t kinh kh\u1ee7ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111\u00e3 sinh ra m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh m\u1edbi. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft li\u1ec7u, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u0169 kh\u00ed n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft n\u1eefa kh\u00f4ng. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2y, kh\u00f4ng \u0111i v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n, tuy nhi\u00ean c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1 h\u1ee7y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 hay c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn v\u1edbi c\u01b0 d\u00e2n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang, ph\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n b\u1ecb l\u00ean \u00e1n v\u00e0 b\u00e0i tr\u1eeb[24]<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u00ec m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n chi\u1ebfn tranh \u2013 ngay c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn tranh g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng \u2013 nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, n\u00ean ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u00edch n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 chi\u1ebfn tranh ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng. Nh\u01b0ng h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u1edbi l\u01b0\u1ee1i l\u00ea v\u00e0 xe t\u0103ng. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd (opus iustitiae pax<\/em>, x. Gr 32, 17). Ch\u00ednh theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch khai tri\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ee9c kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i chi\u1ebfn tranh, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, m\u00e0 m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh tr\u1edf n\u00ean b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 trong m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ri\u00eang bi\u1ec7t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n theo c\u00e1ch c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u. T\u1eeb \u0111\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XV c\u00e1c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh[25]<\/a>. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II \u0111\u00e3 l\u1ea5y l\u1ea1i \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng n\u00e0y :<\/p>\n \u00ab V\u00ec th\u1ebf, r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng r\u1eb1ng ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eafm chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 s\u1ee9c l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00e1i th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u00e0, d\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn chung c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u1ecdi cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb c\u1ea5m ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n<\/em>[26]<\/a>.\u00bb<\/p>\n \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ng\u1eeba b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng, gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n (Phaol\u00f4 VI : Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n l\u00e0 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi m\u1edbi c\u1ee7a h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh<\/em>) v\u00e0 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n c\u0103n b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u00e1c quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 ; n\u00f3 c\u0169ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm m\u1ed9t c\u1ea5p t\u00f2a \u00e1n \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 c\u00e1c l\u1ee3i \u00edch ch\u00ednh \u0111\u00e1ng, t\u1ea1o \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i li\u00ean t\u00f4n v\u00e0 v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb t\u1ea5n c\u00f4ng ti\u1ec1m t\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n ti\u00ean quy\u1ebft l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1ed9t th\u1ea9m quy\u1ec1n si\u00eau qu\u1ed1c gia, m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 Li\u00ean Hi\u1ec7p Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111i trong \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng gi\u1edbi r\u0103n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ecf ra \u0111\u1ea7y s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o trong c\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p thu\u1eadn b\u1edfi t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham d\u1ef1, kh\u1ea3 thi m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c. Vai tr\u00f2 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. C\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u0129 Kit\u00f4 gi\u00e1o, c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m v\u00e0 c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu (phong tr\u00e0o Pax Christi<\/em> (h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4), ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u00ec h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh, c\u00e1c phong tr\u00e0o \u00ab T\u1eeb thanh g\u01b0\u01a1m \u0111\u1ebfn chi\u1ebfc c\u00e0y \u00bb, Terre des hommes<\/em>, C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Sant\u2019Egidio\u2026) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i, qua s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed1i tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 qua s\u1ef1 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n, \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, d\u00f9 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u1ee7y quy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh (Mt 5,9). T\u1eeb quan \u0111i\u1ec3m ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau d\u1ee9t kho\u00e1t c\u1ea5m nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh vi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh x\u1eed \u0111\u00e1ng ch\u00ea tr\u00e1ch ; nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0o hay, nh\u01b0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta n\u00f3i, kh\u00f4ng \u00e1p \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 chu\u1ea9n t\u1eafc quy \u0111\u1ecbnh chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. Nh\u01b0ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh, m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, cho ph\u00e9p t\u00ecm ra nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 \u0111em ra th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh. C\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng Vatican II n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh<\/em>[27]<\/a>\u00bb. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i : t\u00ecnh y\u00eau cho ph\u00e9p nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u1edf \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 m\u1edf \u0111\u00f4i m\u1eaft, n\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u1ee7a l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd. N\u00f3 l\u00e0 l\u1ef1c k\u00e9o c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd[28]<\/a>. Theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y n\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p quan tr\u1ecdng trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m m\u1edbi l\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i trong nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch xem x\u00e9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1. Cho d\u1ea7u \u00ab m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u00bb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn l\u1edbn lao nh\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1ecdt s\u00f3t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u1ec9 \u00ab nh\u1eefng tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u00bb \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 c\u00e1c h\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1ecb ch\u00ednh b\u1ea3o tr\u1ee3. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i b\u1ed9 m\u1eb7t. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, m\u1ecdi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, cho d\u00f9 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu s\u1ebd c\u00f3 \u00ab nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7 h\u1ed5ng \u00bb. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p quan li\u00eau cho m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn, s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u1eb7ng n\u1ec1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e8 n\u1eb7ng m\u00e0, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c, b\u1edfi v\u00ec n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ecdi ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, n\u00ean s\u1ebd b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea7y d\u1eaby s\u1ef1 th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a quy ch\u1ebf ri\u00eang c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh. N\u00f3 s\u1ebd b\u00f3p ng\u1ea1t s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng d\u01b0\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed1ng nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd ph\u00f3 m\u1eb7c ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn cho m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quan li\u00eau v\u00f4 danh m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi n\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec h\u01a1n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t con s\u1ed1. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI \u0111\u00e3 vi\u1ebft trong Th\u00f4ng \u0111i\u1ec7p \u00ab Deus caritas est<\/em> \u00bb :<\/p>\n \u00ab T\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u2013 caritas \u2013 s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, ngay c\u1ea3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ea5t. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0o c\u1ee7a Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau tr\u1edf n\u00ean d\u01b0 th\u1eeba. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf t\u00ecnh y\u00eau th\u00ec chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00ednh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. S\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 \u0111au kh\u1ed5, v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i v\u00e0 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap. S\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf, s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u00fang qu\u1eabn v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, v\u1ed1n c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap, theo ngh\u0129a m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tha nh\u00e2n. Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n chi c\u1ea5p t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, \u00f4m \u0111\u1ed3m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 n\u01a1i m\u00ecnh, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf quan li\u00eau v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ed1t y\u1ebfu m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111au kh\u1ed5 – m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u2013 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn : s\u1ef1 t\u1eadn t\u1ee5y b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng. Ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc cai qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1ecb t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t Nh\u00e0 N\u01b0\u1edbc bi\u1ebft nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn c\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1, theo \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng h\u01b0\u1edbng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc b\u1ed5 tr\u1ee3, nh\u1eefng s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn n\u1ea3y sinh t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 g\u1ea7n g\u0169i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang c\u1ea7n s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng l\u1ef1c l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y: n\u01a1i Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i \u0111ang s\u1ed1ng s\u1ef1 n\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Th\u00e1nh Th\u1ea7n c\u1ee7a Ch\u00faa Kit\u00f4 kh\u01a1i d\u1eady. T\u00ecnh y\u00eau n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 mang l\u1ea1i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f2n s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i v\u00e0 s\u0103n s\u00f3c t\u00e2m h\u1ed3n, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft h\u01a1n s\u1ef1 n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. L\u1eddi kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh theo \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng s\u1ebd l\u00e0m cho d\u01b0 th\u1eeba nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c b\u00e1c \u00e1i tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf che gi\u1ea5u m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m duy v\u1eadt v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi : th\u00e0nh ki\u1ebfn cho r\u1eb1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng \u00ab ch\u1ec9 nh\u1edd c\u01a1m b\u00e1nh \u00bb (Mt 4,4 ; x. \u0110nl 8,3) l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ni\u1ec1m tin h\u1ea1 th\u1ea5p con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng hi\u1ec3u sai nh\u1eefng g\u00ec l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng nh\u1ea5t<\/em>.[29]<\/a> \u00bb<\/p>\n B\u00e2y gi\u1edd ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u1ee9 hai. Th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n \u0111ang h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ; nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn, ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 kh\u1ee7ng ho\u1ea3ng m\u1edbi kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta th\u1eadm ch\u00ed kh\u00f4ng \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn m\u1edbi n\u00e0y. C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean, nh\u1eadn ra s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn v\u1ed1n th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd n\u1ed5i l\u00ean, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00f3 chi\u1ebfm l\u1ea5y m\u00ecnh, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 t\u1ea5m l\u00f2ng v\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1eefa tr\u1ecb ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau, \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1p x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i s\u1ebd m\u1ea5t \u0111i. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i m\u00e0, tuy nhi\u00ean trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u1ed1t. J\u00fcrgen Habermas \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3: \u0111\u1ed1i di\u1ec7n v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 to l\u1edbn m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y nay, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tinh th\u1ea7n, th\u00ec s\u1ebd thi\u1ebfu \u0111i \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c b\u00ean trong \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n[30]<\/a>. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem b\u00e1c \u00e1i nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n canh t\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1edbi v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 quy\u1ec1n t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n v\u00e0 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0. Trong hai tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 \u00ab nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 c\u1ee7a th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i \u00bb. C\u1ea5p t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1ecb b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t quy\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Tin M\u1eebng n\u00f3i : \u00ab Ta l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch l\u1ea1 v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng nh\u00e0 c\u1eeda, c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp Ta \u00bb hay \u00ab c\u00e1c ng\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp Ta \u00bb (x. Mt 25,35-43).<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng l\u1eadp l\u1edd n\u00e0y, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i ch\u00e2n th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1 h\u1ecfi li\u1ec7u ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh n\u01a1i nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ph\u00e1p quy\u1ec1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed g\u00e2y tai ti\u1ebfng hay kh\u00f4ng. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00f2n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n n\u1eefa v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadp c\u01b0. M\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 nh\u1eadp c\u01b0 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c; n\u00f3 l\u00e0m t\u00ea li\u1ec7t t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i \u1ea9n n\u00e1u. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 \u0111i\u1ec1u ti\u1ebft. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 bi\u1ebft l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp kh\u00e1ch l\u1ea1 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ee9c hi\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch (Mt 25, 38.41), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 cao trong C\u1ef1u \u01af\u1edbc c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 T\u00e2n \u01af\u1edbc, c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 trong to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 ta ph\u1ea3i coi l\u00e0 g\u00e2y tai ti\u1ebfng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta, \u1edf Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u, ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u1ed1i x\u1eed nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi m\u00e0, b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3i kh\u00e1t hay do s\u1ef1 b\u00e1ch h\u1ea1i v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t k\u1ef3 th\u1ecb, \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 ch\u00fang ta. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf vi\u1ec7c di c\u01b0 \u1edf b\u00ecnh di\u1ec7n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7t ra nh\u1eefng c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 m\u1edbi cho h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 ba c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn v\u00e0 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi t\u00ean l\u00e0 g\u00ec v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng con s\u1ed1 thu nh\u1eadp c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t c\u01b0 d\u00e2n. C\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 t\u00e2m l\u00fd, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n c\u00e1c t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan \u2013 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u1ed9c \u2013 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u0103n h\u00f3a nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 tham gia v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, v\u00e0 sau c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n tinh th\u1ea7n v\u1ed1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng n\u1ed9i t\u00e2m, b\u1eb1ng s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t \u00fd ngh\u0129a c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m m\u1ed1c v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ed7 m\u1ea5t qu\u00e2n b\u00ecnh tinh th\u1ea7n[31]<\/a>. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n n\u01a1i c\u00e1c x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 gi\u00e0u c\u00f3.<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m g\u00ec to t\u00e1t trong l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c n\u00e0y. Trong \u0111a s\u1ed1 c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap. Kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh b\u1ea1n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 c\u1ed9ng \u0111o\u00e0n, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 t\u00ecnh li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 b\u00e1c \u00e1i \u2013 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n.<\/p>\n Kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh th\u1ee9 t\u01b0 l\u00e0 nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ea3o h\u1ed9 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 c\u0169ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng b\u00e1c \u00e1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i. S\u1ef1 tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i h\u00f3a v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i th\u00fa v\u1ecb. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec \u0111ang di\u1ec5n ra hi\u1ec7n nay khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n theo c\u00e1c ti\u00eau ch\u00ed thu\u1ea7n t\u00fay kinh t\u1ebf ; nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00f3 c\u0169ng tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1edbn h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn. C\u0169ng th\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ee3 gi\u00fap nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i. Gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n vi\u1ec7c s\u0103n s\u00f3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi cao tu\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh vi\u1ec7c r\u1eeda r\u00e1y v\u00e0 cho \u0103n u\u1ed1ng th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nh\u1eefng nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n linh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u01a1 s\u1edf tr\u00ean kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 sinh ra vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 x\u01a1 c\u1ee9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i : l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 cho n\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft \u0111\u1ed5 ra c\u00e1ch \u00e2m th\u1ea7m trong s\u1ef1 c\u00f4 \u0111\u01a1n, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ch\u1ed7 cho nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n s\u00e2u xa. Ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn n\u00f3 mang l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1eafng nghe, c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn v\u1edbi h\u1ecd v\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00f2ng tr\u1eafc \u1ea9n. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 c\u1ea3m th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u1ea3m nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf theo ngh\u0129a t\u1ea7m nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a t\u1eeb – t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 \u0111au kh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 vui m\u1eebng v\u1edbi \u2013 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu n\u1ed5i. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh b\u00e1c \u00e1i, nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u00fang, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n; ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 v\u00e0 g\u1ee3i h\u1ee9ng n\u00f3 m\u00e0 th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n Sau c\u00f9ng, t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u00f3 ch\u1ed7 tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean trong c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n g\u1ea7n g\u0169i. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i trong m\u1ed9t qu\u1ed1c gia v\u00e0 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c qu\u1ed1c gia. Sau nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn tranh th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u1ee9 hai, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa nh\u1eefng h\u01b0 h\u1ea1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t, c\u00e1ch s\u00e2u xa h\u01a1n ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u1ea3i h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ph\u00e1p, v\u00e0 nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi Ba Lan v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi Do Th\u00e1i. S\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i n\u00e0y \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u01b0 t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc ho\u00e1n c\u1ea3i v\u00e0 tha th\u1ee9. \u0110\u1ee9c Gi\u00e1o ho\u00e0ng Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i :<\/p>\n \u00ab M\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong \u0111\u00f3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 s\u1ebd ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd l\u1ea1nh l\u00f9ng v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng, nh\u00e2n danh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi nh\u1eefng quy\u1ec1n l\u1ee3i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c ; nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i \u00edch k\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i \u0111ang thiu thiu ng\u1ee7 trong con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 bi\u1ebfn cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i con ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u00e1p b\u1ee9c nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi y\u1ebfu th\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb m\u1ea1nh th\u1ebf nh\u1ea5t, hay th\u00e0nh v\u0169 \u0111\u00e0i c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c chi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea5u tr\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0y ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi kia<\/em>[32]<\/a> \u00bb.<\/p>\n Ch\u00ednh v\u00ec th\u1ebf, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ee9c Phaol\u00f4 VI \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee9c B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI \u0111\u00e3 l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i, v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t \u00ab n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00bb v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd[33]<\/a>. Ai s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u00f3a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ? H\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c mang l\u1ea1i s\u1ef1 s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i linh h\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 cho t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 minh h\u1ecda \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang t\u00f4i, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t[34]<\/a>. Ch\u00fang c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c cho c\u00e1c l\u00e3nh v\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n nhau gi\u1eefa m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i quan tr\u1ecdng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta th\u00ec c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1ec1 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i trong ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh hi\u1ec7n nay. Ng\u00e0y nay, s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec1 d\u01b0 th\u1eeba[35]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e2n x\u00e1c, ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 ngh\u00e8o kh\u1ed5 trong b\u1ed1n chi\u1ec1u k\u00edch c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1eadp tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7, d\u00f9 l\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n hay c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u : \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n ng\u01b0\u1eddi, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 tr\u1ebb em, ch\u1ebft v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u ng\u01b0\u1eddi thi\u1ebfu n\u01b0\u1edbc u\u1ed1ng. Ta c\u0169ng h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ea1n di tr\u00fa nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u ch\u1ec9 th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 th\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngo\u1ea1i c\u01b0 m\u00e0 n\u01a1i qu\u00ea h\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n v\u00e0 xin t\u1ef5 n\u1ea1n ; trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh n\u00e0y, h\u00e3y ngh\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1eadp v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 s\u1ee3 h\u00e3i \u0111ang gia t\u0103ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00f3c b\u00e0i ngo\u1ea1i. C\u0169ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00f4 gia c\u01b0 v\u00e0 c\u00e1c tr\u1ebb em \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ed1 n\u01a1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 l\u1edbn tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. Ta c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u00e1c b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u1ea3i c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n hi\u1ec7n h\u00e0nh, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng qu\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn kinh t\u1ebf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 khuy\u1ebft danh ; s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi vi\u1ebfng th\u0103m c\u00e1c t\u00f9 nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t trong m\u1ed1i li\u00ean h\u1ec7 v\u1edbi b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 h\u00ecnh ph\u1ea1t n\u00ean nh\u00e2n b\u1ea3n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n c\u0169ng h\u1eefu \u00edch v\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta. Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi d\u1ea1y d\u1ed7 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu v\u0103n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o, v\u1ed1n ng\u0103n tr\u1edf vi\u1ec7c th\u0103ng ti\u1ebfn x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i. L\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi an \u1ee7i d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi h\u1ea5p h\u1ed1i v\u00e0 gia \u0111\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd ; khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi ng\u1edd thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 khuy\u00ean b\u1ea3o ; ch\u00fang c\u00e0ng th\u1eddi s\u1ef1 h\u01a1n v\u00ec kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ef1a ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t chung n\u1eefa v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 ng\u00e1n b\u1edfi t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i. R\u0103n b\u1ea3o k\u1ebb c\u00f3 t\u1ed9i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi \u2013 trong s\u1ed1 nh\u1eefng l\u1eddi m\u1eddi g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c \u2013 l\u00e0m cho \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng c\u01a1 c\u1ea5u t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 t\u1ed1 gi\u00e1c b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng ; b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn n\u00e2ng \u0111\u1ee1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c th\u00ec g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m bao dung, c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft cho x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i \u0111a nguy\u00ean c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta. Sau c\u00f9ng, l\u1eddi kh\u00edch l\u1ec7 s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 nh\u1eafc nh\u1edf t\u1ea7m quan tr\u1ecdng trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng cho h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c thi th\u1eeba t\u00e1c v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1edf h\u1eefu m\u1ed9t b\u1ed9 m\u00e1y quan li\u00eau \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ed9, c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ph\u1ea3i t\u1ef1 nguy\u1ec7n t\u1eeb b\u1ecf ch\u00fang[36]<\/a>. Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c thi c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh trong th\u1ebf gian, nh\u01b0ng Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ebf gian (Ga 17,11.14), v\u00e0 v\u00ec th\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng theo c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 ti\u00eau ch\u00ed c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gian. \u0110\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a Don Bosco d\u1ea1y cho ch\u00fang ta v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y : qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1edfi s\u1ef1 \u0111a ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u00edt hay kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ef1 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa Quan Ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd l\u00e0m ng\u00e0i th\u1ea5t v\u1ecdng. H\u01a1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ec3 ch\u1ebf kh\u00e1c, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i c\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 t\u00ecnh nguy\u1ec7n n\u00e0y, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 n\u1ebfu n\u00f3 r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00f4i th\u00fac. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i ngh\u00e8o cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi ngh\u00e8o, v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t tinh th\u1ea7n, Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t uy quy\u1ec1n lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 qua s\u1ee9c m\u1ea1nh x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 t\u1ecfa s\u00e1ng truy\u1ec1n gi\u00e1o[37]<\/a>. N\u01b0\u1edbc Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y d\u01b0\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t c\u1ea3i nh\u1ecf x\u00edu tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y l\u1edbn ; N\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u00edt men l\u00e0m cho kh\u1ed1i b\u1ed9t d\u1eady men (x. Mt 13, 31-33). Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, thi\u1ec3u s\u1ed1 nh\u1ecf s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u00e2n l\u00fd, tr\u00ed th\u1ee9c v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n to l\u1edbn[38]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 s\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Tuy nhi\u00ean, th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tan bi\u1ebfn trong t\u00ednh ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. N\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i v\u00e0 v\u1eabn thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa ; tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 l\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o, trong nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ea7u ng\u00e0y nay, nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u00e0 n\u00f3i chung l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n n\u1ea1n v\u1ec1 Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c : ch\u00ednh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i kh\u00f4ng m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi theo \u0111u\u1ed5i ch\u00fang ta xuy\u00ean qua nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y. \u0110\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e0o s\u00e2u h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111i n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1eb1ng n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 t\u01b0\u1edbc b\u1ecf v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. V\u1ec1 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec7n nay, r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 th\u1ec3, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng can h\u1ec7 g\u00ec \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ch\u1ee7 quan. Ch\u00fang ta h\u00e3y \u0111\u1eb7t ra c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi : T\u1ef1 do l\u00e0 g\u00ec ? N\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea1m vi \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n. V\u00ec \u00fd mu\u1ed1n t\u00f9y ti\u1ec7n n\u00e0y qu\u00e1 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 v\u00e0 qu\u00e1 l\u1ec7 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eddi, c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng l\u1ee3i \u00edch v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m x\u00fac c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. Trong ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 b\u00f9ng ph\u00e1t. Qu\u1ea3 v\u1eady, n\u00f3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 cho m\u00ecnh b\u1ecb l\u00f4i cu\u1ed1n b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3ng c\u00e1o v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t nhanh ch\u00f3ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u00f4ng khai hay che \u0111\u1eady.<\/p>\n S\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do m\u00e0 \u00fd th\u1ee9c v\u1ec1 ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh s\u1ebd lu\u00f4n t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, s\u1ebd li\u00ean \u0111\u1edbi v\u1edbi n\u00f3 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd d\u1ea5n th\u00e2n cho n\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, t\u1ef1 do kh\u00f4ng h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i \u00ab tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi \u00bb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u00ab t\u1ef1 do cho v\u00e0 v\u1edbi \u00bb ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c. N\u00f3 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y s\u1ef1 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00f3. C\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, n\u00f3 tin r\u1eb1ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi quy \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do[39]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng ? Aristote \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t r\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ngh\u0129a. V\u1ec1 ph\u1ea7n m\u00ecnh, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 hi\u1ec3u c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 \u0111i\u1ec3m trung dung gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng t\u00f9y thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u00f2ng nh\u00e2n t\u1eeb nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb t\u1ed1i cao[40]<\/a>.<\/p>\n V\u00e0o th\u1eddi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, t\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eeb b\u1ecf lu\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, nh\u01b0 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a n\u01a1i Aristote v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng th\u1eddi Trung C\u1ed5 cho \u0111\u1ebfn g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, th\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111a d\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u1ec1 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng[41]<\/a>. Kh\u00f4ng d\u1ec5 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed3ng thu\u1eadn. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi xem di\u1ec5n t\u1eeb v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed1ng r\u1ed7ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1eddi v\u00f4 \u00edch, m\u00e0 h\u1ecd cho l\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c tuy\u00ean truy\u1ec1n ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb d\u00e2n t\u00fay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ; th\u1eadm ch\u00ed h\u1ecd ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng c\u00e1ch l\u1ea1m d\u1ee5ng v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c. Friodor Dosto\u00efevski \u0111\u00e3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 m\u1ed1i nguy hi\u1ec3m n\u00e0y c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd trong cu\u1ed1n \u00ab Anh em nh\u00e0 Karamazov<\/em> \u00bb xuy\u00ean qua h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh \u0110\u1ea1i Quan t\u00f2a d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mi\u1ebfng \u0103n, bao h\u00e0m c\u1ea3 vi\u1ec7c ch\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1p d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u00e2n s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, v\u00e0 n\u00f3i : \u00ab H\u00e3y bi\u1ebfn ch\u00fang t\u00f4i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng k\u1ebb n\u00f4 l\u1ec7, nh\u01b0ng xin cho ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0103n<\/em>.[42]<\/a> \u00bb M\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a chuy\u00ean ch\u1ebf c\u00f4ng khai hay che \u0111\u1eady[43]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Ch\u00e2m ng\u00f4n c\u1ee7a Ernst-Wolfgang B\u00f6ckenf\u00f6rde, r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00edch d\u1eabn, v\u1ed1n r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng : N\u1ec1n d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 c\u1ea7n nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00e0 ch\u00ednh n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m[44]<\/a>. N\u1ebfu nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho n\u1eefa hay b\u1ecb qu\u00ean \u0111i, b\u1edfi v\u00ec ch\u00fang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, r\u1ed3i b\u1ecb x\u00f3a b\u1ecf, th\u00ec nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u2013 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u1ebfc r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hi\u1ec7n nay \u2013 v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0o n\u1eefa, nh\u01b0ng quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 t\u00f9y theo s\u1ef1 \u00edch l\u1ee3i hay nh\u1eefng c\u00e2n nh\u1eafc quy\u1ec1n l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a n\u00f3[45]<\/a>. M\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i khi ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n c\u00f2n nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n n\u1eefa. Qu\u1ea3 th\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ch\u00e2n l\u00fd \u0111\u1eb1ng sau hay nh\u1eefng g\u00eda tr\u1ecb tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1ec3 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng n\u00f3 \u2013 v\u00ec nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac c\u1ee7a si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc \u2013 th\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng d\u00e2n ch\u1ee7 cao qu\u00fd nh\u1ea5t s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng l\u1eabn \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed5i h\u01b0\u1edbng b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t phong tr\u00e0o d\u00e2n t\u00fay ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bao dung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t bao dung ch\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ai d\u00e1m b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 nh\u1eefng x\u00e1c t\u00edn c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd v\u00e0 d\u00e1m tho\u00e1t kh\u1ecfi quan \u0111i\u1ec3m chung \u0111ang th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u ti\u1ebfn tri\u1ec3n theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y \u0111ang c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng gia t\u0103ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nguy hi\u1ec3m.<\/p>\n V\u00ec th\u1ebf, th\u1eadt t\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb quan ni\u1ec7m nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ed1n h\u1ec7 t\u1ea1i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra : C\u00e1i g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ? V\u1ec1 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi n\u00e0y ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta chia r\u1ebd nhau ; v\u00ec ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta lu\u00f4n tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh lu\u1eadn ch\u00ednh tr\u1ecb. S\u1ef1 trung dung \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Aristote nh\u1eafm \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa c\u00e1i qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1i ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eadt kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ; n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 theo nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 t\u00e1i th\u00edch nghi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n \u2013 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng tr\u00f4i n\u1ebfu kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 tranh lu\u1eadn, v\u00ec nh\u1eefng \u00edch l\u1ee3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n \u1edf \u0111\u00f3. Ngay c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c Kit\u00f4 h\u1eefu c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u00fd ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 l\u1eadp tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb khi ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n \u0111i s\u00e2u v\u00e0o v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1, th\u00ec c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi t\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra : x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n g\u00ec ? C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 cho n\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n? R\u00f5 r\u00e0ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u1ea7n cozm b\u00e1nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0103n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. Ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 bao nhi\u00eau ? V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y c\u00e1c \u00fd ki\u1ebfn l\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 kh\u00e1c nhau t\u00f9y theo c\u00e1c ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh. C\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta r\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u00ean trong nh\u1eefng cu\u1ed9c tranh c\u00e3i n\u00e0y, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t : nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho n\u00f3 x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 thu\u1ed9c lo\u1ea1i n\u00e0y. Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 g\u00ec kinh kh\u1ee7ng h\u01a1n khi thay th\u1ebf \u00fd th\u1ee9c h\u1ec7 marx\u00edt b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t tr\u1eadt t\u1ef1 x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng tr\u00ean s\u1ef1 th\u1ecbnh v\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, trong \u0111\u00f3 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ec9 t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac trong s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. L\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt marx\u00edt v\u00e0 c\u1ed9ng s\u1ea3n s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thay th\u1ebf b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a duy v\u1eadt h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5 ; c\u1ea3 hai \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebft v\u00e0 coi khinh ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 \u0111\u00edch th\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. C\u1ea3 hai c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y hay c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 h\u00f3a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng g\u00ec thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi x\u00e9t nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n linh, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 h\u1eefu th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 do, tr\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n linh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3. V\u00e0 v\u00ec ph\u1ea9m gi\u00e1 c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, n\u00f3 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00ec nh\u1eefng g\u00ec n\u00f3 l\u00e0. Ch\u00ednh theo ngh\u0129a n\u00e0y m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 \u00ab t\u1ed1i thi\u1ec3u c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00bb v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0 \u00ab \u0111\u1ec9nh cao c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng[46]<\/a> \u00bb.<\/p>\n C\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb m\u1ea5t \u0111i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 k\u1ebft th\u00fac si\u00eau h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 l\u1ebd s\u1ebd tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi ch\u00fang ta xuy\u00ean qua s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 b\u1ed5n ph\u1eadn nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n[47]<\/a>. Trong s\u1ef1 g\u1eb7p g\u1ee1 li\u00ean v\u1ecb c\u00e1i tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n, lo\u1ea1i tr\u1eeb m\u1ecdi t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, v\u1ed1n lu\u00f4n lu\u00f4n kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 di\u1ec5n t\u1ea3 c\u00e1ch r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a t\u00ecnh y\u00eau v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 trong th\u1ef1c h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 quan t\u00e2m tr\u00e0n \u0111\u1ea7y t\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t.<\/p>\n Ch\u00fang ta, nh\u1eefng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, ch\u00fang ta th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 h\u01a1i quanh co ; ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 khuynh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1ef1 d\u1eef (Kant)[48]<\/a>. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 li\u00ean v\u1ecb c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u ghi d\u1ea5u \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 kh\u1edfi \u0111i t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng quan c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u1ec1u b\u1ecb r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n v\u00e0 mang g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u1ed1n \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00fang ta, m\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 n\u00f3i l\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 th\u1eeba k\u1ebf, hay ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u1ea3m nghi\u1ec7m ho\u1eb7c ch\u00ednh ch\u00fang ta g\u00e2y ra. \u0110\u1ec3 m\u1ed9t m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 v\u00e0 ngay c\u1ea3 m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i to\u00e0n th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n, ch\u1eafc ch\u1eafn s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tha th\u1ee9 cho nh\u1eefng x\u00e2m ph\u1ea1m nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb trong qu\u00e1 kh\u1ee9, v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nhau. V\u00ec ch\u1ec9 khi h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nhau m\u00e0 c\u00e1i v\u00f2ng qu\u1ef7 qu\u00e1i c\u1ee7a b\u00e1o th\u00f9, v\u1ed1n s\u1ea3n sinh kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng nh\u1eefng b\u1ea1o l\u1ef1c m\u1edbi, m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1, m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t m\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai chung c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, c\u00f4ng l\u00fd c\u0169ng s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9, s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u00e0, nh\u01b0 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n r\u1eb1ng n\u00f3 m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1edbi v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ch\u00e2n tr\u1eddi m\u1edbi trong m\u1ed9t ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u1ed1i tho\u00e1t.<\/p>\n V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec x\u1ea3y ra khi ta tha th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i v\u1edbi nhau ? Th\u1ef1c ra n\u00f3 x\u1ea3y ra \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ; ta tha th\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0, theo quan \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng, l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tha th\u1ee9. Tha th\u1ee9 cho m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi qu\u00e1 \u0111\u00e1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, h\u1ea7u nh\u01b0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 tha th\u1ee9, l\u00e0 vi ph\u1ea1m nh\u1eefng lu\u1eadt l\u1ec7 c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u01b0u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec1n b\u00f9. Nh\u01b0ng ch\u00ednh khi \u0111i ng\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng l\u00fd, m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 \u0111\u1eb7t ra n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t cho m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung, c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i m\u1edbi[49]<\/a>.<\/p>\n T\u1eeb th\u1eddi Ch\u00faa Gi\u00easu, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng bu\u1ed9c t\u1ed9i Ng\u00e0i tha th\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta h\u1ecfi Ng\u00e0i l\u1ea5y quy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00e2u m\u00e0 tha t\u1ed9i. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbch th\u1ee7 c\u1ee7a Ng\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 l\u00fd khi h\u1ecd ph\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed1i r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 m\u00ecnh Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9 t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i (Mc 2,5-7). V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u00fap \u0111\u1ee1 m\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c s\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 tha th\u1ee9 cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y. S\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t h\u00e0nh vi s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1edbi, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb th\u1ebf gian. Khi tha th\u1ee9 v\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i, ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m \u00ab \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u00bb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u00ab l\u00e0m \u00bb, v\u1ed1n kh\u00f4ng n\u1eb1m trong quy\u1ec1n h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban cho ch\u00fang ta. Trong m\u00f3n qu\u00e0 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng chung trong c\u00f4ng l\u00fd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ban l\u1ea1i cho ch\u00fang ta, ch\u00fang ta d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn \u00ab \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u00bb si\u00eau vi\u1ec7t, ch\u00fang ta mang l\u1ea1i cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c \u00ab \u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 \u00bb m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta \u00ab kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u00bb, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea3m nh\u1eadn tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0, trong th\u1ea7n h\u1ecdc, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u00e2n s\u1ee7ng v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec Th\u00e1nh Kinh coi nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u00f4 t\u1eadn c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa.<\/p>\n Sau c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i s\u1ef1 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00f4ng b\u1eb1ng c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tha th\u1ee9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ebd sinh ra m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kinh ho\u00e0ng. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00e0o mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng \u1edf tr\u1ea7n gian s\u1ebd thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng, nh\u01b0ng l\u00e0 h\u1ecfa ng\u1ee5c tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian \u2013 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 bi\u1ebft t\u1eeb kinh nghi\u1ec7m cay \u0111\u1eafng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ef1c quy\u1ec1n. V\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi theo ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i mu\u1ed1n thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp b\u1eb1ng v\u0169 l\u1ef1c m\u1ed9t Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi thanh s\u1ea1ch (\u03ba\u03b1\u03b8\u03b1\u03c1oi<\/em>; cathares). M\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t, nh\u1eefng th\u00e1i qu\u00e1 c\u1ee7a phong tr\u00e0o \u00ab cathare \u00bb v\u00e0, m\u1eb7t kh\u00e1c, c\u1ee7a T\u00f2a \u00e1n d\u1ecb gi\u00e1o h\u1eb3n \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 r\u0103n \u0111e l\u00e2u d\u00e0i.<\/p>\n Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, \u0111\u00e2y kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u00fd lu\u1eadn \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m g\u00ec c\u1ea3 trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. Tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i ng\u0103n ch\u1eb7n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 d\u1eef ch\u1eebng n\u00e0o c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ; ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t m\u1edf ra m\u1ed9t con \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng trong x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i v\u00e0 trong Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i. \u1ede \u0111\u00e2u ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m cho chi\u1ebfu s\u00e1ng l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t trong nh\u1eefng ho\u00e0n c\u1ea3nh kh\u1ed1n qu\u1eabn th\u1ec3 l\u00fd v\u00e0 lu\u00e2n l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u1eafp s\u00e1ng t\u00ecnh y\u00eau \u0111\u1ec3 lan truy\u1ec1n ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n Nh\u01b0ng trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng g\u00e2y ph\u1eabn n\u1ed9, m\u1ed9t ch\u1ee7 ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 khoan nh\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u00e0 cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e0n b\u1ea1o. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i ch\u00fang ta, n\u00f3i chung ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia, nh\u01b0ng tr\u00e1i l\u1ea1i ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm s\u1ef1 an \u1ee7i n\u01a1i m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac d\u01b0\u1edbi tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n m\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng l\u00fd ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, m\u1ed9t l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 h\u1ea1nh ph\u00fac ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o ngay t\u1eeb b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3, ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf, cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng nhanh ch\u00f3ng ; n\u00f3 tr\u1edf n\u00ean l\u00e0m cho m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi, n\u00e1o nhi\u1ec7t. Ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c cho \u0111\u1ebfn n\u1ed7i ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3, ch\u00fang ta c\u0169ng vui ch\u01a1i cho \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ebft v\u00ec \u0111\u00f3 ; trong t\u00ecnh y\u00eau ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ng\u01b0\u1eddi kh\u00e1c cho ch\u00fang ta thi\u00ean \u0111\u00e0ng tr\u00ean tr\u1ea7n gian v\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0m cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1ea5y th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t g\u00ec[50]<\/a>.<\/p>\n \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 x\u00f3a b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 s\u1ed1ng tr\u00f2n \u0111\u1ea7y l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u00e0 t\u00ecnh y\u00eau trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y, r\u1ed1t cu\u1ed9c ch\u00fang ta ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n bi\u1ebft n\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa. Ch\u1ec9 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t c\u1ee7a Thi\u00ean Ch\u00faa m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho ch\u00fang ta s\u1ef1 b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ea3m r\u1eb1ng cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i k\u1ebb gi\u1ebft ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd chi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng tr\u00ean n\u1ea1n nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng c\u00f4ng l\u00fd s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi. Ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i n\u01a1i th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi b\u00ean kia, v\u00e0o ng\u00e0y k\u1ebb ch\u1ebft s\u1ed1ng l\u1ea1i, l\u00e0m cho cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng \u1edf tr\u1ea7n gian n\u00e0y th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 chung s\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ed1ng. N\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p s\u1ef1 si\u00eau tho\u00e1t, trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7y ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 ki\u00ean nh\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea7y n\u00f3ng l\u00f2ng[51]<\/a>.<\/p>\n Do m\u1ed1i nguy c\u01a1 tuy\u1ec7t v\u1ecdng hay m\u00ea mu\u1ed9i \u0111ang de d\u1ecda b\u1edfi s\u1ef1 h\u01b0\u1edfng th\u1ee5, v\u00ec th\u1ebf cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111i\u1ec1u c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng g\u00ec kh\u00e1c h\u01a1n l\u00e0 gi\u1eef v\u1eefng ni\u1ec1m hy v\u1ecdng v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 h\u00f2a gi\u1ea3i ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. V\u00ec th\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng bao gi\u1edd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2m l\u1eb7ng ti\u1ebfng \u00ab Kyrie eleison<\/em> \u00bb (Xin Ch\u00faa th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t ch\u00fang con) v\u1ed1n s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5t l\u00ean trong th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi n\u00e0y. \u01af\u1edbc g\u00ec ti\u1ebfng k\u00eau xin n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafng nghe c\u00e1ch c\u00f4ng khai, c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y thu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea7n di s\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i, c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n v\u0103n minh c\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 l\u00f2ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng x\u00f3t v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1ee9ng cho m\u1ed9t t\u00ecnh y\u00eau d\u00e0nh cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong m\u1ed9t x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ef1 do.<\/p>\n ——————-<\/p>\n [1]<\/a> Xem LG 36tt; GS 36; 42; 56; 76; AA 7.<\/p>\n [2]<\/a> X. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng T\u00f2a Th\u00e1nh \u00ab C\u00f4ng l\u00fd v\u00e0 H\u00f2a b\u00ecnh \u00bb, T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i<\/em>, 2006.<\/p>\n [3]<\/a> Cicero, De Legibus 1,6,19 ; c. T\u00f4ma Aquin\u00f4 S. th<\/em>. II\/II, q.58a.1.<\/p>\n [4]<\/a> Augustin, De civitate Dei<\/em> IV, 4.<\/p>\n [5]<\/a> V\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y, xem G. Wingren, art. Barmherzigkeit IV, in: TRE 5<\/em>, 233-238.<\/p>\n [6]<\/a> Marx, Le Capital<\/em>.<\/p>\n [7]<\/a> F.X. Kaufmann, Herausforderungen des Sozialstaates<\/em>, Frankfurt a. M. 1997; c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3: Varianten des Wohlfabrtsstaates. Der deutsche Sozialstaat im internationalem Vergleich<\/em>, Frankfurt, 2003; id. Sozialpolitik und Sozialstaat. Soziologische Analysen<\/em>, Wiesbaden, 2005.<\/p>\n [8]<\/a> C\u00e1c l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft gia v\u1ec1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y: W. Eucken, W. R\u00f6pke, A. R\u00fcstow, A. M\u00fcller \u2013 Armack, L. Erhard; x. A. Anzenbacher, art. Soziale Marktwirtschaft, in: LThK<\/em> 9, 759-762.<\/p>\n [9]<\/a> Xem tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y ch\u01b0\u01a1ng III, 6.<\/p>\n [10]<\/a> J. Habermas, Die Krise des Wohlfahrtsstaates und die Ersch\u00f6pfung utopischer Energien<\/em>, in : Zeitdiangosen<\/em>, Frankfurt a. M. 2003, tr. 27-29 ; c\u00f9ng t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 : Glauben und Wissen<\/em>, in : idem, tr. 249-252. W. Ockenfels, Was kommt nach dem Kapitalismus?<\/em> Augsburg, 2011.<\/p>\n [11]<\/a> Marx, le Capital<\/em>.<\/p>\n [12]<\/a> Xem c\u00e1c v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i v\u1edbi l\u1eddi gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a O.V. Nell-Breuning v\u00e0 J. Schasching, Kevelaer 1989, xem K. Hilpert, art. Sozialenzykliken, in: LThK 9<\/em>, 763-769.<\/p>\n [13]<\/a> O.V. Nell-Breuning, art. Integralismus, in: LthK 5<\/em>, 717s.<\/p>\n [14]<\/a> GS 36 (x. ch\u00fa th\u00edch 492).<\/p>\n [15]<\/a> GS 73tt.<\/p>\n [16]<\/a> L\u00ea-\u00f4 XIII, Rerum novarum<\/em> (1891), 45; Pi-\u00f4 XI, Quadragesimo anno<\/em> (1931), 88; 137.<\/p>\n [17]<\/a> Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II, Dives in misericordia<\/em> (1980), 12.<\/p>\n [18]<\/a> Phaol\u00f4 VI, B\u00e0i gi\u1ea3ng k\u1ebft th\u00fac N\u0103m Th\u00e1nh 1975<\/em>.<\/p>\n [19]<\/a> B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI, Deus caritas est<\/em> (2005), Ph\u1ea7n hai.<\/p>\n [20]<\/a> B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI, Caritas in veritate<\/em> (2009), 2 ; 6.<\/p>\n [21]<\/a> B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111\u00edct\u00f4 XVI, id. 34; 37.<\/p>\n [22]<\/a> Xem tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e2y, ch\u01b0\u01a1ng II, 1.<\/p>\n [23]<\/a> X. GS 77-78; T\u00f3m l\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecdc thuy\u1ebft x\u00e3 h\u1ed9i c\u1ee7a Gi\u00e1o H\u1ed9i, s\u1ed1 500 tt.<\/p>\n [24]<\/a> GS 80.<\/p>\n [25]<\/a> B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XV, Pacem, Dei munus pulcherimum (1920) ; Pi-\u00f4 XII, Ad Petri Cathedram (1959); Gioan XXIII, Pacem in terries (1963); Phaol\u00f4 VI, Populorum progression (1967); Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II, c\u00e1c s\u1ee9 \u0111i\u1ec7p nh\u00e2n ng\u00e0y th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi h\u00f2a b\u00ecnh.<\/p>\n [26]<\/a> GS 82.<\/p>\n [27]<\/a> GS 42f.<\/p>\n [28]<\/a> MARX, Le Capital<\/em>.<\/p>\n [29]<\/a> B\u00ean\u00ea\u0111ict\u00f4 XVI , Deus caritas est<\/em>, 28b.<\/p>\n [30]<\/a> J. HABERMAS, Die Krise des Wohlfahrtsstaates und die Ersch\u00f6pfung utopischer Energien<\/em> (xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 501) ; id. Glauben und Wissen<\/em> (xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 501) ; OCKENFELS, Was komml nach dem Kapitalismus ?<\/em> (xem ch\u00fa th\u00edch 501).<\/p>\n [31]<\/a> P.M.ZULEHNER, Gott ist gr\u00f6\u00df<\/em>er als unser Herz (1Ga 3,20). <\/em>Eine Pastoral des Erbarmens<\/em>, Ostfildern, 2006, tr.74.<\/p>\n [32]<\/a> Gioan-Phaol\u00f4 II, Dives in misericordia<\/em> (1980), 14.<\/p>\n [33]<\/a> X. ch\u00fa th\u00edch 510.<\/p>\n\n
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